Overview
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Common Names
Common Names in English:
Green Mountain Maidenhair, Green Mountain Maidenhair-Fern
Description
Genus Adiantum
Plants
terrestrial
or on rock. Stems short- to long-creeping or suberect, branched; scales
deep tawny
yellow to dark reddish brown [black], concolored or bicolored
, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, margins
entire, erose-ciliate, or minutely dentate
. Leaves monomorphic
to somewhat dimorphic
, densely clustered to closely spaced [distant
], 15--110 cm. Petiole
chestnut brown to dark purple or blackish, with single groove
adaxially, glabrous
, hispid
, or strigose
, with 1 or 2 vascular bundles
. Blade
lanceolate, ovate
, trowel-shaped, or fan-shaped, 1--4(--9) -pinnate proximally, membranaceous
to papery
, both surfaces commonly glabrous (2 species with scattered
hairs
), adaxially dull or shiny, not striate
; rachis straight or flexuous
. Ultimate
segments subsessile
to short-stalked (stalks
terminating in cupulelike swelling at base
of pinna in A. tenerum ), round, fan-shaped, rhombic
, or oblong
, 3--29 mm wide; base truncate to cuneate, free
from costa; stalk dark, often lustrous
; fertile
segments with marginal
lobes
recurved to form false indusia. Veins of ultimate segments conspicuous
, free, ± dichotomously forking near base and well above segment base [anastomosing in a few tropical
species], parallel distally. False indusia light gray-green or brown to dark brown, narrow, 0.6--1 mm wide, marginal, concealing sporangia until sporangia dehisce. Sporangia submarginal, borne along or sometimes also between veins on abaxial
surface of false indusium, paraphyses and glands
absent. Spores yellow or yellowish brown, tetrahedral-globose, trilete, rugulate to rugose
or tuberculate
, equatorial ridge
absent. x
= 29, 30.
Species ca. 150--200: nearly worldwide except at latitudes
greater than 60°.
Most diverse
in Andean South America, Adiantum is primarily a tropical genus; of the nine species occurring in the flora
, A. melanoleucum, A. tenerum, and A. tricholepis are strictly subtropical
. Adiantum hispidulum occurs only as an escape
from cultivation. The genus is absent from dry areas in the interior of the continent.
Adiantum is a very clearly circumscribed genus of ferns, the character state
"sporangia borne on abaxial surface of false indusium" being both necessary and sufficient to define it. Within this large and widespread genus, however, species relationships are mostly unknown. An evolutionary classification of the group is indeed much needed (R. M.
Tryon and A. F. Tryon 1982).[1]
Physical Description
Species Adiantum viridimontanum
Stems short-creeping; scales
bronzy deep yellow, concolored, margins
entire. Leaves arching
to stiffly erect
, often densely clustered,
38--75(--90) cm. Petiole
1--3 mm diam., glabrous
, often glaucous.
Blade
fan-shaped to funnel-shaped, pseudopedate, 1-pinnate distally,
10--35 × 10--35(--45) cm, glabrous; proximal
pinnae 2--7-pinnate;
rachis straight, glabrous, often glaucous. Segment stalks
(0.4--)
0.6--1.5(--1.9) mm, dark color commonly entering into segment base.
Ultimate
segments long-triangular, ca.
2.5 times as long as broad;
basiscopic margin oblique; acroscopic
margin lobed, lobes
separated
by narrow (less than 1 mm) incisions; apex acute, usually entire.
False indusia transversely oblong
, mostly 2--5(--10) mm, glabrous.
Spores mostly 45--58 µm diam. 2 n = 116. Sporulating summer--fall.
[source]
Adiantum viridimontanum, an allopolyploid from a sterile
hybrid between
A. pedatum and A. aleuticum, is known only from north central Vermont
(C.
A. Paris and M.
D. Windham 1988). Additional populations may
eventually be located on serpentine in southern Quebec. [source]
Habit: Forb/herb
Habitat
Restricted
to serpentine sites where it occurs in rock clefts
, on
talus
slopes
, and in well-developed serpentine soils; 200--800 m
[2].
Biology
Reproduction
Duration: Perennial
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
()
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
()
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Magnoliophyta
()
- Cronquist, Takhtajan & W. Zimmermann, 1966
- Flowering Plants
- Subphylum:
Pteridophytina
()
- (Eichler, 1883) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Pteridophytes
- Infraphylum:
Filices
()
- (Linnaeus, 1753) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Class:
Filicopsida
()
- Order:
Filicales
()
- Dumortier, 1829
- Family:
Adiantaceae
()
- Newman
- Genus:
Adiantum
()
- Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1094. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed 5, 485. 1754.
- Maidenhair fern [Greek adiantos, unwetted, for the glabrous leaves, which shed raindrops]
- Specific epithet:
viridimontanum
- C.A.Paris
- Botanical name: - Adiantum viridimontanum C.A.Paris
- Specific epithet:
viridimontanum
- C.A.Paris
- Genus:
Adiantum
(
- Family:
Adiantaceae
(
- Order:
Filicales
(
- Class:
Filicopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Filices
(
- Subphylum:
Pteridophytina
(
- Phylum:
Magnoliophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
. Latest taxonomic
scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000
Place of publication
: Rhodora 93:108. 1991
Name verified on 09-Apr-2004 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 16-Aug-2006
Similar Species
Members of the genus Adiantum
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 641 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
A. abscissum · A. achilleifolium · A. acinaciforme · A. acrocarpon · A. aculeatum · A. aculeolatum · A. acuminatum · A. adiantoides · A. aemulum · A. aethiopicum (Common Maidenhair Fern) · A. aethiopicum var. nodosa · A. aetiopi · A. affine · A. africanum · A. alarconianum · A. alatum · A. aleuticum (Aleutian Maidenhair-Fern) · A. aleuticum 'Dwarf Ecotype' · A. aleuticum 'Imbricatum' · A. aleuticum 'Japonicum' · A. aleuticum 'Laciniatum' · A. aleuticum 'Miss Sharples' · A. aleuticum 'Serpentine Ecotype' · A. aleuticum subpumilum · A. aleuticum 'Subpumilum' · A. amabile · A. amazonicum · A. amblyopteridium · A. amelianum · A. americanum · A. amoenum · A. amplum · A. anceps (Double Edge Maidenhair) · A. andicola · A. aneitense · A. angustatum · A. angustifolium · A. annamense · A. apalophyllum · A. arcanum · A. arcuatum · A. argutum · A. aristatum · A. asarifolium · A. asperum · A. assimile · A. atroviride · A. aubertii · A. auriculatum · A. australe · A. baenitzii · A. balansae · A. balfourii · A. bausei · A. bellum (Bermuda Maidenhair Fern) · A. bessoniae · A. birkenheadii · A. blumenavense · A. boliviense · A. bonatianum · A. bonii · A. bonplandii · A. borbonicum · A. boreale · A. brasiliense · A. braunii · A. breviserratum · A. caffrorum · A. cajennense · A. cajennense var. stenophyllum · A. calcareum · A. candatum · A. cantoniense · A. capense · A. capillaceum · A. capillaris-veneris · A. capillatum · A. capillis-veneris · A. capillium-veneris · A. capillius-veneris · A. capillus (Common Maidenhair) · A. capillus-junonis · A. capillus-venaris · A. capillus-venensis · A. capillus-veneri · A. capillus-veneris (Southern Maidenhair Fern) · A. capillus-veneris 'Banksianum' · A. capillus-veneris 'Cornubiense' · A. capillus-veneris 'Fimbriatum' · A. capillus-veneris 'Imbricatum' (Imbricatum Southern Maidenhair Fern Adiantum Capillus-Veneris) · A. capillus-veneris L. 'Fimbriatum' (Fimbriatum Southern Maidenhair Fern Adiantum Capillus-Veneris) · A. capillus-veneris 'Mairisii' · A. capillus-veneris 'Pointonii' · A. capillus-veneris var. fissum · A. capillus-veneris var. trifidum · A. capillus-venerus · A. capillusveneris · A. capillus gorgonis · A. capilus-veneris · A. capitus-junosis
More Info
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Further Reading
- Dann, K. T. 1988. Traces on the Appalachians: A natural history of serpentine in eastern North America. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
- FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America. (F NAmer) 130.
- Fernald, M.L. 1905. An alpine Adiantum. Rhodora. 7, 190-192
- Kruckeberg, A.R. 1954. The ecology of serpentine soils. III. Plant species in relation to serpentine soils. Ecology. 35: 267-274.
- New England Botanical Club map of the Vermont distribution of the fern. New England Botanical Club, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. http://www.herbaria.harvard.edu/~rangelo/Neatlas0/NE0-35d.html. Accessed: 2002.
- Paris, C. A. 1991. Adiantum viridimontanum, a new maidenhair fern in eastern North America. Rhodora 93:105–122.
- Paris, C. A.; Windham, M.D. 1988. A biosystematic investigation of the Adiantum pedatum complex in eastern North America. Systematic Botany. 13, 240-255
- Ruesink, A. 2001. Adiantum viridimontanum Paris (Green mountain maidenhair fern) Conservation and Research Plan. Framingham, Massachusetts: New England Wild Flower Society.
- Fernald, M. L. 1950b. Adiantum capillus-veneris in the United States. Rhodora 52: 201--208.
- Paris, C. A. 1991. Adiantum viridimontanum, a new maidenhair fern in eastern North America. Rhodora 93: 105--122.
- Paris, C. A. and M. D. Windham. 1988. A biosystematic investigation of the Adiantum pedatum complex in eastern North America. Syst. Bot. 13: 240--255.
- Wagner, W. H. Jr. 1956. A natural hybrid, × Adiantum tracyi C. C. Hall. Madroño 13: 195--205.
Notes
Contributors
- "Adiantum viridimontanum". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 01, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
- USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 01, 2008:
- USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2663224
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-181793
- GRIN Nomen Number: 444491
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 181793
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 17546060
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PPADI030M0
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ADVI3
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 19706
Footnotes
- Cathy A. Paris "Adiantum". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- "Adiantum viridimontanum". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
