Esox lucius

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Occurs in clear vegetated lakes , quiet pools and backwaters of creeks and small to large rivers [1]. Usually solitary and highly territorial . Enters brackish water in the Baltic.

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 121 meters (396 feet).[2]

Ecology: Habitat :
In a wide variety of habitats with aquatic or periodically flooded vegetation. Often semi-anadromous in part of northern Baltic basin with lower salinity .

Biology :
Males reproduce for the first time at 170-350 mm SL , females at 250-400 mm SL, at 1-6 years. Reproduction closely related to the presence of submerged vegetation . Spawns in late winter or early spring , between February in the south and June in the north, when temperature rises above 5°C. Several males court a single female. Eggs are deposited in flooded areas and on submerged vegetation over a period of 2-5 days. Juvenile survival is negatively related to biomass of older individuals and positively related to the area of the patches covered by submerged vegetation. Feeds on various small vertebrates , predominantly fish, and large invertebrates as decapod crustaceans. Cannibalism is common. In arctic lakes , it is sometimes the only fish species in a given water body ; in such cases, juveniles feed on invertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates; large individuals are predominantly cannibals.[3].

List of Habitats:

•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.1     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )   
  
•     5.5     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)   
  
•     5.7     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

Adults feed mainly on fishes , but at times feed heavily on frogs and crayfish[4]. Cannibalistic as juveniles [5]. In spite of numerous attempts to culture this species, it was never entirely domesticated and does not accept artificial food [5].

Reproduction

Oviparous [6].

Migration

Does not generally undertake long migrations, but a few may move considerable distances [4].

Behavior

Predators:

Eggs and young are preyed upon by fishes , aquatic insect larvae, birds, and aquatic mammals[7].

Parasites:

This fish can be heavily infested with parasites, including the broad tapeworm which, if not killed by thorough cooking, can infect human; is used as an intermediate host by a cestode parasite which results to large losses in usable catches of lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) in some areas; also suffers from a trematode which causes unsightly cysts on the skin [8].

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Esox boreus Agassiz • Esox estor Lesueur • Esox lucioides Agassiz and Girard • Esox lucius atrox Anikin • Esox lucius bergi Kaganowsky • Esox lucius lucius Kirillov • Esox lucius variegatus Fitzinger • Esox nobilior Thompson • Esox reichertii baicalensis Dybowski • Luccius vorax Rafinesque • Lucius lucius (Linnaeus • Trematina foveolata Trautschold

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: Data last modified by FishBase 17-Jul-1998

Similar Species

Fish Name Opercle and Cheek Scalation Mandibular Pores (Single Side of Jaw) Branchiostegal Rays (One Side) Adult Color Pattern Similarity Index Grass Pickerel Both fully scaled 4, rarely 3 or 5 10-14, usually 12 Dark mottled or irregular dark vertical bars; dark vertical bar below eye Very similar Muskellunge Only top portion of cheek and opercle scaled 6-9 16-19 Either solid light olive color or dark vertical bars (may be faint) or spots on light background; no bar below eye Very similar Northern Pike Cheek fully scaled, only top portion of opercle scaled 5, rarely 4 or 6 14-16 Regular rows of oval light spots on dark green background; no or faint bar below eye N/A

Members of the genus Esox

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 26 species and subspecies in this genus:

E. americanus (Redfin Or Grass Pickerel) · E. americanus americanus (Grass) · E. americanus vermiculatus (Grass Pickerel) · E. barracuda (Commerson's Sea Pike) · E. belone (Greenbone) · E. boa (Scaly Dragonfish) · E. cancila (Freshwater Garfish) · E. ectuntio (Ectuntio Halfbeak) · E. gambarur (Red Sea Halfbeak) · E. hepsetus (Broad-Striped Anchovy) · E. lucius (American Pike) · E. malabaricus (Tiger Characin) · E. marginatus (Yellowtip Halfbeak) · E. marinus (Northern Needlefish) · E. masquinongy (Allegheny River Pike) · E. masquinongy masquinongy (Allegheny River Pike) · E. niger (Chain Pickerel) · E. osseus (Long-Nosed Gar) · E. reicherti (Blackspotted Pike) · E. reichertii (Blackspotted Pike) · E. saurus (North Atlantic Saury) · E. sphyraena (Mediterranean Barracuda) · E. synodus (Diamond Lizardfish) · E. tristoechus (Cuban Alligator Gar) · E. vermiculatus (Grass Pickerel) · E. vulpes (Indo-Pacific Bonefish)

More Info

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Further Reading

• ... The genera of fishes. .. A contribution to the stability of scientific nomenclature. By David Starr Jordan. Stanford University, Calif., The University, 1917-1920. url p. 14, p. 24, p. 40, p. 80.
• A biological survey of the Erie-Niagara system. Supplemental to Eighteenth annual report, 1928. Albany, J. B. Lyon company, printers, 1929. url p. 146, p. 149.
• A biology of Crustacea. Chicago, Quadrangle Books[1961] url p. 159.
• A book on angling; being a complete treatise on the art of angling in every branch, by Francis Francis, ed. with an introduction by Sir Herbert Maxwell, bt., containing numerous plates in colour and other illustrations. London: H. Jenkins limited, 1920. url p. 70, p. 70.
• A distributional atlas of Upper Mississippi River fishes / [by] Philip W. Smith, Alvin C. Lopinot [and] William L. Pflieger. Urbana: [s. n.]; 1971. url p. 13, p. 6.
• A handbook to the vertebrate fauna of north Wales. London, Witherby & Co., 1919. url p. 92.
• A history of fishes; illus. by W. P. C. Tenison. New York, A. A. Wyn, 1949. url p. 107.
• A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Report presented at the eighty-ninth annual meeting, Clearwater, Fla., Sept. 16-18, 1959. Ann Arbor, Mich., 1960. url p. 12.
• A list of the fishes of Pennsylvania / by Henry W. Fowler. Washington, D.C.: Biological Society of Washington, 1919 url p. 65.
• A manual of land and fresh water vertebrate animals of the United States (exclusive of birds) by Henry Sherring Pratt. .. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., inc.[c1935] url p. 92.
• A naturalist in the Great Lakes region, by Elliot Rowland Downing. .. Chicago, Ill., The University of Chicago Press[c1922] url , , , , p. 172, p. 315, p. 316.
• A sportsman at large, by Major Harding Cox. London, Hutchinson and co.[1922] url p. 56.
• A study of variations in the maskinonge from three regions in Canada / Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1955. url p. 1.
• Adult and juvenile fish populations near the D.C. Cook Nuclear Power Plant Southeastern Lake Michigan, during preoperational (1973-74) and operational (1975-79) years / Ann Arbor, Mich.: Great Lakes Research Division, the University of Michigan, 1985. url p. 9.
• Adult and juvenile fish, ichthyoplankton and benthos populations in the vicinity of the J. H. Campbell Power Plant, eastern Lake Michigan, 1977 / Ann Arbor, Mich.: Great Lakes Research Division, University of Michigan, 1978. url p. 497, p. 502.
• Adult, Juvenile, and larval fish populations in the vicinity of the James H. Campbell Plant, 1981: with special reference to the effectiveness of wedge-wire intake screens in reducing entrainment and impringement of fish / Ann Arbor, Mich.: Great Lakes Research Division, University of Michigan, 1982. url p. 78.
• Adult, juvenile and larval fish populations in the vicinity of the J.H. Campbell Power Plant, eastern Lake Michigan, 1977-1980 / Ann Arbor, Mich.: Great Lakes Research Division, University of Michigan, 1981. url p. 39.
• Advances in marine environmental research: proceedings of a symposium / Francine Sakin Jacoff, editor. Narragansett, R.I.: Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979. url .
• An ecological study of southern Wisconsin fishes; the brook silversides (Labidesthes sicculus) and the cisco (Leucichthys artedi) in their relations to the region, Urbana, Ill., The University of Illinois, c1927 url p. 14, p. 18, p. 28, p. 39, p. 58, p. 84.
• An introduction to the study of the protozoa, with special reference to the parasitic forms. London, Arnold, 1922. url p. 78.
• An unusual maskinonge from Little Vermillon Lake, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1948. url , p. 227.
• Animal biology / by Robert H. Wolcott. New York; McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1940. url p. 626.
• Animal communities in temperate America: as illustrated in the Chicago region; a study in animal ecology / by Victor E. Shelford. .. Chicago, Ill.: Published for the Geographic Society of Chicago by the University of Chicago Press, [c1937] url p. 120, p. 140, p. 85.
• Annual program report. [Toronto]: Ministry of the Environment, A.P.I.O.S. Coordination Office. url p. 31.
• Aquatic community classification and ecosystem diversity in Montana's Missouri River watershed / [Helena, Mont.:Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2005. url .
• Aquatic surveys and assessment of the Slim Buttes region of Harding and Butte Co., SD / prepared for the Montana and South Dakota TNC field offices by David M. Stagliano. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2006. url .
• Assessment and requirements of sauger and walleye populations in the lower Yellowstone River and it's [sic] tributaries / by Russell F. Penkal. [Helena?]: Dept. of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, [1992] url p. 7.
• Bass, pike, perch and other game fishes of America, Cincinnati, Stewart & Kidd Company, 1919. url , , , .
• Biology of the seas of the U.S.S.R. Translated by S. Botcharskaya. New York, Interscience Publishers[1963] url p. 312, p. 349, p. 671, p. 913.
• Biology of the vertebrates: a comparative study of man and his animal allies / by Herbert E. Walter and Leonard P. Sayles. New York: Macmillan Co., 1949. url p. 450.
• Biology; the story of living things [by] George William Hunter...Herbert Eugene Walter...[and] George William Hunter, III... New York, American book company[c1937] url p. 230, p. 63.
• Biosorption, bioaccumulation and food chain transfer of organic chemicals: report prepared by F. A. P. C. Gobas and D. Mackay. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 1990. url p. 45.
• Biosphere Reserves, Compilation 4, October 1986: programme on man and the biosphere (MAB) IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre url p. 103, p. 173, p. 411, p. 98.
• British reptiles, amphibians, and fresh-water fishes / by W. Percival Westell; illustrated by Doris Meyer. [London]: Chapman & Dodd, [192-?] url p. 101.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) url p. 166, p. 332, p. 341, p. 4, p. 64.
• Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences Los Angeles, Calif.: The Academy, 1971- url p. 134.
• Camallanata of animals and man and diseases caused by them = Kamallanaty zhivotnykh i cheloveka i vyzyvaemye ime zabolevaniya / V. M. Ivashkin, A. A. Sobolev, and L. A. Khromova; translated from Russian [by Hilary Hardin]. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1977. url p. 28, p. 347, p. 76.
• Carotenoids, by Paul Karrer and Ernst Jucker. Translated and rev. by Ernest A. Braude. New York, Elsevier Pub. Co., 1950. url p. 96.
• Carotenoids, their comparative biochemistry. New York, Chemical Pub. Co., 1954. url p. 206.
• Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum / by Albert Gu?nther. .. [Tokyo?]: Kagaku Kisho Hakkokai, Sho?wa 13 [1938]. url p. 226, p. 227, p. 228, p. 229.
• Chasing & racing: some sporting reminiscences / by Harding Cox. New York: Dutton, 1922. url p. 86.
• Chasing and racing, some sporting reminiscences, by Harding Cox. London, John Lane Co., 1922. url p. 86.
• Clark Fork Basin Project status report and action plan / prepared by Howard E. Johnson, [and] Carole L. Schmidt. Helena, Mont.: Clark Fork Basin Project, Office of the Governor, [1988] url p. 142.
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• Comparative animal physiology, by David W. Bishop [and others] Philadelphia, Saunders, 1950. url p. 484.
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• Current bibliography for fisheries science. Rome, Biology Branch, Fisheries Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. url p. 110.
• Dean bibliography of fishes. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1971-1973. url p. 125, p. 129, p. 132, p. 137, p. 141, p. 143, p. 143, p. 144, p. 158, p. 16, p. 168, p. 168, p. 169, p. 170, p. 172, p. 174, p. 176, p. 182, p. 183, p. 191, p. 195, p. 200, p. 210, p. 213, p. 216, p. 217, p. 219, p. 221, p. 222, p. 224, p. 228, p. 229, p. 230, p. 232, p. 233, p. 238, p. 239, p. 242, p. 246, p. 249, p. 252, p. 254, p. 258, p. 263, p. 266, p. 268, p. 271, p. 272, p. 274, p. 275, p. 276, p. 277, p. 278, p. 279, p. 282, p. 285, p. 286, p. 287, p. 289, p. 290, p. 291, p. 292, p. 293, p. 297, p. 298, p. 301, p. 302, p. 303, p. 304, p. 307, p. 315, p. 318, p. 319, p. 321, p. 322, p. 323, p. 324, p. 325, p. 327, p. 328, p. 329, p. 331, p. 332, p. 334, p. 338, p. 34, p. 390, p. 398, p. 411, p. 437, p. 449, p. 45, p. 452, p. 453, p. 454, p. 461, p. 465, p. 467, p. 468, p. 469, p. 472, p. 473, p. 474, p. 476, p. 478, p. 479, p. 483, p. 485, p. 489, p. 490, p. 495, p. 496, p. 497, p. 498, p. 501, p. 51, p. 517, p. 52, p. 520, p. 522, p. 523, p. 529, p. 532, p. 533, p. 539, p. 540, p. 541, p. 544, p. 545, p. 550, p. 551, p. 552, p. 558, p. 560, p. 561, p. 562, p. 565, p. 566, p. 567, p. 569, p. 570, p. 571, p. 573, p. 579, p. 589, p. 592, p. 593, p. 594, p. 597, p. 599, p. 600, p. 602, p. 603, p. 606, p. 611, p. 612, p. 613, p. 617, p. 619, p. 620, p. 622, p. 623, p. 624, p. 625, p. 626, p. 627, p. 629, p. 631, p. 632, p. 633, p. 634, p. 637, p. 639, p. 640, p. 643, p. 646, p. 647, p. 648, p. 649, p. 651, p. 652, p. 657, p. 659, p. 662, p. 667, p. 668, p. 669, p. 67, p. 670, p. 672, p. 674, p. 677, p. 683, p. 691, p. 697, p. 698, p. 7, p. 701, p. 704, p. 705, p. 71, p. 711, p. 715, p. 716, p. 717, p. 718, p. 720, p. 726, p. 73, p. 733, p. 734, p. 735, p. 737, p. 740, p. 741, p. 743, p. 745, p. 749, p. 84.
• Dioxin hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates a synoptic review / by Ronald Eisler (Patuxent Wildlife Research Center). [Washington, D.C.?]: Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of Interior, [1986] url p. 33.
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• Fish and Wildlife Habitat Changes Resulting from Construction of a Nine-Foot Channel on Pools 24, 25, and 26 of the Mississippi River and the Lower Illinois River, Ft. BelvoirDefense Technical Information CenterAPR 1979. url p. 177, p. 239, p. 445.
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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2008. Esox lucius. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• UK National Biodiversity Network, Biological Records Centre - Database for the Atlas of Freshwater Fishes
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Highland Biological Recording Group - HBRG Fish and Herptiles dataset
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3863621
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Fis-29374
• Fishbase Species ID: 258
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5347612
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 162139
• IUCN ID: 208418
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AFCHD01021
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 15756

Footnotes

1. Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr (1991). A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. [back]
2. Standard Deviation = 191.060 based on 12,983 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
3. Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2008. Esox lucius. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 01 February 2012. [back]
4. Morrow, J.E. (1980). The freshwater fishes of Alaska. University of. B.C. Animal Resources Ecology Library. 248p. [back]
5. Billard, R. (1997). Les poissons d'eau douce des rivières de France. Identification, inventaire et répartition des 83 espèces. Lausanne: Delachaux & Niestlé, 192p. [back]
6. Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen (1966). Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. [back]
7. Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman (1973). Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184:1-966. [back]
8. Frimodt, C. (1995). Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.