Achnatherum hymenoides

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Poaceae

Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos . Flowering stems (culms ) jointed , internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks , differentiated into sheath, blade , and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins , modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate , veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , an open, contracted , or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired , or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes ) empty, subtending 1 to many florets ; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn ), glumes also sometimes awned . Flowers bisexual or unisexual ; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy ; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary , anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear .

About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.[1]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,632 meters (0 to 11,916 feet).[2]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: No • Propagated by Container: No • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Spring • Fruit/Seed Period End: Summer • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: Medium • Salinity Tolerance: Low • CaCO3 Tolerance: High • Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 8.6 • Fertility Requirement: Low

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun . • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High • Minimum Precipitation: 6 • Maximum Precipitation: 16 • Moisture Use: Low

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -33 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 110 • Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt.
2. Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roemer & J. A. Schultes) Ricker Ex Piper
3. Stipa hymenoides Roemer & J. A. Schultes

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Phytologia 74:7. 1993

Name verified on 02-Jun-1995 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 20-Nov-2007

Similar Species

Members of the genus Achnatherum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 112 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. acutum · A. altum · A. argenteum · A. aridum (Mormon Needlegrass) · A. arnowiae · A. avinoides · A. bloomeri (Bloomer's Ricegrass) · A. botschantzevii · A. brachychaetum (Punagrass Achnatherum Brachychaetum) · A. brachystrichum · A. brachytricha · A. bracteatum · A. brandisii · A. breviaristatum · A. bromoides · A. calamagrostis · A. capense · A. caragana · A. caudatum (Chilean Ricegrass) · A. chinense · A. chingii · A. chingii var. laxum · A. clandestinum (Mexican Ricegrass) · A. confusum · A. conspicuum · A. constrictum · A. contractum (Contracted Ricegrass) · A. coreanum · A. coronatum (Giant Ricegrass) · A. curvifolium (Guadalupe Needlegrass) · A. diegoense (San Diego County Needlegrass) · A. duthiei · A. editorum · A. effusum · A. eminens (Southwestern Needlegrass) · A. extremiorientale · A. hallerii · A. hendersonii (Henderson's Needlegrass) · A. henryi · A. henryi var. acutum · A. hirticulme · A. hookeri · A. hymenoides (Indian Mountain-Ricegrass) · A. inaequiglume · A. inebrians · A. jacquemontii · A. lanceolatum · A. latiglume (Sierra Needlegrass) · A. latiglumis · A. lemmonii (Lemmon's Needlegrass) · A. lemmonii pubescens · A. lemmonii lemmonii · A. lemmonii subsp. pubescens · A. lemmonii var. lemmonii (Lemmon's Needlegrass) · A. lemmonii var. pubescens (Pubescent Lemmon's Needlegrass) · A. lettermanii (Letterman´s Needlegrass) · A. lobatum (Little Awn Needlegrass) · A. longiaristatum · A. miliaceum · A. mongholicum · A. multinode · A. nelsonii · A. nelsonii dorei (Columbia Needlegrass) · A. nelsonii subsp. dorei (Columbia Needlegrass) · A. nelsonii nelsonii · A. nelsonii var. dorei · A. nevadense (Nevada Needlegrass) · A. nevadensis · A. occidentale · A. occidentale californicum (Western Needlegrass) · A. occidentale pubescens (Pubescent Western Needlegrass) · A. occidentale subsp. californicum (California Needlegrass) · A. occidentale occidentale · A. occidentalis · A. ordubadense · A. pappiforme · A. papposum · A. parishii (Parish's Needlegrass) · A. parishii subsp. depauperatum · A. parishii parishii · A. parishii var. depauperatum (Little Parish's Needlegrass) · A. parishii var. parishii (Parish's Needlegrass) · A. parviflorum · A. pekinense · A. pekinense subsp. effusum · A. perplexum (New Mexico Needlegrass) · A. petriei · A. pinetorum (Pine-Forest Needle Grass) · A. psilantherum · A. pubicalyx · A. purpurascens · A. richardsonii (Richardson's Needlegrass) · A. robustum (Sleepy Grass) · A. roshevitzii · A. saposhnikovii · A. scribneri (Scribner's Needlegrass) · A. sibiricum · A. soboliferum · A. speciosum (Desert Needlegrass) · A. splendens

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• Alderson, J. & W. C. Sharp. 1995. Grass varieties in the United States, U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 170, rev. ed. (Grass VarUSA) [= Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Ricker ex Piper].
• Cronquist, A. et al. 1972–. Intermountain flora. (Intermt F) [= Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Ricker ex Piper].
• Englert, J. M. et al. 1999–. USDA-NRCS Improved conservation plant materials released by NRCS and cooperators. (NRCS Cons Pl Mat)
• Hickman, J. C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. (F CalifJep)
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2. (Food Feed Crops US)
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)
• Welsh, S. L. et al. 1993. A Utah flora. (F Utah ed2) [= Stipa hymenoides Roem. & Schult.].
• Chen Shouliang, Jin Yuexing, Zhuang Tide, Fang Wenzhe, Sheng Guoying, Liu Liang, Wu Zhenlan, Lu Shenglian, Sun Bisin, Hu Zhihao, Wang Song, Sun Xiangzhong, Wang Huiqin, Yang Xilin, Wang Chaopin, Li Binggui & Wen Shaobin. 1990. Gramineae (Poaceae) (4). In: Chen Shouliang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(1):1401
• Chen Shouliang, Zhuang Tide, Fang Wenzhe, Sheng Guoying, Jin Yuexing, Liu Liang, Sun Bisin, Hu Zhihao & Wang Song. 1997. Gramineae (Poaceae) (5). In: Chen Shouliang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(2): 1301
• Liu Liang, Zhu Taiping, Chen Wenli, Wu Zhenlan & Lu Shenglian. Gramineae (Poaceae) (2). In: Liu Liang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 9(2): 1405
• Lu Sheng-lian, Sun Yong-hua, Liu Shang-wu, Yang Yong-chang, Wu Zhen-lan, Kuo Pen-chao, Yang Hsi-ling, Wang Chao-pin & Tsui Nai-ran. 1987. Gramineae (3). In: Kuo Pen-chao, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 9(3): 1329
• Wang Zhengping, Ye Guanghan, Yang Yaling, Yu Zehua, Hu Chenhua, Geng Bojie, Feng Xuelin, Jia Liangzhi, Xia Nianhe, Li Dezhu, Zhang Weiping, Xue Jiru, Zhu Zhengde, Zhao Qiseng, Chen Shouliang, Sheng Guoying, Chen Shaoyun, Yao Changyu, Lu Jionglin, Sun Jiliang, Lin Wantao, Yi Tongpei, Zhao Huiru, Wen Taihui & Dai Qihui. 1996. Gramineae (Poaceae) (1).

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/]. Access date: Nov 23, 2005
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 28, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 11 providers.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)
• USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plant Characteristics Database. Accessed April 17, 2006.
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:

• Arizona State University, International Institute for Species Exploration: Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• Arizona State University, International Institute for Species Exploration: The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• Australian National Herbarium (CANB)
• Berkeley Natural History Museums: University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Burke Museum: Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium (WTU)
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad: Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México (IE-BAJÍO)
• Missouri Botanical Garden
• Oregon State University: Vascular Plant Collection
• University of Alaska Museum of the North: University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium (ALA)
• University of Colorado Museum: Zoological specimens
• US National Plant Germplasm System: United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
• USDA PLANTS: USDA PLANTS Database
• Utah State University: USU-UTC Specimen Database
• Utah Valley State College (UVSC): Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2671724
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-507943
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:969771-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 402285
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 507943
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 969771-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMPOA4J050
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ACHY
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 12028

Footnotes

1. Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Mean = 1,606.710 meters (5,271.358 feet), Standard Deviation = 653.930 based on 719 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.