Acalypha virginica

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Euphorbiaceae

The Euphorbiaceae are mostly monoecious herbs, shrubs , and trees , sometimes succulent and cactus-like, comprising one of the largest families of plants with about 300 genera and 7,500 species that are further characterized by the frequent occurrence of milky sap . The leaves are mostly alternate but may be opposite or whorled and they are simple , or compound , or sometimes highly reduced. Stipules are generally present but may be reduced to hairs , glands or spines. The flowers are unisexual and usually actinomorphic . They may be highly reduced by suppression of parts, in the extreme form consisting of a naked stamen as a male flower and a naked pistil as a female flower. A specialized type of miniature inflorescence called a cyathium occurs in about 1,500 species comprising the genera Euphorbia and Chamaesyce. The cyathium consists of a single naked pistillate flower surrounded by cymes of naked staminate flowers, each consisting of a single stamen. These flowers are all enclosed in a cup-like involucre that typically is provided with peripheral nectaries and petaloid appendages such that the whole aggregation closely resembles a single flower. In other members of the family the flowers and inflorescences are more ordinary in appearance , with male and female flowers typically bearing a 5-merous calyx and corolla of distinct segments, although the corolla is sometimes absent. In these forms the androecium most commonly consists of 5, 10 or sometimes numerous distinct or monadelphous stamens. The gynoecium of female flowers consists of a single compound pistil of typically 3 carpels, an equal number of styles or primary style branches, and a superior ovary with typically 3 locules, each bearing 1 or 2 collateral , axile-apical pendulous ovules. The fruit is usually a capsular schizocarp. -- Gerald Carr.

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,085 meters (0 to 6,841 feet).[1]

Biome: Terrestrial

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: Yes • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Space 15-18" apart.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: No • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: Low • Minimum pH: 5.9 • Maximum pH: 7.0 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun . • Shade Tolerance: Intermediate

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 13 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): 33 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 80 • Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Acalypha virginica forma intermedia Millsp.
2. Acalypha virginica L. Müll. Arg.
3. Acalypha virginica var. angustifolia Torr.
4. Acalypha virginica var. genuina Müll. Arg.
5. Ricinocarpus virginicus (L.) Kuntze

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Publishing author : Raf. Publication : New Fl. N. Amer. Pt . 1, 45 (1836) Publishing author: Raf. Publication: New. Fl. Am. i. 45. Publishing author: Raf. Publication: New Fl. (Rafinesque) i. 44 Publishing author: Müll.Arg. Publication: Linnaea 34: 44 1865 Publishing author: Torr. Publication: Fl. New York 2: 173 1847 Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: Govaerts R., 11-Nov-2003

Name verified on

Place of publication: Sp. pl. 2:1003. 1753, nom. cons.

Name verified on 05-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 29-May-2007

Similar Species

Members of the genus Acalypha

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 736 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. abingdonii · A. acapulcensis · A. accedens · A. accedens f. brachyandra · A. acrogyna · A. acuminata · A. adenophora · A. adenostachya · A. afrestis · A. agrestis · A. akoensis · A. alchorneoides · A. alexandri · A. alexandrii · A. aliena · A. allenii · A. alnifolia · A. alopecuroidea (Fox-Tail Copper-Leaf) · A. alopecuroidea var. glanduligera · A. alopecuroides · A. amantacea · A. ambigua · A. ambiodonta · A. ambliodonta · A. amblyodonta · A. amboynensis · A. amentacea (Fire Dragon Acalypha) · A. amentacea amentacea · A. amentacea subsp. wilkesiana · A. amentacea var. grandis · A. amentacea var. heterotricha · A. amentacea var. palauensis · A. amentacea var. trukensis · A. amentacea var. velutina · A. amentacea wilkesiana (Wilkes' Acalypha) · A. amphigyne · A. amplexicaulis · A. ampliata · A. amplifolia · A. anadenia · A. andina · A. andringitrensis · A. anemioides · A. angustata · A. angustifolia · A. angustissima · A. annobonae · A. apetiolata · A. apodanthes · A. arborea · A. arciana · A. argomuelleri · A. argomulleri · A. aristata (Field Copperleaf) · A. aronioides · A. arvensis · A. aspericocca · A. asterifolia · A. australis (Australian Acalypha) · A. bakeriana · A. balansae · A. baroni · A. baronii · A. benensis · A. benguelensis · A. berteriana (Berteron Acalypha) · A. berteroana · A. betulaefolia · A. bilbergiana · A. bipartita · A. bisetosa (Streambank Copperleaf) · A. boinensis · A. boiviniana · A. boliviensis · A. bopiana · A. botteriana · A. brachiata · A. brachyclada · A. brachystachya · A. bracteata · A. brasiliensis · A. brasiliensis f. obtusa · A. brevibracteata · A. brevicaulis · A. brevipetiolata · A. brittoni · A. brittonii · A. buchtieni · A. buchtienii · A. buddleifolia · A. bullata · A. burquezii · A. bussei · A. caeciliae · A. californica (California Copperleaf) · A. calyciformis · A. campylostyla · A. capensis · A. caperonioides · A. capillaris

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Further Reading

• A botanical survey of the Sugar Grove region / by Robert F. Griggs. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1914. ENG url p. 318.
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• A provisional list of the parasitic fungi of Wisconsin. [Madison, 1914] ENG url p. 108, p. 852, p. 918.
• An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] ENG url p. 28.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1913. ENG url p. 457, p. 458.
• Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova. Genova: Tip. del R. Istituto Sordo-Muti, 1870-1914. ITA url p. 511.
• Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. ENG url p. 469.
• Beihefte zum botanischen Centralblatt. Cassel: Verlag von Gebrder Gotlhelft, 1891-1904. GER url p. 286.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 190, p. 428.
• Brummitt, R. K. 1993. Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 39. Taxon 42:876. [conservation proposal recommended].
• Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Bloomington, Ill.: The Laboratory, ENG url p. 614.
• Bulletin of the scientific laboratories of Denison University. Granville, Ohio: [The University], 1885- ENG url p. 5.
• Bullettino. Florence. ITA url p. 195, p. 22, p. 52.
• Catalog of Ohio vascular plants: arranged according to the phyletic classification: with notes on the geographical distribution in the state, based mainly on specimens in the State Herbarium, Botanical Laboratory, the Ohio State Uni by John H. Schaffner Columbus: Ohio State University, 1914. ENG url p. 173.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 356.
• Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. (F Tex)
• Entomological news, and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia[Entomological Rooms of the Academy of Natural Sciences] ENG url p. 171.
• Flora Peoriana; the vegetation in the climate of middle Illinois. Peoria, Ill., J. W. Franks, 1887. ENG url p. 58.
• Flora del Modenese e del Reggiano / dei Professori G. Gibelli e R. Pirotta. Modena: Tip. di G.T. Vincenzi, 1882. ITA url p. 25.
• Flora italiana; ossia, Descrizione delle piante che crescono spontanee o vegetano come tali in Italia e nelle isole ad essa aggaicenti; disposta secondo il metodo naturale. Firenze, Tip. Le Monnier, 1848-1896. ITA url p. 428, p. 578.
• Flora of Berkshire County, Massachusetts. Boston, 1922. ENG url p. 294.
• Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore: an annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of the peninsula of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. [Wilmington]: Society of Natural History of Delaware, 1946. ENG url p. 166.
• Flora of Illinois, containing keys for identification of flowering plants and ferns. Notre Dame, Ind., University of Notre Dame Press, 1963. ENG url p. 103.
• Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. ENG url p. 1159, p. 639, p. 640.
• Flora of Lancaster County; being descriptions of the seed- plants growing naturally in Lancaster County, Pennsylvanial. By John Kunkel Small and Joel Jackson Carter. New York, 1913. ENG url p. 178.
• Flora of Nebraska; a list of the conifers and flowering plants of the state, with keys for their determination. [Lincoln, Neb., Printed by State Printing Co., 1912] ENG url p. 83.
• Flora of New Bedford and the shores of Buzzards Bay, with a procession of the flowers. New Bedford [Mass.]E. Anthony, 1911. ENG url p. 86.
• Flora of West Virginia, by Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Lawrence William Nuttall. Chicago, 1896. ENG url p. 215, p. 234, p. 234.
• Flora of the Indiana dunes, a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the lake Michigan Coast of Indiana and of the Calumet District, by Donald Culross Peattie. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1930. ENG url p. 249.
• Flora padovana; ossia, Prospetto floristico e fitogeografico delle piante vascolari indigene inselvatichite o largamente coltivate crescenti nella provincia di Padova; con notizie storico-bibliografiche sulle fonti d Padova, Prem. Soc. coop. tip., 1909-1914. ITA url p. 454, p. 680, p. 681, p. 748, p. 754.
• Florula bostoniensis. A collection of plants of Boston and its environs, with their generic and specific characters, synonyms, descriptions, places of growth, and time of flowering, and occasional remarks. Boston, Cummings and Hilliard, 1814. ENG url p. 236.
• Govaerts, R. et al. 2000. World checklist and bibliography of Euphorbiaceae. (L Euphorb)
• Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. (Atlas WWeed)
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 1060, p. 1487, p. 200, p. 314, p. 345, p. 351, p. 500.
• Levin, G. A. 1999. Notes on Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae) in North America. Rhodora 101:231.
• McGregor, R. L. et al. (The Great Plains Flora Association). 1977. Atlas of the Flora of the Great Plains. (Atlas GPlains)
• Nuova flora analitica d'Italia, contenente la descrizione delle piante vascolari indigene inselvatichite e largamente coltivate in Italia, del dott. Adriano Fiori. Firenze, Tipografia di M. Ricci, 1923-29. ITA url p. 190.
• Ohio Flora Committee (E. L. Braun, T. S. Cooperrider, T. R. Fisher, J. J. Furlow). 1967–. The vascular flora of Ohio. (F Ohio)
• Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. ENG url p. 593.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. [Washington, Biological Society of Washington] ENG url p. 130, p. 281, p. 47.
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• Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. (F Carolin)
• Reveal, J. L. et al. 1990. (981) Proposal to conserve the name and type of Acalypha virginica L. (Euphorbiaceae). Taxon 39:361.
• Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands / New York Academy of Sciences. New York, N.Y.: The Academy, 1919- url p. 489.
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• Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Philadelphia: The Society, 1771- ENG url p. 189.
• Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: W.Y. Morgan, 1903- ENG url p. 192, p. 194.
• Transactions of the State Agricultural Society Lansing: The Society, 1850-1856. ENG url p. 398.
• Transactions of the annual meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: Kansas Pub. House, 1883-1901. ENG url p. 87.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed November 8, 2006.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed May 28, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 6 providers.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
• World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesFeb 2, 2006.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

• Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2651863
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-1316 ITS-28193 ITS-508244 Kew-13
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14259783
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:337927-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 1049
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 28193
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 337927-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDEUP010L2 PDEUP010L1 PDEUP010L3
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ACRH ACDE4
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 12998

Footnotes

1. Mean = 230.190 meters (755.217 feet), Standard Deviation = 163.690 based on 2,288 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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