Agelaius xanthomus

• Overview
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Endangered

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

Vegetation: tropical lowland evergreen forest, mangrove forests, arid lowland scrubs, arid lowland scrubs, pastures and agricultural lands, arid lowland scrubs, riparian thickets • Zoogeographic Region: Puerto Rico • Foraging Strata: Midstory • Center of Abundance: Lower tropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; tropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbancet: Low

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 9 meters (0 to 30 feet).[1]

Biome: Terrestrial

Ecology: It formerly occurred in mangroves , pastures, coconut and palm-stands, cactus scrub , coastal cliffs , and rarely woodland, and has always been commonest near the coast1. Many birds now breed on offshore cays3. It forages both terrestrially and in trees3, feeding on insects (especially moths and crickets), seeds and nectar2. Birds gather at communal feeding-sites, with large flocks forming during the non-breeding season1. Nests are often built low in mangrove trees, or in large deciduous trees in pastures near to mangroves3, with several nests being built in close proximity1. On Mona Island, nests are placed in crevices or on ledges on high, vertical sea-cliffs3. Three clutches are usually laid per year3, and the breeding season is May-September.[2]

List of Habitats : 1.7 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level 3.5 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry 13.1 Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands 14.3 Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001.

Similar Species

Members of the genus Agelaius

There are approximately 53 species in this genus:

A. assimilis (Red-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. assimilis assimilis · A. assimilis subniger · A. cyanopus (Unicoloured Blackbird) · A. cyanopus cyanopus (Unicoloured Blackbird) · A. flavus (Saffron-Cowled Blackbird) · A. frontalis · A. gubernator · A. humeralis (Tawny-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. humeralis humeralis (Tawny-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. humeralis scopulus · A. humeralis xanthomus · A. icterocephalus (Yellow-Hooded Blackbird) · A. icterocephalus bogotensis · A. icterocephalus icterocephalus (Yellow-Hooded Blackbird) · A. icterocephalus ssp · A. phoeniceus (Red-And-Buff-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. phoeniceus aciculatus · A. phoeniceus arctolegus (Red-Winged Blackbird) · A. phoeniceus brevirostris · A. phoeniceus bryanti · A. phoeniceus californicus · A. phoeniceus caurinus · A. phoeniceus cavrinus · A. phoeniceus floridanus · A. phoeniceus fortis · A. phoeniceus grinnelli · A. phoeniceus gubernator · A. phoeniceus littoralis · A. phoeniceus mailliardorum · A. phoeniceus mearnsi · A. phoeniceus megapotamus · A. phoeniceus nelsoni · A. phoeniceus neutralis · A. phoeniceus nevadensis · A. phoeniceus nyaritensis · A. phoeniceus phoeniceus (Red-And-Buff-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. phoeniceus phoenicus · A. phoeniceus richmondi · A. phoeniceus sonoriensis · A. phoenicius · A. phoenicus · A. ruficapillus (Chestnut-Capped Blackbird) · A. ruficapillus ruficapillus (Chestnut-Capped Blackbird) · A. thilius (Yellow-Winged Blackbird) · A. thilius petersii · A. thilius thilius (Yellow-Winged Blackbird) · A. tricolor (Red-And-White-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. xanthocephalus · A. xanthomus (Yellow-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. xanthomus monensis · A. xanthomus xanthomus (Yellow-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. xanthophthalmus (Yellow-Eyed Blackbird)

More Info

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Further Reading

• Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (compilers and editors) 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.
• BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K.
• BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 323, p. 344.
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. by Charles E. Hellmayr. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1937. ENG url p. 172, p. 175.
• Collar, N.J. and Andrew, P. 1988. Birds to Watch. The ICBP World Checklist of Threatened Birds. ICBP Technical Publication No. 8. Page Bros. (Norwich) Ltd, Norfolk, England.
• Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J. and Stattersfield, A.J. 1994. Birds to Watch 2. The World List of Threatened Birds BirdLife International. Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd, U.K.
• Field Museum of Natural History bulletin. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, [1930]-c1990. ENG url p. 6.
• IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1986. 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
• IUCN. 1990. 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
• Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington, Washington Academy of Sciences. ENG url p. 154.
• Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands / New York Academy of Sciences. New York, N.Y.: The Academy, 1919- url p. 411, p. 532, p. 533.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. ENG url p. 282, p. 441.
• The amphibians and reptiles of Mona Island, West Indies, by Karl P. Schmidt. Chicago, 1926. ENG url p. 151.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 3, 2006.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 11, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• Parker III, T.A., D.F. Stotz, and J.W. Fitzpatrick, and quot;Ecological and Distributional Databases for Neotropical Birds, and quot; in Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation, by D.F. Stotz, T.A. Parker III, J.W. Fitzpatrick, and D.K. Moskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0-226-64676-9.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 11, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3850977
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179062
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14388055
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179062
• IUCN ID: 680
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Identifier: B05T
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 1609

Footnotes

1. Mean = -194.860 meters (-639.304 feet), Standard Deviation = 518.200 based on 14 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008. [back]

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