Albula vulpes

• Overview
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Family : Bonefishes ; Inhabits shallow coastal waters , estuaries and bays , over sand and mud bottoms [1]. Often in schools, except large individuals which are solitary[2]. Dorsal fin may show above surface[3]. More or less pelagic but feeds on benthic worms, crustaceans, and mollusks[4]. Tolerates oxygen poor water by inhaling air into a lung-like airbladder[5]. Flesh is bony and not esteemed[6]. One of the most important game fishes worldwide[7].

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Albulidae

Marine ; rarely brackish and freshwater . Distribution: tropical seas . About 105 cm maximum length , reported for Albula vulpes.Can tolerate oxygen-poor situations by inhaling air into a lung-like air bladder. Feed on benthic invertebrates . Highly prized sportfishes.The family Albulidae belongs to the Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes ) and the Order Albuliformes. It contains 2 genera and 5 species. It may be found in Marine, Brackish, and Freshwater environments and is primarily Marine. Members of this family are not used in the aquarium trade. Reproductively, most members of this family are nonguarders. The main mode of swimming of adult fish in this family is carangiform . Compared with other fish, the activity level of this family tends to be active . Members of this family have been dated back to the lower Paleocene epoch of the Tertiary period. Etymology of this family name : Latin, albulus, -a, -um = whitish

Physical Description

Habitat

Bonefish are predominately a coastal species, commonly found in intertidal flats, mangrove areas, river mouths , and deeper adjacent waters. The flats vary in composition from sand or grass to rocky substrates. Bonefish can tolerate the oxygen-poor water they sometimes encounter in coastal habitats by inhaling air into a lung-like air bladder. Bonefish typically school, sometimes in groups of up to 100 individuals. Studies in the Bahamas using ultrasonic telemetry demonstrated the daily patterns of bonefish consist of a movement to shallow water during the rising tide , and a retreat into deeper water during a falling tide . Bonefish are also known to move from particular sites (creek, channel , bay , etc. ) after inhabiting the location for a maximum period of several days. Over the long-term movements between such "favorite" sites seem to occur without any discernable pattern. During summer months, larger individuals tend to remain in deep water , rarely moving onto the flats; they reappear in autumn, as water temperatures grow cooler. May be found at depths of 0 to 84 meters. Usually found at depths of 1 to 15 meters.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 742 meters (0 to 2,434 feet).[8]

Biome: Brackish water, saltwater . Reef-associated .

Biology

Diet

The bonefish uses its conical snout to dig through the benthos to root up its prey , which it crushes and grinds with its powerful pharyngeal teeth. Bonefish feed on benthic and epibenthic prey, often in water less than 30 cm (12 inches) in depth. In south Florida, the prey consists primarily of crustaceans (xanthid crabs, portunid crabs, alphiid shrimp, penaeid shrimp), mollusks (clams and snails), polychaete worms, and fishes (primarily the gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta). The gulf toadfish is commonly found in the stomachs of larger bonefishes . Bahamian populations of bonefish appear to feed more heavily upon bivalves than do Florida Keys bonefish. Bonefish forage primarily on the flats, entering shallow water on rising tides . While in motion, schooling bonefish travel at the same speed and at a constant distance from each other. When feeding, the bonefish disperse slightly from the school but will reunite if frightened, again traveling in a patterned formation. Bonefish do not always travel in schools, but may also be found singly or in pairs. Schools of similar sized fish may consist of 4-6 individuals, or may number in the tens or hundreds . Large adult specimens are solitary.

Reproduction

Bonefish spawning occurs year round. Sexual maturity is reached at two years and near ripe females may be as small as 9 inches (25 cm). In the Florida Keys , bonefish spawn in deep water where currents can easily disperse the developing eggs and larvae to other locations. Bonefish are less reproductively active during the hotter summer months, while spawning peaks from November through June. Bonefish possess a leptocephalus larval stage , a reproductive strategy seen elsewhere only amongst the closely related tarpons and eels. The transformation from the transparent, ribbon-like leptocephalus to juvenile bonefish occurs in three distinct stages. Early stage 1 leptocephali lack dorsal, anal , and pectoral fins and are small, usually less than about 30mm. Late in stage 1 the nascent dorsal and anal fins appear and the larvae approaches its maximum size of approximately 63mm. At this length the larvae begins a rapid metamorphosis in which the entire body shrinks for 10-12 days until it reaches half its original length. During this transformation (stage II) the anal and dorsal fins move forward and the snout projects noticeably beyond the mandible. The subsequent appearance of scales , the lateral line, and the onset of an overall appearance of that of a miniature bonefish mark the transformation to a fry (stage III). Pigmentation and crossbands appear at about 4 cm in length, followed by the appearance of longitudinal stripes and the disappearance of the crossbands.

Behavior

Sharks and barracuda often prey on bonefish. Bonefish are built for speed out of necessity, as the only defense they have is to flee their predators . Bonefish are alert and wary; whole schools may be easily spooked, making them difficult for fishers to catch .

Sound types : escape knocks, toothy clicks, thumps. Sound organ: teeth and swimbladder.

Taxonomy

Ambiguous Synonyms

1. Albula argentea (Schneider, 1801)
2. Albula forsteri Valenciennes, 1847
3. Albula glossodonta /i> (Forssk�l, 1775)
4. Albula neoguinaica Valenciennes, 1847
5. Argentina glossodonta /i> (Non Forssk�l, 1775)
6. Esox argenteus Forster, 1801

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Albula conorynchus Bloch & Schneider, 1801
2. Albula goreensis Valenciennes, 1847
3. Albula parrae Valenciennes, 1847
4. Albula plumieri Bloch & Schneider, 1801
5. Albula rostrata Gray, 1854
6. Albula seminuda Valenciennes, 1847
7. Albula virgata Jordan & Jordan, 1922
8. Amia immaculata Bloch & Schneider, 1801
9. Atopichthys esunculus Garman, 1899
10. Butyrinus bananus Lacep�de, 1803
11. Clupea brasiliensis Bloch & Schneider, 1801
12. Clupea macrocephala Lacep�de, 1803
13. Engraulis bahiensis Spix, 1829
14. Engraulis sericus Spix, 1829
15. Esox vulpes Linnaeus, 1758
16. Esunculus costai Kaup, 1856
17. Glossodus forskalii Spix & Agassiz, 1829

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Misapplied Name : Argentina glossodonta. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: January 14, 1998.

Other common names : Polish: Albula, Czech: Albula li�cí, French: Albule, French: Albule commun, Swedish: Albulid, Spanish: Alburno, Danish: Almindelig damefisk, Portuguese: Arabaiana-boca-de-rato, Creole, Portuguese: Arencão, Papiamento: Banana, Portuguese: Banana, French: Banane, French: Banane de mer, Malay: Banang, Malay: Bandeng cecurut, Afrikaans: Beenvis, Javanese: Bending curut, Swedish: Bening, Tagalog: Bidbid, Arabic: Bonouk, Hiligaynon: Bud-bod, Malay: Bulat daun, Spanish: Carajo, Swahili: Chache, Creole, Portuguese: Colepinha malabo, Spanish: Conejo, Danish: Damefisk, German: Damenfisch, Numee: Dépéra, Numee: Dèpèraa, Malayalam: Elimeen, Arabic: Far al bahar, Fon GBE: Finóuin, Portuguese: Flecha, Portuguese: Flexa, Portuguese: Focinho-de-rato, German: Frauenfisch, Spanish: Gatico, Spanish: Gato, German: Grätenfisch, Dutch: Gratenvis, Papiamento: Hermaanchi, Spanish: Inliaula, Spanish: Inllaulá, Tahitian: Ioio, Tahitian: 'Io'io, Portuguese: Juruma, Portuguese: Juruna, Swahili: Kifimbo, Tuamotuan: Kiokio, Portuguese: Lasca, Portuguese: Lasca boca redonda, Susu: Lati borèkhi gnérékhi, Spanish: Liguija, Spanish: Lisa saltona, Spanish: Macabi, Spanish: Macabí, Spanish: Macabi de hebra, Spanish: Macabie, Spanish: Macabijo, Spanish: Macaco, Mahl: Miemas, Swahili: Mnyimbi, Portuguese: Mursani, Finnish: Naiskala, Wolof: Nginaan, Wolof: Nguignane, Tuamotuan: Nifa, Portuguese: Osso, Swahili: Panya, Spanish: Parra, Tuamotuan: Pati, Portuguese: Peixe-banana, Portuguese: Peixe-osso, Portuguese: Peixe-rato, Spanish: Peje gato, Spanish: Pejegato, Malay: Pepisang, Spanish: Piojo, Malay: Pisang-pisang, Spanish: Ratón, Spanish: Ratón de mar, Portuguese: Rolo, Spanish: Sanducha, French: Sorte de mulet, Japanese: Soto-iwashi, Palauan: Suld, French: Tarpon, German: Tarpon, Italian : Tarpone, Arabic: Tarr, Kiribati: Te ikari, Tuvaluan: Te kiokio, Creole, English: Ten-pounda, Portuguese: Ubarana, Portuguese: Ubarana-boca-de-rato, Portuguese: Ubarana-focinho-de-rato, Portuguese: Ubarana-mirim, Portuguese: Ubarana-rato, Portuguese: Ubarana-roliça, Portuguese: Urubaiana-boca-de-rato, Kumak: Yu, Spanish: Zorro.

Similar Species

Members of the genus Albula

There are approximately 20 species in this genus:

A. argentea · A. glossodonta · A. chinensis · A. conorhynchus · A. conorynchus · A. erythrocheilos · A. erythrocheilus · A. forsteri (Longjaw Bonefish) · A. glossodonta (Indo-Pacific Bonefish) · A. goreensis · A. nemoptera (Threadfin Bonefish) · A. neoguinaica (Sharpjaw Bonefish) · A. pacifica · A. parrae · A. plumieri · A. rostrata · A. seminuda · A. valpes · A. virgata · A. vulpes (Indo-Pacific Bonefish)

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 20, 2007.
• Froese, R., and D. Pauly. FishBase 2004. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 04, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 10 providers.
• Morey, Sean. Florida Museum of Natural History

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 04, 2008:

• Burke Museum: University of Washington Fish Collection
• FishBase: FishBase DiGIR Provider - Philippine Server
• GBIF-Sweden: Fishes (NRM)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: A Biological Survey of the Waters of Woods Hole and Vacinity
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Atlantic Reference Centre (OBIS Canada)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Fish larvae biodiversity along the central coast in the Brazilian EEZ (OBIS South America, BRAZIL) (OBIS South America, BRAZIL)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: iziko South African Museum - Fish Collection
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Marine and Coastal Management - Linefish Dataset (Second Semester of 1989)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity - Fish Collection (AfrOBIS)
• Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History: Vertebrate specimens
• Museum national d'histoire naturelle: Ichtyologie
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Fish Collection
• National Chemical Laboratory: IndOBIS, Indian Ocean Node of OBIS
• Royal Ontario Museum: Fish specimens
• Senckenberg: Collection Pisces
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNPE/Coleccion Nacional de Peces
• University of Kansas Biodiversity Research Center: Fish Collection

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3862692
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Fis-22841
• Fishbase Species ID: 228
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13724770
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 161121
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 101507

Footnotes

1. Whitehead, P.J.P. (1978). Albulidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). volume 1. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. [back]
2. Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray (1986). A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. [back]
3. Carvalho-Filho, A. (1999). Peixes: costa brasileira. S�o Paulo, Melro. 320 p. [back]
4. Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann (1983). A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 336 p. [back]
5. Lieske, E. and R. Myers (1994). Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p. [back]
6. Whitehead, P.J.P. and R. Rodr�guez-Sancez (1995). Albulidae. Macab�es. p. 851-853. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro- [back]
7. Smith, C.L. (1997). National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. 720 p. [back]
8. Mean = -416.480 meters (-1,366.404 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,013.420 based on 146 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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