Caranx hippos

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Family : Jacks and pompanos ; Generally in neritic waters over the continental shelf[1]. Ascends rivers [2]. Juveniles abundant in brackish estuaries with muddy bottoms , near sandy beaches and on seagrass beds [1]. Forms fast-moving schools, although larger fish may be solitary. Feeds on smaller fish, shrimp, and other invertebrates [3]. Often grunts or croaks when caught.

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

The crevalle jack is found in oceanic , estuarine or riverine environments. This is influenced by the life stage of the fish. They primarily are found along the continental shelf, but occur in waters as deep as 327 feet (100 m ). Fish found in these deep waters are usually larger individuals. Larval and juvenile jack crevalles are found in upstream currents and are common in shallow brackish waters. Adults , on the other hand, usually occupy upstream currents, reefs, offshore areas or shallow inshore areas. Jack crevalles live in a variety of temperatures and salinities. Adults usually inhabit areas with temperatures between 64-92.5°F (18-33.6ºC) of water and larvae are found in areas with temperatures between 69-84.9°F (20.4-29.4ºC) of water. Crevalle jacks have been found in fresh water to salt water environments, depending on life stage. Larvae have been collected in areas with salinities between 35.2-36.7 parts per thousand (ppt). Adults have been found in freshwater habitats as well as those with a salinity of 43.8 ppt. They are most commonly found at salinity above 30 ppt. The crevalle jack is a pelagic fish. Both adults and juveniles are usually found in schools. However, larger individuals may be found swimming the waters alone. May be found at depths of 1 to 350 meters.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,901 meters (0 to 6,237 feet).[4]

Biology

Diet

The crevalle jack is a diurnal predator . Adults prey upon on a variety of fish, shrimp and invertebrates . Juveniles feed mainly on small fish and crustaceans.

Reproduction

The spawning season of the crevalle jack is early March to early September. Spawning occurs offshore in the southeastern Atlantic coast and in the Gulf Stream , including any associated currents . The crevalle jack has been found to spawn in both tropical and subtropical environments. The eggs of the crevalle jack are between .03-.04 inches (0.7-0.9 mm) in diameter and the newly hatched larvae are between 0.06-0.07 inches (1.6-1.8 mm) in length . The larva use estuaries as nurseries. In juveniles the small patch scales on the chest form at 0.98 inches (25 mm). The pigmentation of the first dorsal fin decreases above 1.2 inches (30 mm), pigment appears on the second dorsal fin at 1.2 inches (30 mm), and the pelvic fin is unpigmented above 0.8 inches (20 mm). The pectoral spot develops at about 4.7 inches (120 mm).

Migration

Oceanodromous .

Behavior

Predators:

The crevalle jack is prey for many surface feeding carnivores , such as finfish including the striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax), and sea birds.

Parasites:

Two known parasites of the crevalle jack are Stephanostomum ditrematis and Bucephalus varicus, both digenic trematodes . S. ditrematis inhabits the rectum of the host. It is common in fish taken off the coasts of Massachusetts and Florida. This parasite affects all carangids. Another known parasite, B . varicus, inhabits the pyloric junction or the entire length of the intestine. Copepods are also common parasites to the crevalle jack including Anuretes heckelii found on the wall of branchial cavities, Caligus chorinemi and Caligus coryphaenae are both parasitic on the body surface as well as in the branchial cavities, and Lernaeenicus longiventris which is parasitic in the flesh of the fish. Other parasites include protozoans , monogenea (gillworms), cestoda (tapeworms ), and nematoda (roundworms).

Sound types : croaks. Sound organ: teeth and swim bladder.

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Carangus esculentus Girard • Carangus hippos (Linnaeus • Caranx antilliarum Bennett • Caranx caninus Günther • Caranx carangua Lacepède • Caranx carangus (Bloch • Caranx crysos (Mitchill • Caranx defensor Dekay • Caranx erythrurus Lacepède • Caranx esculentus (Girard • Caranx hippos caninus Günther • Caranx hippos hippos (Linnaeus • Caranx hippos tropicus Nichols • Caranx hippus (Linnaeus • Scomber carangus Bloch • Scomber hippos Linnaeus • Trachurus cordyla Gronow

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: Data last modified by FishBase 16-Feb-1998

Similar Species

Members of the genus Caranx

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 74 species and subspecies in this genus:

Pseudocaranx dentex (Cavallyjack) · C. altissimus (Trevally) · C. amblyrhynchus (Bluntnose Jack) · C. auroguttatus (Goldspotted Jack) · C. bartholomaei (Yellow Jack) · C. bicolor (Bicolor Jack) · C. boops (Yellowband Scad) · C. bucculentus (Wide-Mouthed Trevally) · C. caballus (Green Jack) · C. caeruleopinnatus (Japanese Trevally) · C. caninus (Pacific Crevalle Jack) · C. sexfasciatus (Greenspotted Kingfish) · C. chilensis (Juan Fernandez Trevally) · C. chrysophrys (Club-Nosed Trevally) · Carangoides armatus (Longfin Kingfish) · Carangoides armatus (Longfin Kingfish) · C. crysos (Blue Runner) · C. declivis (Greenback Horse Mackerel) · C. delicatissimus (Hard-Tail Jack) · C. dinema (Twothread Trevally) · C. djedaba (Slender Yellowtail Kingfish) · C. dumerili (Purplish Amberjack) · C. ekala (Turrum) · C. equula (Whitefinned Crevalle) · C. ferdau (Yellowspotted Crevalle) · C. fischeri (Longfin Crevalle Jack) · C. fulvoguttatus (Yellowspotted Kingfish) · C. georgianus (White Trevally) · C. guara (Gwelly) · C. gymnostethus (Naked Breast Trevally) · C. heberi (Yellowtail Kingfish) · C. helvolus (Whitetongued Crevalle) · C. hippo (Crevalle Jack) · C. hippos (Black Cavalla) · C. hippos hippos (Black-Tailed Trevally) · C. humerosus (Duskyshoulder Trevally) · C. ignobilis (Forsskål´s Indo-Pacific Jack Fish) · C. koheru (Koheru) · C. latus (Horse-Eye Trevally) · C. leptolepis (Yellow-Striped Trevally) · C. leucurus (Bluntnose Jack) · C. lugubris (Black Tongue Fish) · C. lutescens (Araara) · C. macarellus (Mackerel Scad) · C. maruadsi (White-Tipped Mackerel Scad) · C. medusicola (Black-Tipped Trevally) · C. melampygus (Black-Tipped Silver-Biddy) · C. mentalis (Heavy-Jawed Kingfish) · C. nobilis (White Travally) · C. oblongus (Oblique-Banded Trevally) · C. orthogrammus (Yellow-Spotted Trevally) · C. otrynter (Threadfin Jack) · C. papuensis (Brassey Trevally) · C. paraspistes (Shortfinned Trevally) · C. plagiotaenia (Obliquebanded Trevally) · C. praeustus (Brown-Backed Trevally) · C. punctatus (Summer Stonebrass) · C. radiatus (Fringe-Finned Trevally) · C. rhonchus (Ten-Finned Horse Mackerel) · C. ruber (Blue Striped Cavalla) · C. russelli (Russell's Mackerel Scad) · C. secundus (Cottonmouth Kingfish) · C. sem (African Jack) · C. senegallus (Senegal Jack) · C. sexfasciatus (Six Banded Trevally) · C. stellatus (Starry Trevally) · C. symmetricus (Pacific Jack Mackerel) · C. tille (Tille Trevally) · C. trachurus japonicus (Japanese Horse Mackerel) · C. trachurus mediterraneus (Mediterranean Horse Mackerel) · C. uii (Onion Kingfish) · C. uraspis (Bassett-Hulls Trevally) · C. vari (Duskyfin Crevalle) · C. vinctus (Cocinero (FB))

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 15, 2012.
• FishBase
• FishBase. Release date: January 5, 2010
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 01, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 14 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Smith-Vaniz, William F. (from FishBase).
• Tina Perrotta. Florida Museum of Natural History

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 01, 2008:

• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Fish Collection
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates: Fish Collection
• FishBase: FishBase DiGIR Provider - Philippine Server
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Atlantic Reference Centre (OBIS Canada)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Canadian Museum of Nature - Fish Collection (OBIS Canada)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: iziko South African Museum - Fish Collection
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity - Fish Collection (AfrOBIS)
• Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History: Vertebrate specimens
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB: Paleobiology Database
• Museum national d'histoire naturelle: Ichtyologie
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Fish Collection
• National Chemical Laboratory: IndOBIS, Indian Ocean Node of OBIS
• OZCAM (Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums) Provider: Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums
• Royal Ontario Museum: Fish specimens
• Senckenberg: Collection Pisces
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNPE/Coleccion Nacional de Peces
• University of Kansas Biodiversity Research Center: Fish Collection
• University of Minnesota Bell Museum of Natural History: Fish specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3863105
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Fis-22744
• Fishbase Species ID: 71
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13529401
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 168609
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AFCQZ02010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 105846

Footnotes

1. Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez (1992). Fichas FAO de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Guía de campo de las especies comerciales ma ... [back]
2. Smith, C.L. (1997). National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. 720 p. [back]
3. Böhlke, J.E. and C.C.G. Chaplin (1993). Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters. 2nd edition. University of Texas Press, Austin. [back]
4. Mean = 57.660 meters (189.173 feet), Standard Deviation = 254.700 based on 246 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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