Common Names
Click on the language to view common names.
Common Names in Danish:
ægte Venushår, Venushår
Common Names in Dutch:
Europees Venushaar
Common Names in English:
Common Maidenhair, Common Maidenhair Fern, Maidenhair Fern, Southern maidenhair Fern, Southern Maidenhair, Southern Maidenhair Fern, Venus Hair, Venus Hairfern, Venus Maidenhair, Venus Maidenhair Fern, Venus´ Hair Fern, Venus's-Hair Fern
Common Names in Finnish:
Venuksenhiussaniainen
Common Names in French:
Capillaire Cheveux-De-Vénus, Capillaire De Montpellier, Cheveux De Vénus
Common Names in German:
Frauenhaarfarn, Venushaarfarn
Common Names in Italian:
Capelvenere Comune
Common Names in Spanish:
Adianto, Capilera, Culantrillo De Pozo
Description
Genus Adiantum
Plants
terrestrial
or on rock. Stems short- to long-creeping or suberect, branched; scales
deep tawny
yellow to dark reddish brown [black], concolored or bicolored
, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, margins
entire, erose-ciliate, or minutely dentate
. Leaves monomorphic
to somewhat dimorphic
, densely clustered to closely spaced [distant
], 15--110 cm. Petiole
chestnut brown to dark purple or blackish, with single groove
adaxially, glabrous
, hispid
, or strigose
, with 1 or 2 vascular bundles
. Blade
lanceolate, ovate
, trowel-shaped, or fan-shaped, 1--4(--9) -pinnate proximally, membranaceous
to papery
, both surfaces commonly glabrous (2 species with scattered
hairs
), adaxially dull or shiny, not striate
; rachis straight or flexuous
. Ultimate
segments subsessile
to short-stalked (stalks
terminating in cupulelike swelling at base
of pinna in A. tenerum ), round, fan-shaped, rhombic
, or oblong
, 3--29 mm wide; base truncate to cuneate, free
from costa; stalk dark, often lustrous
; fertile
segments with marginal
lobes
recurved to form false indusia. Veins of ultimate segments conspicuous
, free, ± dichotomously forking near base and well above segment base [anastomosing in a few tropical
species], parallel distally. False indusia light gray-green or brown to dark brown, narrow, 0.6--1 mm wide, marginal, concealing sporangia until sporangia dehisce. Sporangia submarginal, borne along or sometimes also between veins on abaxial
surface of false indusium, paraphyses and glands
absent. Spores yellow or yellowish brown, tetrahedral-globose, trilete, rugulate to rugose
or tuberculate
, equatorial ridge
absent. x
= 29, 30.
Species ca. 150--200: nearly worldwide except at latitudes
greater than 60°.
Most diverse
in Andean South America, Adiantum is primarily a tropical genus; of the nine species occurring in the flora
, A. melanoleucum, A. tenerum, and A. tricholepis are strictly subtropical
. Adiantum hispidulum occurs only as an escape
from cultivation. The genus is absent from dry areas in the interior of the continent.
Adiantum is a very clearly circumscribed genus of ferns, the character state
"sporangia borne on abaxial surface of false indusium" being both necessary and sufficient to define it. Within this large and widespread genus, however, species relationships are mostly unknown. An evolutionary classification of the group is indeed much needed (R. M.
Tryon and A. F. Tryon 1982).[1]
Physical Description
Species Adiantum capillus-veneris
Stems short-creeping; scales
golden brown to medium brown, concolored,
iridescent
, margins
entire or occasionally with single broad tooth
near base
. Leaves lax-arching or pendent, closely spaced, 15--75
cm. Petiole
0.5--1.5 mm diam., glabrous
, occasionally glaucous. Blade
lanceolate, pinnate, 10--45 × 4--15 cm, glabrous, gradually
reduced distally; proximal
pinnae 3(--4) -pinnate; rachis straight
to flexuous
, glabrous, not glaucous. Segment stalks
0.5--3.5 mm,
dark color extending into segment base. Ultimate
segments various,
generally cuneate or fan-shaped to irregularly rhombic
(plants
in
American southwest occasionally with segments nearly round), about
as long as broad; base broadly to narrowly cuneate; margins shallowly
to deeply lobed
, incisions 0.5--7 mm, occasionally ± laciniate
,
sharply denticulate
in sterile
segments; apex rounded
to acute. Indusia
transversely oblong
or crescent-shaped, 1--3(--7) mm, glabrous. Spores
mostly 40--50 µm diam. 2 n = 120. Sporulating spring--summer.
[source]
No evident pattern
to morphologic variation
in the species is discernible,
although a number of segregate
species and infraspecific
taxa have
been recognized within North American Adiantum capillus-veneris.
In the Eastern Hemisphere, the species is diploid, with 2 n = 60
(I. Manton 1950). Several tetraploid
counts have been reported from
North America (W. H. Wagner Jr. 1963). Spore-measurement data suggest,
however, that the polyploid cytotype
may not be widely distributed.
Further investigation is needed to determine whether Adiantum capillus-veneris
populations in North America are conspecific
with those in Eurasia
and Africa. [source]
Habit: Forb/herb • Growth Form: Rhizomatous • Shape and Orientation: Erect
Flowers: Bloom Period: Summer • Flower Color: White • Flower Conspicuous: No
Seeds: Seed per Pound: 3000000 • Seed Spread Rate: Slow • Seedling Vigor: Medium • Fruit/Seed Abundance: Medium • Fruit/Seed Color: Brown • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: No • Cold Stratification Required: No
Foliage: Foliage Color: Green • Foliage Porosity Summer: Porous • Foliage Porosity Winter: Porous • Foliage Texture: Fine • Fall Conspicuous: No • Leaf Retention: No
Size/Age/Growth
Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Moderate • After Harvest Regrowth Rate: Slow • Mature Height (feet): 1.7 • Size: 18-24" tall. • Vegetative Spread Rate: Slow • Lifespan: Lifespan
Habitat
Moist calcareous cliffs , banks, and ledges along streams and rivers , walls of lime sinks, canyon walls (in the American southwest), around foundations, on mortar of storm drains ; 0--2500 m [2].
Biology
Reproduction
Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: No • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No
Growth
Culture: Space 12-15" apart.
Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: No • Anaerobic Tolerance: Medium • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: High • Minimum pH: 6.0 • Maximum pH: 8.0 • Fertility Requirement: Low
Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Partial to Full Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Tolerant
Moisture: Drought Tolerance: None • Minimum Precipitation: 10 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: High
Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -33°F. • Minimum Frost Free Days: 120 • Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
()
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
()
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Magnoliophyta
()
- Cronquist, Takhtajan & W. Zimmermann, 1966
- Flowering Plants
- Subphylum:
Pteridophytina
()
- (Eichler, 1883) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Pteridophytes
- Infraphylum:
Filices
()
- (Linnaeus, 1753) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Class:
Filicopsida
()
- Order:
Filicales
()
- Dumortier, 1829
- Family:
Adiantaceae
()
- Newman
- Subfamily:
Rhododendroideae
()
- Tribe:
Rhododendreae
()
- Genus:
Adiantum
()
- Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1094. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed 5, 485. 1754.
- Maidenhair fern [Greek adiantos, unwetted, for the glabrous leaves, which shed raindrops]
- Specific epithet:
capillus-veneris
- L.
- Botanical name: - Adiantum capillus-veneris L.
- Specific epithet:
capillus-veneris
- L.
- Genus:
Adiantum
(
- Tribe:
Rhododendreae
(
- Subfamily:
Rhododendroideae
(
- Family:
Adiantaceae
(
- Order:
Filicales
(
- Class:
Filicopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Filices
(
- Subphylum:
Pteridophytina
(
- Phylum:
Magnoliophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Unambiguous Synonyms
- A. capillus-veneris var. protrusum Fernald
- A. capillus-veneris var. rimicola (Slosson) Fernald
- Adiantum capillus-veneris var. modestum (L. Underwood) Fernald
- Adiantum capillus-veneris var. protrusum Fern.
- Adiantum modestum Underwood
Notes
Publishing author
: Fernald Publication
: Rhodora 52: 203 1950 Publishing author: Und. Publication: Bull
. Torr. Cl. 28. 46. 1901 1901 Name
Status: Accepted Name
. Latest taxonomic
scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000
Place of publication: Sp.
pl. 2:1096. 1753
Name verified on 14-Apr-1995 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 18-Jul-2007
Similar Species
Members of the genus Adiantum
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 641 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
A. abscissum · A. achilleifolium · A. acinaciforme · A. acrocarpon · A. aculeatum · A. aculeolatum · A. acuminatum · A. adiantoides · A. aemulum · A. aethiopicum (Common Maidenhair Fern) · A. aethiopicum var. nodosa · A. aetiopi · A. affine · A. africanum · A. alarconianum · A. alatum · A. aleuticum (Aleutian Maidenhair-Fern) · A. aleuticum 'Dwarf Ecotype' · A. aleuticum 'Imbricatum' · A. aleuticum 'Japonicum' · A. aleuticum 'Laciniatum' · A. aleuticum 'Miss Sharples' · A. aleuticum 'Serpentine Ecotype' · A. aleuticum subpumilum · A. aleuticum 'Subpumilum' · A. amabile · A. amazonicum · A. amblyopteridium · A. amelianum · A. americanum · A. amoenum · A. amplum · A. anceps (Double Edge Maidenhair) · A. andicola · A. aneitense · A. angustatum · A. angustifolium · A. annamense · A. apalophyllum · A. arcanum · A. arcuatum · A. argutum · A. aristatum · A. asarifolium · A. asperum · A. assimile · A. atroviride · A. aubertii · A. auriculatum · A. australe · A. baenitzii · A. balansae · A. balfourii · A. bausei · A. bellum (Bermuda Maidenhair Fern) · A. bessoniae · A. birkenheadii · A. blumenavense · A. boliviense · A. bonatianum · A. bonii · A. bonplandii · A. borbonicum · A. boreale · A. brasiliense · A. braunii · A. breviserratum · A. caffrorum · A. cajennense · A. cajennense var. stenophyllum · A. calcareum · A. candatum · A. cantoniense · A. capense · A. capillaceum · A. capillaris-veneris · A. capillatum · A. capillis-veneris · A. capillium-veneris · A. capillius-veneris · A. capillus (Common Maidenhair) · A. capillus-junonis · A. capillus-venaris · A. capillus-venensis · A. capillus-veneri · A. capillus-veneris (Southern Maidenhair Fern) · A. capillus-veneris 'Banksianum' · A. capillus-veneris 'Cornubiense' · A. capillus-veneris 'Fimbriatum' · A. capillus-veneris 'Imbricatum' (Imbricatum Southern Maidenhair Fern Adiantum Capillus-Veneris) · A. capillus-veneris L. 'Fimbriatum' (Fimbriatum Southern Maidenhair Fern Adiantum Capillus-Veneris) · A. capillus-veneris 'Mairisii' · A. capillus-veneris 'Pointonii' · A. capillus-veneris var. fissum · A. capillus-veneris var. trifidum · A. capillus-venerus · A. capillusveneris · A. capillus gorgonis · A. capilus-veneris · A. capitus-junosis
More Info
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Further Reading
- A catalogue of the Coccidæ of the world. [By] Mrs. Maria E. Fernald, A.M. Amherst, Mass., Carpenter & Morehouse, 1903. ENG url p. 204.
- A floral and faunal inventory of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andohahela, Madagascar: with reference to elevational variation / Steven M. Goodman, editor. [Chicago, Ill.]: Field Museum of Natural History, c1999. ENG url p. 48, p. 49.
- A monograph of the British Uredineæ and Ustilagineæ, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. By Charles B. Plowright. London, K. Paul, Trench, 1889. ENG url p. 325.
- African invertebrates: a journal of biodiversity research. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: Council of the Natal Museum, [2001- ENG url p. 544.
- An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] ENG url p. 24.
- Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 644.
- Breedlove, D. E., ed. 1981–. Flora of Chiapas. (F Chiapas)
- Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: The Museum, 1951-1992. ENG url p. 129, p. 142, p. 157.
- Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences. [S.l.: The Academy], 1884- ENG url p. 525.
- Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Andover: Intercept. ENG url p. 90.
- Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 30 1903 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870- ENG url p. 319, p. 349, p. 425, p. 46, p. 47.
- Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- ENG url p. 232.
- Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR). (L USSR)
- Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana. (F Mesoamer)
- Die Gartenwelt. Berlin: G. Schmidt, [1897- GER url p. 284, p. 447.
- Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. (CRC MedHerbs ed2)
- Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage. (Zander ed14)
- Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960–. Flora zambesiaca. (F Zamb)
- FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America. (F NAmer) 2:127.
- Ferns and fern allies of Guatemala. Robert G. Stolze; the genus Elaphoglossum by: John T. Mickel; the genus Thelypteris by: Alan R. Smith. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1981. ENG url p. 20, p. 32, p. v.
- Flora of New Mexico / by E.O. Wooton and Paul C. Standley. Washington: G.P.O., 1915. ENG url p. 21.
- Flore analytique & descriptive des provinces de Namur et de Luxembourg (plantes indigènes et cultivées) Accompagnée d'une carte botanique, des étymologies des noms, des propriétés des plantes, etc. Ouvrage illustré de 341 figures. Namur, Ad. Wesmael-Charlier, 1902. FRE url p. 13.
- General embryological information service. Utrecht, Hubrecht Laboratory. ENG url p. 30, p. 31, p. 43, p. 45, p. 58, p. 90, p. 93, p. 96.
- Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14. (Pl SAfr ed2)
- Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 18, p. 846.
- Greuter, W. et al., eds. 2000. International code of botanical nomenclature (Saint Louis Code). (ICBN St Louis) Art. 23.2, Ex. 1.
- Hardwicke's science-gossip: an illustrated medium of interchange and gossip for students and lovers of nature. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1866- ENG url p. 92.
- Hitchcock, C. L. et al. 1955–1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. (F Pacif NW)
- Johns, R. J. 1991. Pteridophytes of Tropical East Africa. (Ferns TE Afr)
- Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 1078.
- La Cellule. Lierre, Belgium [etc.]Van In [etc.] FRE url p. 260.
- Manual of vascular plants of the lower Yangtze Valley, China. Corvallis, Oregon State College[1958] ENG url p. 37, p. 40, p. 579.
- McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
- McVaugh, R. 1983–. Flora Novo-Galiciana. (F NGalicia)
- Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales de Madrid. url p. 49.
- Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054. (Ferns Mexico) 27.
- Mickel, J. T. & J. M. Beitel. 1988. Pteridophyte Flora of Oaxaca, Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 46:22.
- Mickel, J. T. 1994. Ferns for American gardens. (Ferns Amer Gard)
- Naturalist (Maund, Hall & Wood.) London. url p. 61.
- Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. ENG url p. 311, p. 847.
- Problems of cytology and evolution in the Pteridophyta. Cambridge [Eng.]University Press, 1950. ENG url p. 123, p. 125.
- Proceedings of the Dublin University Zoological and Botanical Association. url p. 229.
- Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Sydney, Linnean Society of New South Wales. ENG url p. 119.
- Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 630.
- Pteridophyta of Peru. Rolla M. Tryon, Robert G. Stolze. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, c1989. ENG url p. 52, p. 53, p. 58.
- Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76: under the command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S. and Captain Frank Turle Thomson, R.N. / prepared under the superintendence of Sir C. Wyville Thomson. Edinburgh: Neill, 1880-1895. ENG url p. 83.
- The American botanist: a monthly journal for the plant lover. Binghamton, N.Y.: Willard N. Clute & Co., 1901-1948. ENG url p. 41, p. 71.
- The Bahama Islands / edited by George Burbank Shattuck. [Baltimore]: Johns Hopkins Press; 1905. ENG url p. 248.
- The Floral world and garden guide. London, Groombridge and Sons, 1858-1880. ENG url p. 191, p. 198, p. 210, p. 222.
- The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 10, p. 169, p. 182, p. 24, p. 293, p. 3, p. 86, p. 9.
- The Journal of travel and natural history / edited by Andrew Murray. London: Williams & Norgate, 1868-9 [i.e. 1869?] ENG url p. 257.
- The Ohio journal of science. [Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science] ENG url p. 480.
- The Plant world. Baltimore [etc.]Plant World Association [etc.] ENG url p. 169.
- The weekly florists' review. Chicago: Florists' Pub. Co., 1897-1912. ENG url p. 227, p. 548.
- Tryon, R. M. & R. G. Stolze. 1989–. Pteridophyta of Peru. Parts I-. Fieldiana, Botany new ser. (Ferns Peru) 22:58. [probably introduced].
- Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952–. Flora of tropical East Africa. (F TE Afr)
- Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1993. Flora europaea, second edition. (F Eur ed2)
- Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986–. European garden flora. (Eur Gard F)
Notes
Contributors
- "Adiantum capillus-veneris". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 28, 2007.
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 12, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 44 providers.
- USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:
- Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2644524
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-17308
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13979142
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:91322-3
- GRIN Nomen Number: 401925
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 17308
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 17009280
- MoBot NameID: 26602671
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PPADI03010
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ADCA
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 19620
Footnotes
- Cathy A. Paris "Adiantum". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- "Adiantum capillus-veneris". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
