Phoxinus phoxinus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Family : Minnows or carps ; Gregarious [1]. Lives in cold, running or still, yet well oxygenated, waters[2] over gravel substrate. Feeds on algae, plant debris (in rivers ), mollusks, crustaceans and insects[3]. Migrates upstream for spawning in shallow gravel areas. Important laboratory fish, for research on sensory organs of fishes . Mean maximum age is 6 years[4].

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 172 meters (566 feet).[5]

Ecology: Habitat :
A wide range of cold and well oxygenated habitats from small, fast-flowing streams to large Nordic lowland rivers and from small upland lakes to large oligotrophic lakes. Usually associated with salmonid fishes . Spawning takes place over clean gravel areas in flowing water or on wave-washed shores of lakes. Overwinters in coarse substrate or in deep pools with low current .

Biology :
Gregarious , rheophilous . Lives up to 11 years, usually up to 4-5 years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Spawns in April-June at temperatures above 10°C. Some individuals spawn even during autumn. Spawns in shoals , fractional spawner , females deposit the sticky eggs deep into clean gravel. Feeds on invertebrates , algae and detritus .[6].

List of Habitats:

•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.1     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )   
  
•     5.5     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)   
  
•     5.7     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)   
[more info]

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Cyprinus aphya Linnaeus • Cyprinus chrysoprasius Pallas • Cyprinus isetensis Georgi • Cyprinus lumaireul Schinz • Cyprinus morella Leske • Cyprinus phoxinus • Cyprinus phoxinus Linnaeus • Cyprinus phoxinus Linnaeus, 1758 • Cyprinus rivularis (Pallas • Leuciscus phoxinus (Linnaeus • Phoxinus csikii Hank ó • Phoxinus czekanowskii sedelnikowi Berg • Phoxinus laevis balchaschana Kessler • Phoxinus laevis Fitzinger • Phoxinus laevis mikrosquamatus Kashchenko • Phoxinus laevis ujmonensis Kashchenko • Phoxinus lagowskii sedelnikowi Berg • Phoxinus marsilii Heckel • Phoxinus phoxinus • Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus) • Phoxinus phoxinus carpathicus Popescu-Gorj & Dumitriu • Phoxinus phoxinus colchicus Berg • Phoxinus phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus • Phoxinus phoxinus strandjae Drensky • Phoxinus phoxinus ujmonensis Kashchenko • Phoxinus rivularis (Pallas • Phoxinus saposchnikowi Kashchenko • Phoxinus sedelnikowi Berg • Phoxinus varius Perty • Phoxynus montanus Ogérien • Salmo rivularis Pallas

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: Data last modified by FishBase 09-Aug-1994

The systematics of Phoxinus is far from resolved and our observations suggest that several species are confused under the name P. phoxinus. [6].

Similar Species

Members of the genus Phoxinus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 29 species and subspecies in this genus:

P. bigerri (Adour Minnow) · P. brachyurus (Seven River's Minnow) · P. colchicus (Caucasian Minnow) · P. cumberlandensis (Blacksail Snake Mackerel) · P. czekanowskii (Chekanovski's Minnow) · P. czekanowskii czekanowskii (Czekanowski's Minnow) · P. czekanowskii ignatowi (Ignatov's Minnow) · P. czekanowskii suifunensis (Suifun Minnow) · P. eos (Northern Redbelly Minnow) · P. erythrogaster (Southern Redbelly Dace) · P. flammeus (Flame Chub) · P. issykkulensis (Issyk-Kul´ Minnow) · P. lagowskii (Lagowski´s Minnow) · P. lagowskii lagowskii (Lagowski's Minnow) · P. lumaireul (Italian Minnow) · P. neogaeus (Finescale Antimora) · P. orcuttii (Arroyo Chub) · P. oreas (Mountain Redbelly Dace) · P. oxycephalus (Chinese Minnow) · P. percnurus (Suifun Minnow) · P. perenurus (Swamp Minnow) · P. phoxinus (European Minnow) · P. phoxinus phoxinus (Minnow-Nase) · P. poljakowi (Balkhash Minnow) · P. saylori (Laurel Dace) · P. septimaniae (Languedoc Minnow) · P. strandjae (Strandzha Minnow) · P. strymonicus (Aegean Minnow) · P. tennesseensis (Tennessee Dace)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A bibliography of fishes, New York, American Museum of Natural History, 1916-1923. url .
• A guide to the study of fishes, New York, H. Holt, 1905. url .
• A guide to the study of fishes, by David Starr Jordan. .. New York, H. Holt and Company, 1905. url p. 167.
• Animal psychology seminars: Strasbourg University, October 1956, and Brussels University, August 1957. London, Pergamon Press, 1959. url p. 36.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) url p. 280, p. 58, p. 59, p. 61, p. 62, p. 64, p. 66, p. 67, p. 68, p. 69, p. 70, p. 71, p. 72, p. 73.
• Camallanata of animals and man and diseases caused by them = Kamallanaty zhivotnykh i cheloveka i vyzyvaemye ime zabolevaniya / V. M. Ivashkin, A. A. Sobolev, and L. A. Khromova; translated from Russian [by Hilary Hardin]. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1977. url p. 340.
• Central Asiatic Expeditions of the American Museum of Natural History, under the leadership of Roy Chapman Andrews: preliminary contributions in geology, palaeontology, and zoology / by R.C. Andrews. .. [et al.] [New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1926-1930]. url p. 315.
• Chordate morphology. New York, Reinhold[1962] url p. 226.
• Current bibliography for aquatic sciences and fisheries. London, Taylor & Francis ltd. url p. 139, p. 245, p. 264, p. 286, p. 293, p. 437, p. 507, p. 607, p. 637, p. 730, p. 769, p. 77, p. 823.
• Current bibliography for fisheries science. Rome, Biology Branch, Fisheries Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. url p. 55, p. 74, p. 9.
• Dean bibliography of fishes. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1971-1973. url p. 10, p. 120, p. 143, p. 17, p. 178, p. 200, p. 209, p. 210, p. 22, p. 220, p. 257, p. 267, p. 276, p. 277, p. 278, p. 290, p. 291, p. 295, p. 301, p. 304, p. 309, p. 313, p. 315, p. 323, p. 327, p. 367, p. 434, p. 458, p. 460, p. 463, p. 465, p. 490, p. 495, p. 496, p. 497, p. 502, p. 503, p. 504, p. 512, p. 514, p. 519, p. 567, p. 57, p. 599, p. 610, p. 620, p. 623, p. 626, p. 627, p. 629, p. 630, p. 632, p. 638, p. 644, p. 661, p. 662, p. 664, p. 673, p. 683, p. 685, p. 695, p. 697, p. 7, p. 704, p. 719, p. 742, p. 93.
• Fishery bulletin / U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service: url p. 306, p. 442, p. 476, p. 501, p. 653, p. 722, p. 742.
• Fishes of the world, by Edouard Le Danois, with the collaboration of Jacques Millot, Theodore Monod [and] Paul Budker. With 80 photogravure plates, 30 colour photos., and text illus. Woodstock, Vt., Countryman Press[1957] url p. 188, p. 72.
• Fishes, New York, H. Holt and Company, 1907. url .
• General embryological information service. Utrecht, Hubrecht Laboratory. url p. 94.
• Guide to the British fresh-water fishes exhibited in the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). London: Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum, 1917. url p. 38.
• Hydrobiologische studien über ostalpenseen. Stuttgart, Erwin Nägele, 1923. url p. 441, p. 478.
• Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society: official publication of the Coryndon Memorial Museum (Museum Trustees of Kenya). Nairobi, Kenya: The Museum, 1942-[1960] url p. 66.
• Manual of the vertebrate animals of the northern U.S.. .. inclusive of the marine species. Chicago, McClurg, 1894, c1876-88. url .
• Monogenetic trematodes: their systematics and phylogeny / by Boris E. Bychowsky; edited by William J. Hargis, Jr.; translated by Pierre C. Oustinoff. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Biological Sciences, c1961. url p. 221, p. 625.
• Oceanus. Woods Hole, Mass., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution url p. 17.
• Photoperiodism and related phenomena in plants and animals; proceedings, edited by Robert B. Withrow, with the cooperation of Arthur C. Giese [and others]. Washington, 1959. url p. 651, p. 654, p. 882.
• Polychlorinated biphenyl hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review / by Ronald Eisler (Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). Laurel, MD: The Service, 1986. url p. 48.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia url p. 50.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 216, p. 517.
• Proceedings of the third USA-USSR symposium on the effects of pollutants upon aquatic ecosystems. Duluth, Minn.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1980. url p. 120.
• Report of the Commissioner for. .. / United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Washington: G.P.O., 1874-1905. url p. 111, p. 220.
• Sensory biology of sharks, skates, and rays / editors Edward S. Hodgson, Robert F. Mathewson. Arlington, Va.: Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1978. url p. 327.
• Sex and internal secretions. Contributors: A. Albert [and others] Foreword by George W. Corner. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1961. url p. 1575, p. 188.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 48 1907 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 565, Index, plate text LII, plate text XLIX.
• Special scientific report--wildlife / U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service, 1949- url p. 353, p. 53, p. 54.
• Spixiana. 12 1989 München: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, 1977- url fig. 1, p. 102, fig. 2, p. 92, p. 93.
• Syllogeus. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1972-1995. url p. 140, p. 25.
• The Biological bulletin. Woods Hole, Mass.: Marine Biological Laboratory, url p. 117, p. 189, p. 370, p. 43, p. 74.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 34.
• The Myxosporidia, or Psorosperms of fishes, and the epidemics produced by them. By R.R. Gurley. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1894. url p. 266.
• The Trematoda of British fishes. London, Sold by B. Quaritch, 1947. url p. 347.
• The biology of marine animals. New York, Interscience Publishers[1960] url p. 533.
• The biology of senescence. New York, Rinehart, 1956. url p. 212.
• The complete aquarium book; the care and breeding of goldfish and tropical fishes, by William T. Innes. .. New York, Halcyon house[c1936] url p. 294.
• The freshwater fishes of the British Isles, by C. Tate Regan. .. with twenty-seven figures and thirty-seven plates by the author London, Methuen & Co. Ltd.[1911] url p. 188.
• The influence of man on animal life in Scotland; study in faunal evolution, by James Ritchie. .. Cambridge: University press, 1920. url p. 279, p. 540.
• Threatened non-marine molluscs of Europe Council of Europe url p. 123.
• Toxicity testing with fish, zooplankton and mussels: a comparison of sensitivities / by Anne E. Keller. 1989. url .
• Vertebrate reproductive cycles. London, Methuen;[1961] url p. 109.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2008. Phoxinus phoxinus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 03February2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Royal Ontario Museum, Fish specimens
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Biological Records Centre - Database for the Atlas of Freshwater Fishes
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Highland Biological Recording Group - HBRG Fish and Herptiles dataset
• University of Navarra, Museum of Zoology, Museum of Zoology, University of Navarra

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 135249
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Fis-25239
• Fishbase Species ID: 4661
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5165859
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 163596
• IUCN ID: 232078
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 9663

Footnotes

1. Spillman, C.-J. (1961). Faune de France: Poissons d'eau douce. Fédération Française des Sociétés Naturelles,Tome 65. Paris. 303 p. [back]
2. Vostradovsky, J. (1973). Freshwater fishes. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, London. 252 p. [back]
3. Billard, R. (1997). Les poissons d'eau douce des rivières de France. Identification, inventaire et répartition des 83 espèces. Lausanne: Delachaux & Niestlé, 192p. [back]
4. Wüstemann, O. and B. Kammerad (1995). Der Hasel, Leuciscus leuciscus. Westarp Wissenschaften, Magdeburg, Germany, 195 p. [back]
5. Standard Deviation = 183.440 based on 14,690 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
6. Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2008. Phoxinus phoxinus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 03 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.