Actaea rubra

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Ranunculaceae

Herbs perennial or annual , sometimes subshrubs or herbaceous or woody vines . Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , simple or variously compound , palmately nerved, rarely penninerved , with or without stipules. Inflorescence a simple or compound monochasium, dichasium, simple or compound raceme, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual , sometimes unisexual , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals 3--6 or more, free , petaloid or sepaloid , imbricate or sometimes valvate in bud. Petals present or absent, 2--8 or more, free, usually with nectaries. Stamens numerous , rarely few, free; filaments linear or filiform ; anthers latrorse , introrse , or extrorse ; sometimes some sterile stamens becoming staminodes. Carpels numerous or few, rarely 1, free, rarely connate to various degrees ; ovary with 1 to many ovules. Fruit follicles or achenes, rarely capsules or berries . Seeds small, with abundant endosperm and minute embryo.

About 60 genera and 2500 species: worldwide, but richly represented in N temperate regions , particularly in E Asia; 38 genera (four endemic) and 921 species (604 endemic) in China.[1]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,632 meters (0 to 11,916 feet).[2]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 6.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Light Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Publishing author : Nutt. Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Actaea

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 171 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. acantha (Spinose Rubble Crab) · A. acuminata · A. affinis · A. alba · A. alcocki · A. americana (Mountain Bugbane) · A. amoyensis · A. arguta · A. asplenifolia · A. banareias · A. banarensis · A. bifida · A. bifrons (Areolate Rubble Crab) · A. biternata · A. brachycarpa · A. brachypetala · A. calculosa · A. calzadai · A. capricornensis · A. carcharias · A. caudata · A. cavipes · A. christophoriana · A. cimicifuga · A. cimicifuga var. simplex · A. consobrina · A. cordifolia · A. cordifolia 'Blickfang' · A. dahurica (Fairy Candles) · A. depressa · A. dovii · A. eburnea · A. erythrocarpa · A. erytrocarpa · A. europaea · A. flosculata · A. fossulata · A. frigida · A. glandifera · A. granulata · A. helleri · A. heracleifolia · A. hieroglyphica · A. hirsutissima · A. hystrix · A. japonica compact · A. kashmiriana · A. lata · A. margaritifera · A. matsumurae · A. matsumurae 'Elstead Variety' · A. matsumurae 'Frau Herms' · A. mortenseni · A. nodulosa · A. pachypoda (White Dolls Eyes) · A. pachypoda f. pachypoda · A. pachypoda 'Misty Blue' · A. palmata · A. palmeri · A. parvula · A. peronii · A. peronii occidentalis · A. peronii peronii · A. perspinosa · A. polyacantha · A. pulchella · A. pura · A. purpurea · A. racemosa (Black Snakeroot) · A. racemosa 'Purple Torch' · A. racemosa var. racemosa · A. remota · A. rubra (Western Baneberry) · A. rubra arguta 'Eglecta' · A. rubra dissecta · A. rubra f. rubra · A. rubra neglecta · A. rufopunctata · A. rufopunctata nodosa · A. rufopunctata rufopunctata · A. rupelli · A. ruppelli · A. ruppellii · A. savignii · A. savignyi · A. semblatae · A. setigera · A. simplex (Autumn Snakeroot) · A. simplex Atropurpurea Group · A. simplex 'Mountain Wave' · A. simplex 'Pink Spike' (Autumn Snakeroot) · A. simplex 'Prichard's Giant' · A. simplex 'Scimitar' · A. simplex 'Silver Axe' · A. speciosa · A. spicata (Herb Christopher) · A. spicata nigra · A. spicata var. erythrocarpa · A. spicata var. leucocarpa · A. spinosissima

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• Flora of Glacier National Park, Montana, by Paul C. Standley. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1921. ENG url p. 242, p. 339.
• A provisional list of the parasitic fungi of Wisconsin. [Madison, 1914] ENG url p. 886, p. 919.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1913. ENG url p. 89, p. 90.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 145, p. 498, p. 532, p. 592, p. 657.
• Annales botanices systematicae. Auctore Guilielmo Gerardo Walpers. Lipsiae, Sumtibus F. Hofmeister, 1848-68. LAT url p. 32.
• Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. ENG url p. 333, p. 334.
• Autumn flowers and fruits / by J. Francis Macbride, Asst. Curator, Taxonomy, Dept. of Botany. Chicago:Field Museum of Natural History, 1924. ENG url p. 7.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 23, p. 250, p. 46, p. 505, p. 634.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- ENG url p. 210, p. 375.
• Catalogue of the flora of Montana and the Yellowstone National Park. New York, 1900. ENG url p. 153.
• Contributions to the botany of Vermont. Burlington, Vt.: Botanical Dept., University of Vermont, 1898-1911. ENG url p. 40.
• Die Gartenwelt. Berlin: G. Schmidt, [1897- GER url p. 4, p. 505.
• Entomological news, and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia[Entomological Rooms of the Academy of Natural Sciences] ENG url p. 72.
• Flora Baicalensi-Dahurica, seu, Descriptio plantarum in regionibus Cis- et Transbaicalensibus atque in Dahuria sponte nascentium / auctore Nicolao Turczaninow. Mosquae: A. Semen, 1842-1856. LAT url p. 84.
• Flora of Berkshire County, Massachusetts. Boston, 1922. ENG url p. 187, p. 266.
• Flora of Burlington and vicinity; a list of the fern and seed plants growing without cultivation, by Nellie F. Flynn. Burlington, Free Press Printing Co., 1911. ENG url p. 40.
• Flora of Illinois, containing keys for identification of flowering plants and ferns. Notre Dame, Ind., University of Notre Dame Press, 1963. ENG url p. 52.
• Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. ENG url p. 457.
• Flora of Nebraska; a list of the conifers and flowering plants of the state, with keys for their determination. [Lincoln, Neb., Printed by State Printing Co., 1912] ENG url p. 56.
• Flora of Pennsylvania. Edited with the addition of analytical keys by John Kunkel Small. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1903. ENG url p. 136.
• Flora of Vermont. List of ferns and seed plants growing without cultivation. Prepared by Vermont Botanical Club. Burlington, Vt., Free Press Print. Co., 1915. ENG url p. 201.
• Flora of Willoughby, Vermont / George G. Kennedy. Boston: [s.n.], 1904. ENG url p. 116.
• Flora of the Black Hills of South Dakota. By P.A. Rydberg. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1896. ENG url p. 483.
• Flora of the southeastern United States; being descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and in Oklahom by John Kunke New York, The author, 1913. ENG url p. 432.
• Gray's Botanical text-book. [New York: American Book Company, c1879.] ENG url p. 262.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 504.
• Handbook of the flora of Philadelphia and vicinity, containing data relating to the plants within the following radius: eastern Pennsylvania; all of New Jersey except the northern counties; and New Castle County, Delaware, with keys for identification co Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, 1905. ENG url p. 148.
• How to know the wild flowers: a guide to the names, haunts and habits of our common wild flowers / by Mrs William Starr Dana. New York: Scribner's, 1893. ENG url p. 333.
• Journal of mycology. Manhattan, Kan.: [s.n.], 1885-1908. ENG url p. 191, p. 269.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 105, p. 113, p. 189, p. 192, p. 203, p. 24, p. 448, p. 86, p. 94, p. 95.
• Key to the Rocky Mountain flora; Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and British Columbia. New York, 1919. ENG url p. 92.
• Leaf-mining insects / by James G. Needham, Stuart W. Frost, Beatrice H. Tothill. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins company, [c1928] ENG url p. 302.
• Narrative of the Arctic land expedition to the mouth of the Great Fish River, and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean in the years 1833, 1834, and 1835 / by Captain Back, R.N., commander of the expedition; illustrated by a map and plates. London: John Murray. .., 1836 ENG url p. 523.
• National list of scientific plant names. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1982- ENG url p. 9.
• Our early wild flowers: a study of the herbaceous plants blooming in early spring in the northern states / by Harriet L. Keeler. Illustrated by Mary Keffer and Eloise P. Luquer. New York: Scribner, 1916. ENG url p. 247.
• Papers on Tipulidae / by Charles P. Alexander. [s.l.: s.n.]1910-1923. ENG url p. 72.
• Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. Indianapolis, Ind.[s.n.] ENG url p. 386.
• Report of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the University of the State of New York [Albany: University of the State of New York], 1884- ENG url p. 53.
• Report on the flora of St. Andrews, N.B. / by James Fowler. [Ottawa: Printed by S.E. Dawson, 1902] ENG url p. 43.
• Seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1903-1913. ENG url p. 62, p. 95.
• The American botanist: a monthly journal for the plant lover. Binghamton, N.Y.: Willard N. Clute & Co., 1901-1948. ENG url p. 53, p. 6, p. 64.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, The Ottawa-Field-Naturalists Club. ENG url p. 35.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 124, p. 218, p. 222, p. 261, p. 3, p. 638, p. 744.
• The Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan = Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku kiyo. Rika. Tokyo, Japan: The University, 1898-1925. ENG url p. 61.
• The Ohio journal of science. [Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science] ENG url p. 117, p. 33, p. 415, p. 60.
• The plants of southern New Jersey; with especial reference to the flora of the pine barrens and the geographic distribution of the species. Trenton, 1911. ENG url p. 451.
• The vascular flora of the eastern Penobscot Bay region, Maine. [Portland, Maine, 1919. ENG url p. 239.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 11, 2006.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 18, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 11, 2007:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645537
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-18723
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13731522
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:708029-1
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18723
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDRAN02020
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ACRU2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 17496

Footnotes

1. Wencai Wang, Dezhi Fu, Liang-Qian Li, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, Bryan E. Dutton, Michael G. Gilbert, Yuichi Kadota, Orbélia R. Robinson, Michio Tamura, Michael J. Warnock, Guanghua Zhu & Svetlana N. Ziman "Ranunculaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 133. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Mean = 819.870 meters (2,689.862 feet), Standard Deviation = 764.000 based on 1,084 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.