Cervus elaphus hanglu

• Overview
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Mammal. Red deer were introduced to several countries in South America. In Argentina they have invaded several National parks, influencing native flora and fauna and possibly disrupting ecological processes. Of particular concern is possible competition with an endangered deer endemic to the southern parts of Chile and Argentina. They also compete with livestock. Deer have been used to stock game parks for recreational and trophy hunting. Deer have been farmed for venison, velvet and skins/hides, as well as for Asian medicines using antlers, velvet, tails and testicles, and teeth for jewellery (Auckland Regional Council- PestFacts).

Endangered

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

The habitat types already occupied by red deer in southern Chile and Argentina include native forest types and grasslands and modified vegetation types. Currently red deer are established in most forested habitat types encountered between about 34E and 55E S. Inhabited native vegetation types include: alerce forests, Fitzroya cupressoides ; Araucaria forest, Araucaria araucaria ; Cordilleran Cypres forest, Austrocedrus chilensis ; Roble-Rauli-Coihue forest, Nothofagus obliqua , N. nervosa , N. dombeyi ; Rauli-Tepa-Coihue forest, Nothofagus nervosa , N. dombeyi , Laureliopsis philipiana ; Valdivian Rainforest complex ; Lenga forest, Nothofagus pumilio ; Nire forest, Nothofagus antarctic a; Magallan Coihue forest, Nothofagus betuloides ; alto-Andean vegetation; Patagonian steppe ; wet meadows and riparian wetlands; brush and grassland of anthropogenic origin - e.g. forests cleared for livestock; agricultural areas and forest plantations. The present distribution of red deer has the following environmental characteristics: it covers the latitudes between 37E 42' S and 54E 55' S (noncontiguous); the longitudes between 73E 36' W and 69E 50' W (noncontiguous); and altitudes between 2,450 m.

Biome: natural forest , planted forests, range/grasslands, scrub/shrublands, tundra

Ecology: In South America there is now evidence of extensive dietary overlap with an endagered native cervid and likely with guanaco, another native ungulate. Red deer have reached high densities locally with measureable effects on the flora (Flueck, W., pers. Comm. , 2003).Deer prevent regeneration of favoured plant species, which causes significant changes to the structure and composition of native ecosystems. At critical sites, non-replacement of canopy species can lead to canopy collapse. There is no evidence in New Zealand, Chile or Argentina, that equilibrium has been reached between deer and the native ecosystems they inhabit. Deer continue to inhibit forest regeneration even at low density (Department of Conservation Policy Statement on Deer Control, 2002).

Biology

Reproduction

Normally one offspring per female. In some environments of Argentina, 10-30% of yearling females breed .

In Patagonia, sexual maturity of females is at 1 or 2 years of age; gestation lasts approximatly 240 days; males reach their maximum development at 12-14 years of age; life span in the wild in both sexes is 18-20 years.

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: April 22, 2004.

Similar Species

Members of the genus Cervus

There are approximately 159 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

C. (Rusa) philippinus · C. acoronatus · C. affinis · C. albirostris (White-Lipped Deer) · C. alces · C. alfredi (Philippine Spotted Deer) · C. astylodon · C. australis · C. axis · C. axis axis · C. axis major · C. bactrianus · C. belgrandi · C. bezoarticus · C. brachyceros · C. brevitrabalis · C. brookei · C. camelopardalis · C. canadensis · C. canadensis canadensis · C. canadensis manitobensis · C. canadensis nelsoni · C. capreolus (Red Deer) · C. cervus · C. cervus elaphus (European Red Deer) · C. cusanus · C. dama · C. dama dama · C. dama mesopotamica · C. dicranios · C. dicranius · C. dicranocerus · C. dimorphe · C. duvauceli · C. duvaucelii (Barasingha) · C. duvaucelii branderi (Upland Barasingha) · C. duvaucelii duvaucelii (Barasingha) · C. duvaucelii ranjitsinhi · C. duvauceli branderi · C. duvauceli duvauceli · C. dybowskii · C. elaphas · C. elaphoides · C. elaphus (European Red Deer) · C. elaphus affinis (Wapiti Or Elk) · C. elaphus alashanicus (Alashan Wapiti) · C. elaphus asiaticus · C. elaphus atlanticus · C. elaphus bactrianus (Bactrian Deer) · C. elaphus barbarus (Wapiti Or Elk) · C. elaphus canadensis (American Wapiti) · C. elaphus corsicanus (Corsican Red Deer) · C. elaphus elaphus (European Red Deer) · C. elaphus hanglu (Kashmir Red Deer) · C. elaphus hippelaphus · C. elaphus hispanicus · C. elaphus kansuensis · C. elaphus macneilli (Macneill's Red Deer) · C. elaphus maral · C. elaphus merriami (Merriam's Elk) · C. elaphus nannodes (Wapiti Or Elk) · C. elaphus nelsoni (Rocky Mountain Elk) · C. elaphus roosevelti (Roosevelt Elk) · C. elaphus scoticus · C. elaphus sibiricus · C. elaphus songaricus · C. elaphus wallichi (Shou) · C. elaphus x · C. elaphus xanthopygus · C. elaphus yarkandensis (Yarkand Deer) · C. eldi · C. eldii (Eld's Brow-Antlered Deer) · C. eldii eldii (Manipur Brow-Antlered Deer) · C. eldii siamensis (Thailand Brow-Antlered Deer) · C. eldii thamin (Burmese Brow-Antlered Deer) · C. eldi eldi · C. eldi siamensis · C. eldi thamin · C. elephas · C. elephus · C. ertborni · C. eustephanus · C. falconeri · C. giganteus · C. grayi · C. hippelaphus · C. hortulorum · C. humilis · C. javanicus · C. kazusensis · C. kuhlii · C. leucurus · C. lydekkeri · C. maral · C. maral fossilis · C. mariannus (Philippine Brown Deer) · C. mariannus mariannus · C. mariannus nigricans · C. marianus · C. matheroni

More Info

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Further Reading

• Alfred L. Gardner: Includes C. merriami and C. nannodes
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.
• Deer Specialist Group. For more information, see the Specialist Group website
• Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S Morrison-Scott 1966. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals: 1758-1946, Second Edition. Trustees of the British Museum of Natural History. London, England.
• IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1986. 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
• IUCN. 1990. 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
• Peter Grubb: Status: CITES - Appendix I as C. e. hanglu; Appendix II as C. e. bactrianus; Appendix III (Tunisia) as C. e. barbarus. U.S. ESA - Endangered as C. e. bactrianus, C. e. barbarus, C. e. corsicanus, C. e. hanglu, C. e. macneilli, C. e. wallichi, and C. e. yarkandensis; IUCN - Endangered as C. e. bactrianus, C. e. corsicanus, C. e. hanglu, C. e. wallichi, and C. e. yarkandensis; Vulnerable as C. e. barbarus; Indeterminate as C. e. macneilli
• Scott, P. (ed.) 1965. Section XIII. Preliminary List of Rare Mammals and Birds. In: The Launching of a New Ark, pp. 15–207. First Report of the President and Trustees of the World Wildlife Fund. An International Foundation for saving the world's wildlife and wild places 1961–1964. Collins, London.
• Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 1993. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. xviii + 1207. ISBN: 1-56098-217-9.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 19, 2007.
• Deer Specialist Group 1996. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 18, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2721416
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-202406
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13909553
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 202406
• IUCN ID: 4261
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Identifier: A02X
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 2989

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