Agelaius tricolor

• Overview
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Endangered

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

The tricolored blackbird forms the largest colonies of any North American passerine bird. This behavior results in specific habitat requirements. Breeding colonies may attract thousands of birds to a single site. These colonies require nearby water, a suitable nesting substrate, and open-range foraging habitat of natural grassland, woodland, or agricultural cropland. In winter, they often form single-species, and sometimes single-sex, flocks, but they also flock with other blackbird species. They often change their nesting locations from year to year. These changes may be an adaptation to exploit rapidly changing environments in ephemeral habitats, providing secure nesting sites and plentiful insect food supplies (Beedy and Hamilton 1999).

The tricolored blackbird breeds near fresh water , preferably in emergent wetland with tall, dense cattails or tules, but also in thickets of willow, blackberry, wild rose, tall herbs and forages in grassland and cropland habitats (Ziener et al. 1990). The species seeks cover for roosting in emergent wetland vegetation, especially cattails and tules, and also in trees and shrubs (Zeiner et al. 1990). Although true marsh habitat with its growth of cattails and tules is favored, marshes are not necessary for the nesting of the species (Neff 1937). Within the Central Valley of California, the tricolored colonies are generally found in the rice lands of the Sacramento Valley and pasture lands of the lower Sacramento Valley and San Joaquin Valley. The colonies outside the Central Valley are in several different habitat types including being surrounded by chaparral covered hills which may extend for miles , surrounded by orchard, adjacent to salt marsh, or surrounded by sagebrush-grasslands (Dehaven et al. 1975).

Vegetation: freshwater marshes • Foraging Strata: Midstory • Center of Abundance: Lower subtropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; subtropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbancet: Low

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,765 meters (0 to 9,072 feet).[1]

Ecology:
List of Habitats :3.4Shrubland - Temperate 5.4Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands 14.1Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land

Biology

Diet

In California, studies summarized by Skorupa et al. (1980), animal matter, mostly insects and spiders, made up 86-91% of the nestling and fledgling diet , and 28-96% of the adult diet in spring and summer. Insect consumption in the Sacramento Valley reached a peak of 39% in summer (Crase and DeHaven 1978). Seeds and cultivated grains, such as rice and oats, are other major foods, and compose most of fall and winter diet (Martin et al. 1961). The tricolored blackbird forages on the ground in croplands, grassy fields , flooded land , irrigated pastures, lightly grazed rangelands, dry seasonal pools , mowed alfalfa fields, feedlots, dairies, and along edges of ponds (Zeiner et al. 1990; Beedy and Hamilton 1999).

Reproduction

The tricolored blackbird usually nests in dense cattails or tules; also nests in thickets of willow, blackberry, wild rose, tall herbs (Neff 1937). In the Sacramento Valley, almost 93 percent of the nesting locations were located in freshwater marshes dominated by cattails or bulrushes (Neff 1937). During the more recent years, 53 percent of colonies reported in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys were in cattails and bulrushes (DeHaven et al. 1975). In addition to the freshwater marsh habitat , nests may be located in a variety of wetland and upland vegetation including blackberries, grainfields, giant cane , safflower, stinging nettles, willow scrub , riparian forest , barley, and orchards (Beedy et al. 1991). Some small breeding colonies may be present at private and public lakes , reservoirs , and parks that may be located near shopping centers, subdivisions and other urban development (Beedy and Hamilton 1999). In general, the characteristics of the nesting locations include: accessible water; protected nesting sites (either flooded or surrounded by thorny or spiny vegetation); and suitable foraging area providing adequate insect prey within a few kilometers of the nesting colony (Beedy and Hamilton 1999).

The nest is usually located a few feet over, or near, fresh water ; also may be hidden on ground among low vegetation. The tricolored blackbird builds its nest of mud and plant materials (Ziener et al. 1990). It is a highly colonial species; the nesting area must be large enough to support a minimum colony of about 50 pairs (Grinnell and Miller 1944). The usual breeding season is mid-April into late July (Payne 1969). Orians (1960) also reported active breeding in October and November in Sacramento Valley, although nesting success was low. Individual pairs in breeding colonies may initiate nesting synchronously. Even in colonies of up to 50,000 to 100,000 nests, all first eggs may be laid within one week (Orians 1961). The species is polygynous ; each male may have several mates nesting in his small territory (Orians 1961). Tricolored blackbirds are likely itinerant breeders: in April, all observed tricolored blackbirds were in the vicinity of the breeding colonies then in May and June, populations decline in one area and rise in another as breeding birds move to new breeding areas (Hamilton 1998).

The clutch size is typically three to four eggs with clutches of two and five eggs observed occasionally (Emlen 1941). The first egg is usually laid the day after the nest is completed, occasionally before; and one egg is laid per day for one to five days (Emlen 1941). They may raise two broods per year (Terres 1980). Incubation lasts about 11 days; the altricial young are tended by the female or by both parents (Lack and Emlen 1939). The young leave the nest at about 13 days (Zeiner et al. 1990). The species probably breeds first at one year (Harrison 1978).

Dispersal : The tricolored blackbird has frequently been reported to have wholesale desertions of a nesting colony with no obvious destruction or predation of eggs (Lack and Emlen 1939). The abandonment leads to a departure of the entire colony, sometimes to an unknown area of unknown distance (Lack and Emlen 1939).

• Breeding Habitat: Wetland-open water
• Nest Location: Ground-low nesting
• Nest Type: Open-cup
• Clutch Size: 4
• Length of Incubation: 11-13 days
• Days to Fledge : 11-14
• Number of Broods: 2

Migration

Permanent resident

Behavior

Daily Activity: Yearlong, diurnal activity (Zeiner et al. 1990).

Survival: Although percent nesting success and survival of young has not been determined, the tricolored blackbird has been documented to suffer widespread nest failure, frequently of the entire colony with abandonment of nests with eggs or nestlings (Orians 1961). Abandonment may occur due to a change in the food supply in the area due to drought or timing of nesting (Orians 1961).

Socio-Spatial Behavior: Nest may be located up to 6.4 km (4 mi ) from foraging areas (Orians 1961). Breeders in Colusa and Yuba counties traveled as far as 6.4 km (4 mi) from nest to feed ; in each of 2 colonies, members foraged over more than 78 km (80 mi) (Orians 1961). The breeding territory, which includes only the vicinity of nest, is usually about 3.3 m (85 ft ), or less, in dense vegetation, but may be larger in less suitable cover (Orians 1961).

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001

Similar Species

The male Red-winged Blackbird can be told from the male Tricolored Blackbird by its yellowish, not white, border to the red shoulder patch. Females are quite similar but Tricoloreds typically have darker bellies. Other species of blackbirds lack the red shoulder patch of the male and the streaked underparts of the female.

Study of the mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b) sequences suggested that the nine Agelaius species are a polyphyletic assemblage of ecologically similar species (Lanyon 1994). Red-winged and tricolored blackbirds were found to be sister taxa and in turn these species are sister to the tawny-shouldered blackbird and yellow-shouldered blackbird found in the Caribbean.

Members of the genus Agelaius

There are approximately 53 species in this genus:

A. assimilis (Red-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. assimilis assimilis · A. assimilis subniger · A. cyanopus (Unicoloured Blackbird) · A. cyanopus cyanopus (Unicoloured Blackbird) · A. flavus (Saffron-Cowled Blackbird) · A. frontalis · A. gubernator · A. humeralis (Tawny-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. humeralis humeralis (Tawny-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. humeralis scopulus · A. humeralis xanthomus · A. icterocephalus (Yellow-Hooded Blackbird) · A. icterocephalus bogotensis · A. icterocephalus icterocephalus (Yellow-Hooded Blackbird) · A. icterocephalus ssp · A. phoeniceus (Red-And-Buff-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. phoeniceus aciculatus · A. phoeniceus arctolegus (Red-Winged Blackbird) · A. phoeniceus brevirostris · A. phoeniceus bryanti · A. phoeniceus californicus · A. phoeniceus caurinus · A. phoeniceus cavrinus · A. phoeniceus floridanus · A. phoeniceus fortis · A. phoeniceus grinnelli · A. phoeniceus gubernator · A. phoeniceus littoralis · A. phoeniceus mailliardorum · A. phoeniceus mearnsi · A. phoeniceus megapotamus · A. phoeniceus nelsoni · A. phoeniceus neutralis · A. phoeniceus nevadensis · A. phoeniceus nyaritensis · A. phoeniceus phoeniceus (Red-And-Buff-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. phoeniceus phoenicus · A. phoeniceus richmondi · A. phoeniceus sonoriensis · A. phoenicius · A. phoenicus · A. ruficapillus (Chestnut-Capped Blackbird) · A. ruficapillus ruficapillus (Chestnut-Capped Blackbird) · A. thilius (Yellow-Winged Blackbird) · A. thilius petersii · A. thilius thilius (Yellow-Winged Blackbird) · A. tricolor (Red-And-White-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. xanthocephalus · A. xanthomus (Yellow-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. xanthomus monensis · A. xanthomus xanthomus (Yellow-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. xanthophthalmus (Yellow-Eyed Blackbird)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A history of North American birds, by S.F. Baird, T.M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Land birds, illustrated by 64 chromo-lithographic plates and 593 woodcuts. Boston, Little, Brown, 1875. ENG url p. 165.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, by William Lutley Sclater London, Witherby & co., 1912. ENG url p. 306.
• A systematic list of the birds of California / by Joseph Grinnell. Hollywood: Cooper Ornithological Club, 1912. ENG url p. 20.
• Animal life in the Yosemite; an account of the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians in a cross-section of the Sierra Nevada, by Joseph Grinnell and Tracy Irwin Storer Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, 1924. ENG url p. 19, p. 407.
• Archiv f�r Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 116.
• Asteroid notes. Northfield, Minn, Goodsell Observatory of Carleton College, 1934-1950. ENG url p. 379.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner 1987. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C., USA. 79.
• Beedy, C. E. and A. M. Hayworth. 1987. Tricolored blackbird nesting failures in the Central Valley of California: General trends or isolated phenomena? In D. Williams (ed.), Proceedings of the conference on the biology, management, and conservation of endangered and sensitive species of the San Joaquin Valley, CA., Bakersfield, CA.
• Beedy, C. E., S. D. Sanders, and P. Bloom. 1991. Breeding status, Distribution, and Habitat Associations of the Tricolored Blackbird (Agelaius tricolor) 1850-1989. Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; In Cooperation With: Jones and Stokes Associates, Inc.
• Beedy, C. E., and W. J. Hamilton III. 1999. Tricolored blackbird (Agelaius tricolor). In The Birds of North America, No. 423 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists� Union, Washington, D.C.
• Bent, A. C. 1958. Life histories of North American blackbirds, orioles, tanagers, and allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 211. 549pp.
• Bird-lore. New York, National Association of Audubon Societies. ENG url p. 120, p. 88, p. 90.
• BirdLife International 2006. Threatened Birds of the World 2006. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 04/05/2006.
• BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K.
• BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
• Birds of America; editor-in-chief, T. Gilbert Pearson; consulting editor, John Burroughs; artists, R.I. Brasher, R. Bruce Horsfall [and] Henry Thurston. New York, The University Society, 1923. ENG url p. 249.
• Birds of California; an introduction to more than three hundred common birds of the state and adjacent islands, with a supplementary list of rare migrants, accidental visitants, and hypothetical subspecies, by Irene Grosvenor Wheelock with ten fullpag Chicago, A.C. McClurg & Co., 1912. ENG url p. 475.
• Birds of the Pacific coast, including a brief account of the distribution and habitat of one hundred and eighteen birds that are more or less common to the Pacific coast states and British Columbia, many of which are found east by Willard Ayres Eliot; wi New York, G. P. Putnam's sons, 1923. ENG url p. 192.
• Birds. With the co-operation of John Cassin and George N. Lawrence. Washington, D.C., 1858. ENG url p. 527, p. 529, p. 530.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 170, p. 179, p. 186, p. 305, p. 310, p. 317, p. 322, p. 323, p. 324, p. 522, p. 571, p. 59, p. 71.
• Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences. [S.l.: The Academy], 1884- ENG url p. 428.
• Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Salem, Mass., Essex Institute. ENG url p. 171.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 127, p. 370.
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. by Charles E. Hellmayr. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1937. ENG url p. 159.
• Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-98. ENG url p. 342.
• Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Africa in the British museum (Natural history) By George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S. London, Printed by order of the Trustees [by Taylor and Francis]1909-16. ENG url p. 47.
• Check-list of North American birds / prepared by a committee of the American ornithologists' union. Lancaster, Pa.: The Union, 1931. ENG url p. 305.
• Check-list of North American birds: according to the canons of nomenclature of the American Ornithologists' Union. [s.l.]: The Union, 1889. ENG url p. 44.
• Collier, G. 1968. Annual cycle and behavioral relationships in the red-winged and tricolored blackbirds of southern California. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. California, Los Angeles. 374pp.
• Color key to North American birds, by Frank M. Chapman with upward of 800 drawings by Chester A. Reed, B. S. New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1903. ENG url p. 179.
• Crase, F. T., and R. W. DeHaven. 1978. Food selection by five sympatric California blackbird species. Calif. Fish and Game 64:255-267.
• DeHaven, R. W., F. T. Crase, and P. P. Woronecki. 1975. Breeding status of the tricolored blackbird, 1969-1972. Calif. Fish and Game 61:166-180.
• Ehrlich, P. R., D. S. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1988. The birder's handbook. Simon and Schuster, New York. 785pp.
• Ehrlich, P., Dobkin, D., and Wheye, D. (1988). The Birders Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. (info on clutch size, length of incubation, days to fledge and number of broods.)
• Emlen, J. T. 1941. An experimental analysis of the breeding cycle of the tricolored red-wing. Condor 43: 209-219.
• Garrett, K., and J. Dunn. 1981. Birds of southern California. Los Angeles Audubon Soc. 408pp.
• Grinnell, J., and A. H. Miller. 1944. The distribution of the birds of California. Pac. Coast Avifauna No. 27. 608pp.
• Hamilton, W. J. 1998. Tricolored blackbird itinerant breeding in California. Condor 100: 218-226.
• Handbook of birds of the western United States, including the great plains, great basin, Pacific slope, and lower Rio Grande valley, by Florence Merriam Bailey, with thirty-three full-page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, and over six hundred cuts in the Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1904. ENG url p. 292, p. 53.
• Harrison, C. 1978. A field guide to the nests, eggs and nestlings of North American birds. W. Collins Sons and Co., Cleveland, OH. 416pp.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. ENG url p. 11.
• Journal of entomology and zoology. Claremont, Calif., U.S.A.: Pomona College Dept. of Zoology, [1913- ENG url p. 56.
• Lack, D., and J. T. Emlen, Jr. 1939. Observations on breeding behavior in tricolored red- wings. Condor 41:225-230.
• Lanyon, S. M. 1994. Polyphyly of the blackbird genus Agelaius and the importance of assumptions of monophyly in comparative studies. Evolution 48: 679-693.
• Martin, A. C., H. S. Zim, and A. L. Nelson. 1961. American wildlife and plants, a guide to wildlife food habits. Dover Publ., Inc., New York. 500pp.
• McCaskie, G., P. De Benedictis, R. Erickson, and J. Morlan. 1979. Birds of northern California, an annotated field list. 2nd ed. Golden Gate Audubon Soc., Berkeley. 84pp.
• Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History. San Diego, Calif.: The Society, 1931- ENG url p. 227, p. 228, p. 258.
• Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1926. ENG url p. 752.
• Neff, J. A. 1937. Nesting distribution of the tri-colored red-wing. Condor 39:61-81.
• Nests and eggs of North American birds; by Oliver Davie. Columbus [O.]Hann & Adair, 1889. ENG url p. 275.
• North American birds eggs, by Chester A. Reed...illustrating the eggs of nearly every species of North American birds. New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1904. ENG url p. 240.
• Occasional papers - San Diego Society of Natural History. San Diego, The Society. ENG url p. 32.
• Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, ENG url p. 122, p. 178, p. 220, p. 254, p. 255.
• Orians, G. H. 1960. Autumnal breeding in the tricolored blackbird. Auk 77:379-398.
• Orians, G. H. 1961. The ecology of blackbird (Agelaius) social systems. Ecol. Monogr. 31:285-312.
• Ornithology. v. 1. Land Birds. Ed. By S. F. Baird, from the manuscript and notes of J. G. Cooper. [Cambridge, Mass., University press] pub. by authority of the Legislature [of California]1870. ENG url p. 265.
• Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems / [edited by], Edward T. LaRoe [et al.]. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service, 1995. ENG url p. 487.
• Pacific coast avifauna / Cooper Ornithological Club of California. Santa Clara, Calif.: The Club, 1900-1974. ENG url p. 11, p. 11, p. 48, p. 70, p. 71.
• Payne, R. B. 1969. Breeding season and reproductive physiology of tricolored and red- winged blackbirds. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 90:1-114.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 10, p. 192, p. 287.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. ENG url p. 277, p. 313.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 214.
• Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington, Washington Academy of Sciences. ENG url p. 154.
• Robbins, C.S., Bruun, B., Zim, H.S., (1966). Birds of North America. New York: Western Publishing Company, Inc. (Length and wingspan info.)
• Sex and internal secretions. Contributors: A. Albert [and others] Foreword by George W. Corner. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1961. ENG url p. 1360, p. 1518.
• Skorupa, J. P., R. L. Hothem, and R. W. DeHaven. 1980. Foods of breeding tricolored blackbirds in agricultural areas of Merced County, California. Condor 82:465-467.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. ENG url p. 11.
• Spencer Fullerton Baird; a biography, including selections from his correspondence with Audubon, Agassiz, Dana, and others, by William Healey Dall with nineteen illustrations. Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott Company, 1915. ENG url p. 108.
• Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. A. Knopf, New York. 1100pp.
• The Canadian naturalist and geologist. Montreal, Dawson. ENG url p. 148.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 736.
• The bird book: illustrating in natural colors more than seven hundred North American birds; also several hundred photographs of their nests and eggs / by Chester A. Reed. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1915. ENG url p. 317.
• The code of nomenclature and check-list of North American birds adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union; being the report of the Committee of the Union on Classification and Nomenclature. New York, 1886. ENG url p. 249.
• The game birds of California by Joseph Grinnell, Harold Child Bryant and Tracy Irwin Storer. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1918. ENG url p. 624.
• The natural history review. Dublin: Hodges & Smith, 1854-1865. ENG url p. 282.
• Zeiner, D.C., W. F. Laudenslayer, K. E. Mayer and M. White eds. 1990. California�s Wildlife: Volume II - Birds. California Department of Fish and Game. Sacramento, California. 732pp.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2006. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 3, 2006.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 29, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 8 providers.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• Integrated Hardwood Range Management Program, Understanding the Plants and Animals of Western Riverside County MSHCP University of California, Berkeley and Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside.
• Parker III, T.A., D.F. Stotz, and J.W. Fitzpatrick, "Ecological and Distributional Databases for Neotropical Birds," in Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation, by D.F. Stotz, T.A. Parker III, J.W. Fitzpatrick, and D.K. Moskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0-226-64676-9.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 29, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• UCLA-Dickey Bird Collection (UCLA-Dickey): Bird specimens
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3850974
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179060
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13729682
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179060
• IUCN ID: 54143
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPBXB0020
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13988

Footnotes

1. Mean = 400.630 meters (1,314.403 feet), Standard Deviation = 519.500 based on 1,736 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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