Sciurus carolinensis

• Overview
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Mammal. Imported as a pet from North America to UK, Italy, and South Africa. In UK and Italy its introduction led to the local extinction of the native red squirrel. A further expansion from the Alps to a large portion of Eurasia is predicted.

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,066 meters (0 to 3,497 feet).[1]

Biome: Agricultural areas, disturbed areas, natural forest , planted forests, scrub/shrublands, urban areas.

Ecology: The species feeds on nuts, buds, flowers, seeds, fruits, fungi, some insects and occasionally bird eggs . During low food periods, it strips bark to get to inner bast and cambian layers. Feeds on maize where this is close to woodlands.[2]

Biology

Diet

The Gray Squirrel prefers hardwood forests of the Piedmont Region, mountains, and river and stream floodplains where an abundant supply of nuts, acorns , fruits, and flowers can be found. It will also eat insects and occasionally bird eggs .

Reproduction

Placental , sexual. 2-3 young per litter , 1-2 litters per year

Behavior

The Gray Squirrel constructs two types of nests . One is in a tree cavity , and is used for rearing young and for winter shelter . The other type of nest, which looks like a ball of dry leaves and twigs lined with plant fibers, is lodged in the upper branches of a tree. It is used as temporary shelter in both summer and winter. Main predators of the Gray Squirrel include hawks, owls, the Coyote, foxes, the Bobcat, and occasionally weasels, raccoons, and snakes . Wild individuals have an average life expectancy of 5 years.

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 06-Aug-2004.

Similar Species

The Gray Squirrel is readily distinguished from the Fox Squirrel by its smaller size, uniform gray color, and white belly.

Members of the genus Sciurus

There are approximately 233 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

S. aberti (Tassel-Eared Squirrel) · S. aberti subsp. aberti (Abert's Squirrel) · S. aberti barberi · S. aberti chuscensis · S. aberti durangi · S. aberti ferreus · S. aberti kaibabensis (Kaibab Squirrel) · S. aberti mimus (Abert's Squirrel) · S. aberti navajo · S. aberti phaeurus · S. adamsi · S. aestuans (Guianan Squirrel) · S. aestuans ingrami · S. affinis · S. alberti · S. albipes · S. alfari · S. alleni (Allen's Squirrel) · S. alphonsei · S. anomalus (Caucasian Squirrel) · S. anomalus russatus · S. anomalus syriacus · S. apache · S. arizonensis (Arizona Gray Squirrel) · S. arizonensis arizonensis (Arizona Gray Squirrel) · S. arizonensis catalinae · S. arizonensis huachuca · S. aureogaster (Mexican Gray Squirrel) · S. aureogaster albipes · S. aureogaster aureogaster (Mexican Gray Squirrel) · S. aureogaster nigrescens · S. aureogaster nigriscans · S. aureogaster nigriscens · S. aureogaster socialis · S. baluensis · S. berdmorei · S. bicolor · S. bongensis · S. cagsi · S. caniceps · S. carolinensis (Eastern Gray Squirrel) · S. carolinensis carolinensis · S. carolinensis extimus · S. carolinensis fuliginosus · S. carolinensis hypophaeus · S. carolinensis leucotis · S. carolinensis pennsylvanicus · S. carolinensis yucatanensis · S. caucasicus · S. cepapi · S. cinereus · S. colliaei (Collie's Squirrel) · S. colliaei colliaei · S. concinnus · S. congicus · S. davidianus · S. deppei (Deppe's Squirrel) · S. deppei deppei · S. deppei negligens · S. deppei vivax · S. douglasii · S. duida · S. durangi · S. ebii · S. erythopus · S. erythraeus · S. everetti · S. exilis · S. finlaysoni · S. flammifer (Fiery Squirrel) · S. fremonti · S. getulus · S. giganteus · S. gilvigularis (Yellow-Throated Squirrel) · S. goldmani · S. granatensis (Red-Tailed Squirrel) · S. granatensis bondae · S. granatensis chiriquensis · S. granatensis hoffmanni · S. granatensis morulus · S. granatensis quindianus · S. granatensis soderstromi · S. granatensis versicolor · S. griseus (Western Gray Squirrel) · S. griseus anthonyi · S. griseus griseus (Western Gray Squirrel) · S. griseus grissens · S. griseus nigripes · S. hippurus · S. hosei · S. hudsonicus · S. hudsonicus loquax · S. hudsonius mearnsi · S. hypopyrrhus · S. ignitus (Bolivian Squirrel) · S. ignitus boliviensis · S. igniventris (Northern Amazon Red Squirrel) · S. inauris · S. indicus · S. ingrami

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A catalogue of the collection of mammals in the Field Columbian Museum. Chicago: Field Columbian Museum, 1907. ENG url p. 131, p. 132, p. 134, p. 649.
• A check list of mammals of the North American continent, the West Indies and the neighboring seas. Chicago, 1905. ENG url p. 63, p. 63, p. 684, p. 75, p. 75, p. 78, p. 78, p. 79, p. 79, p. 80.
• A list of mammals obtained by Thaddeus Surber in North and South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, by D. G. Elliot. Chicago, 1901. ENG url p. 35.
• A list of the land and sea mammals of North America north of Mexico. Supplement to the synopsis. By D.G. Elliot. Chicago, 1901. ENG url p. 486.
• A manual of land and fresh water vertebrate animals of the United States (exclusive of birds) by Henry Sherring Pratt Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son and Co., inc.[c1935] ENG url p. 390, p. 395, p. 398, p. 400.
• A popular zoology / by J. Dorman Steele and J.W.P. Jenks. New York: A.S. Barnes and Company, c 1887. ENG url p. 317.
• A study of the diurnal squirrels, Sciurinae, of the Indian and Indochinese subregions [by] Joseph Curtis Moore and George H. H. Tate. [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1965. ENG url p. 201.
• A textbook in general zoology / by Henry R. Linville, Henry A. Kelly, and Harley J. Van Cleave. Boston; Ginn and Company, [c1929] ENG url p. 310.
• American animals: a popular guide to the mammals of North America north of Mexico, with intimate biographies of the more familiar species / by Witmer Stone and William Everett Cram. New York: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1904. ENG url p. 170, p. 171, p. 315.
• American animals; a popular guide to the mammals of North America north of Mexico, with intimate biographies of the more familiar species, by Witmer Stone and William Everett Cram. New York, Doubleday, Page and Company, 1902. ENG url p. 11, p. 170, p. 172, p. 315.
• Animal aggregations, a study in general sociology. / by W. C. Allee. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1931. ENG url p. 399.
• Animal biology, by Lorande Loss Woodruff... New YorkThe Macmillan company[c1938] ENG url p. 352, p. 353.
• Animal ecology, by Charles Elton; with an introduction by Julian S. Huxley. New York, Macmillan Co., 1927. ENG url p. 196.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. ENG url p. 102, p. 115, p. 121, p. 135, p. 142, p. 143, p. 255, p. 343, p. 360, p. 555, p. 558, p. 56, p. 72, p. 73, p. 73, p. 89, p. 92, p. 97.
• Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 11, p. 137, p. 20, p. 415, p. 93, p. 95, p. 97, p. 98.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.
• Brehm's Life of animals: a complete natural history for popular home instruction and for the use of schools. by Alfred Edmund Brehm; copiously illustrated with wood cuts and color-plates by Fr. Specht [et al]; translated from the third German editi Chicago: Marquis, 1895. ENG url p. 310.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 220, p. 223, p. 237, p. 238, p. 239, p. 243, p. 269, p. 270, p. 279, p. 284, p. 325, p. 330, p. 333, p. 46, p. 552, p. 68, p. 847, p. 85.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) ENG url p. 100, p. 101, p. 25, p. 307.
• Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Bloomington, Ill.: The Laboratory, 1878-[1918]. ENG url p. 299, p. 602, p. 602.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 142, p. 148, p. 157, p. 176, p. 222, p. 240, p. 459, p. 460.
• Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Andover: Intercept. ENG url p. 211.
• Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, [1876-1883] ENG url p. 126.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- ENG url p. 221.
• Catalogue of Mammalia in the Indian Museum, Calcutta / by John Anderson, Superintendent of the Indian Museum. Calcutta, 1881-1891. ENG url p. 29.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 173.
• Catalogue of the bones of mammalia in the collection of the British Museum / [compiled by Edward Gerrard]. London: printed by Taylor and Francis, by order of the Trustees, 1862 ENG url p. 213.
• Classic papers in genetics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1959. ENG url p. 97.
• Darwinism; an exposition of the theory of natural selection, with some of its applications, by Alfred Russel Wallace. London and New York, Macmillan and co., 1889. ENG url p. 493, p. 66, p. 67.
• Elementary textbook of economic zoology and entomology, by Vernon Lyman Kellogg and Rennie Wilbur Doane. New York, H. Holt and company[c1915] ENG url p. 310.
• Elements of zoölogy: a textbook / by Sanborn Tenney; illustrated by 750 wood engravings. New York: Scribner, c1875. ENG url p. 127.
• Entomological news. [Philadelphia]American Entomological Society, 1925- ENG url p. 82.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. ENG url p. 883.
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. ENG url p. 108, p. 143.
• Field book of North American mammals; descriptions of every mammal known north of the Rio Grande, together with brief accounts of habits, geographical ranges, etc., by H. E. Anthony with 32 coloured plates and 175 photographs, pen-and-ink sketches and New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1928. ENG url p. 251, p. 253.
• Fleas of eastern United States, by Irving Fox Ames, Ia., The Iowa State College Press, 1940. ENG url p. 118, p. 127, p. 42, p. 60, p. 61.
• Four-footed Americans and their kin / by Mabel Osgood Wright; ed. by Frank M. Chapman; illustrated by Ernest Seton Thompson. New York: Macmillan, 1898, t.p. 1901. ENG url p. 419.
• General function of the gall bladder from the evolutionary standpoint, by Frank W. Gorham and Andrew Conway Ivy. Chicago, 1938. ENG url p. 199.
• Handbook of mammals of Kansas / by E. Raymond Hall. Lawrence, Kansas: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1955. ENG url p. 252, p. 253, p. 79.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. ENG url p. 279.
• Index to volume I, numbers 1 to 17. Chicago: Field Columbian Museum, 1900. ENG url p. 322, p. 325.
• Les Mammiferes de la province de Quc. Quc, 1902. FRE url p. 75.
• List of species of mammals, principally rodents, obtained by W. W. Price, S. E. Meek, G. K. Cherrie and E. S. Thompson, in the States of Iowa, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Nevada and California, with descriptions of new species, by D. E. Elliot. [Chicago, 1898] ENG url p. 221.
• Mammals of America; technical editor, H. E. Anthony artists, Carl Rungius, Belmore Browne, George A. King New York, The University Society, inc.[c1917] ENG url p. 162.
• Man and the biological world [by] J. Speed Rogers, Theodore H. Hubbell [and] C. Francis Byers; with illus. by William L. Brudon. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1952. ENG url p. 374, p. 375.
• Material for a bibliography of North American mammals, prepared by Theodore Gill and Elliott Coues. Extracted from the eleventh volume of the final reports of the Survey, being Appendix B of the monographs of North American Rodentia. By Elliott Coues and Washington, Govt. print. off., 1877. ENG url p. 1062.
• Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas, 1946-1996. ENG url p. 63, p. 8, p. 8.
• Name that animal; a guide to the identification of the common land and fresh-water animals of the United States, with special reference to the area east of the Rockies. With drawings by Olive Driver. [Northampton? Mass., 1950] ENG url p. 510, p. 530.
• Natural science. London: Macmillan and Co., [1892-1899] ENG url p. 383.
• Naturalist (Morris) London. url p. 193.
• Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1926. ENG url p. 289, p. 315, p. 394, p. 404, p. 444, p. 466, p. 494, p. 504, p. 516, p. 66, p. 67.
• Notes from the Leyden Museum. Leyden. MUL url p. 96.
• Novitates Zoologicae. London. url p. 284.
• Occasional papers of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas. Lawrence, Kansas: The University, 1971-1994. ENG url p. 37.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 14, p. 159, p. 218, p. 268, p. 310, p. 691.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. [Washington, Biological Society of Washington] ENG url p. 148, p. 153, p. 154, p. 156, p. 167, p. 225, p. 267, p. 58, p. 71.
• Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. Indianapolis, Ind.[s.n.] ENG url p. 130.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 1, p. 105, p. 272, p. 273, p. 448, p. 459, p. 460, p. 567, p. 569, p. 593, p. 594, p. 599, p. 611, p. 636, p. 753, p. 92.
• Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington, Washington Academy of Sciences. ENG url p. 100, p. 70, p. 71, p. 88, p. 91, p. 92.
• Readings in mammalogy: selected from the original literature and introduced with comments / by J. Knox Jones, Jr. and Sydney Anderson. [Lawrence]Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1970. ENG url p. 145, p. 146, p. 407.
• Report upon United States Geographical surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, in charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler [...] under the direction of the chief of engineers, U.S. Army. Published by authority of [...] the secretary of war in accordanc Washington: Govt. print. off., 1875-89. ENG url p. 26.
• Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et Paris: Bureau de la Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, [1849- FRE url p. 4.
• Selected vertebrate endangered species of the seacoast of the United States / prepared by National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. [Washington]: The Service: [for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.], 1980. ENG url p. 1, p. 7.
• South African mammals.: A short manual for the use of field naturalists, sportsmen and travellers / Alwin Haagner; With numerous illustrations. London: H.F. and G. Witherby; 1920. ENG url p. 246.
• Systematic results of the study of North American land mammals to the close of the year 1900, by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., and James A. G. Rehn. Boston, Society of Natural History, 1901. ENG url p. 30.
• Taxidermy and zoological collecting; a complete handbook for the amateur taxidermist, collector, osteologist, museum-builder, sportsman, and traveller / by William T. Hornaday; with chapters on collecting, and preserving insects by W. J. Holland; ill. b New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1894, [c1891] ENG url p. 115.
• The Biological bulletin. Woods Hole, Mass.: Marine Biological Laboratory, ENG url p. 110.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, The Ottawa-Field-Naturalists Club. ENG url p. 59.
• The Canadian naturalist and quarterly journal of science. Montreal, Dawson. ENG url p. 443.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 597.
• The Museum. Albion, N.Y.: W.F. Webb, [1894- ENG url p. 42.
• The Ottawa naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. ENG url p. 175.
• The Quarterly journal of the Boston Zoological Society. Boston: The Society, 1881- ENG url p. 59.
• The University of Kansas science bulletin. [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. ENG url p. 101, p. 112, p. 1262, p. 1293, p. 1294, p. 1295, p. 1296, p. 1301, p. 1303, p. 1313, p. 1317, p. 1321, p. 1330, p. 1331, p. 1334, p. 1361, p. 1362, p. 1363, p. 1365, p. 1372, p. 98.
• The adrenals, by Arthur Grollman. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1936. ENG url p. 157.
• The families and genera of living rodents / by J.R. Ellerman; with a list of named forms (1758-1936) by R.W. Hayman and G.W.C.Holt. London: British Museum, 1940. ENG url p. 321, p. 327, p. 333, p. 334, p. 61.
• The giant panda: a morphological study of evolutionary mechanisms / D. Dwight Davis. Chicago, U.S.A.: Chicago Natural History Museum, 1964. ENG url p. 216.
• The land and sea mammals of Middle America and the West Indies. Chicago: Field Columbian Museum, 1904. ENG url p. 108, p. 110, p. 813, p. xxiii.
• The mammals of Illinois and Wisconsin, by Charles B. Cory Chicago, 1912. ENG url p. 100, p. 109, p. 115, p. 116, p. 121, p. 31, p. 500.
• The mammals of Pennsylvania: with a discussion of the biology of mammals in general, including keys to the orders and families, and with detailed accounts of all species indigenous to Pennsylvania / by Samuel Howard Williams. Pittsburgh: [s.n.], 1928. ENG url p. 117.
• The mammals of the Adirondack region, northeastern New York: with an introductory chapter treating of the location and boundaries of the region, its geological history, topography, climate, general features, botany, and faunal position / by Clinton Hart New York: Published by the author, 1884 ENG url p. 219, p. 225, p. 229.
• The natural history of South Africa by F. W. Fitzsimons. London, Longmans, Green and co., 1919-20. ENG url p. 56.
• The naturalist of the Saint Croix. Memoir of George A. Boardman. A selection from his correspondence and published writings, notices of friends and contemporaries, with his list of the birds of Maine and New Brunswick. By Samuel Lane Boardman... Bangor, Priv. print., 1903. ENG url p. 320.
• The ruffed grouse; life history, propagation, management, by Gardiner Bump [and others] With 4 paintings in full color by Fred. Everett and 127 sketches by Clayton B. Seagears and Fred. Everett. [Albany?]1947. ENG url p. 912.
• The variation of animals in nature, by G.C. Robson and O.W. Richards with 2 coloured plates and 30 illustrations in the text. London, Longmans, Green and co.[1936] ENG url p. 322, p. 422, p. 55.
• Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: W.Y. Morgan, 1903- ENG url p. 173.
• Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. [San Diego]: The Society, 1905- ENG url p. 104, p. 105, p. 235.
• University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas. ENG url p. 102, p. 111, p. 112, p. 113, p. 117, p. 141, p. 141, p. 143, p. 214, p. 22, p. 349, p. 354, p. 36, p. 423, p. 436, p. 623, p. 629, p. 696.
• Variation in animals and plants, by H.M. Vernon New York, H. Holt and company, 1902. ENG url p. 405, p. 412, p. 5.
• Wild animals of North America, intimate studies of big and little creatures of the mammal kingdom. Washington, D.C., The National geographical society[c1918] ENG url p. 547.
• Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 1993. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. xviii + 1207. ISBN: 1-56098-217-9.
• Zoe:a biological journal. 3 1892 San Diego, Calif. [etc.]Zoe Publishing Co. ENG url p. 210.
• Zoologischer Anzeiger. Jena, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. GER url p. 228, p. 229, p. 301, p. 320.
• Zoologisches Centralblatt. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, [1894-1902] GER url p. 176, p. 573, p. 639.

Notes

Contributors

• Baillie, J. 1996. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 20, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 11, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 19 providers.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 11, 2008:

• BeBIF Provider: African Rodentia
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Burke Museum: Mammal Specimens
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates: Mammal Collection
• European Environment Agency: EUNIS
• Field Museum: Mammal specimens
• Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History: Vertebrate specimens
• Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science: Mammal specimens
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB: Paleobiology Database
• Michigan State University Museum: Vertebrate specimens
• Museum of Texas Tech University (TTU): Mammal specimens
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• OZCAM (Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums) Provider: Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums
• Royal Ontario Museum: Mammal specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• Sternberg Museum of Natural History: Mammal Collection
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Biological Records Centre - Mammal records from Britain from the Atlas of Mammals (1993), with some subsequent records
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Highland Biological Recording Group - HBRG Mammals dataset.
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Lothian Wildlife Information Centre - Lothian Wildlife Information Centre Secret Garden Survey
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information
• UK National Biodiversity Network: The Bat Conservation Trust - The BCT/MTUK Bats & Roadside Mammals Survey
• University of Alaska Museum of the North: MSB Mammals Specimens
• University of Alaska Museum of the North: UAM Mammals Specimens
• University of Minnesota Bell Museum of Natural History: Mammal specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2482001
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-180175
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14580361
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 180175
• IUCN ID: 42462
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AMAFB07010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 1034

Footnotes

1. Mean = 95.820 meters (314.370 feet), Standard Deviation = 113.030 based on 7,518 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. Baillie, J. 1996. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 20, 2008. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.