Agalinis acuta

• Overview
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Critically Endangered

Common Names

Description

Family Scrophulariaceae

Herbs, sometimes shrubs , rarely trees ; mostly autotrophic, less often hemiparasitic or parasitic. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, opposite, whorled , or basally opposite and apically alternate, simple or sometimes pinnately dissected . Inflorescences racemes , spikes, or thyrsoid panicles, determinate or indeterminate, or flowers solitary. Flowers perfect , usually zygomorphic, rarely actinomorphic . Calyx often persistent , (2-) 4- or 5-lobed or -parted, variously connate . Corolla sympetalous ; limb (3 or) 4- or 5-lobed, often 2-lipped. Stamens mostly 4, didynamous , sometimes 1 or 2 staminodes present, less often 2 or 5 stamens; anther locules 1 or 2, equal or subequal , free or confluent . Nectary often present at base of ovary, ringlike, cupular, or reduced to a gland . Ovary superior, 2-loculed, rarely apically 1-loculed; ovules numerous , rarely 2 per locule, on axile placentas, anatropous or hemitropous . Style simple; stigma capitate, 2-lobed, or 2-lamellate. Fruit a capsule, septicidal , loculicidal, or septifragal, sometimes opening by pores or irregularly dehiscent , rarely a berry. Seeds minute or rarely conspicuous , sometimes winged ; testa often reticulate ; hilum lateral or ventral; endosperm fleshy or absent; embryo straight or curved .

About 220 genera and 4500 species: cosmopolitan ; 61 genera (seven endemic) and 681 species (415 endemic) throughout China but with a greater concentration in SW China.[1]

Physical Description

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Aethionema saxatile (L.) R. Br.
2. Alyssum saxatile L.
3. Gerardia Acuta

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Bull . Torrey Bot. Club 42:338. 1915

Name verified on 02-Mar-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 26-Jan-1995

Similar Species

Members of the genus Agalinis

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 120 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. acuta (Sandplain False Foxglove) · A. albida · A. angustifolia · A. aphylla (Coastal Plain False-Foxglove) · A. aspera (Rough Purple False-Foxglove) · A. auriculata (Earleaf False Foxglove) · A. bandeirensis · A. bangii · A. besseyana · A. brachyphylla · A. brevifolia · A. caddoensis (Caddo Parish False-Foxglove) · A. calycina (Leoncita False Foxglove) · A. chaparensis · A. communis · A. corymbosa · A. decemloba · A. delicatula · A. densiflora (Osage Plains Foxglove) · A. digitalis · A. divaricata (Pineland False Foxglove) · A. domingensis · A. edwardsiana (Plateau False Foxglove) · A. edwardsiana glabra · A. erecta · A. fasciculata (Fascicled False-Foxglove) · A. fasciculata var. insulomontana · A. fiebrigii · A. filicaulis (Jackson False Foxglove) · A. filifolia (Seminole False Foxglove) · A. gangii · A. gattingeri (Roundstem False Foxglove) · A. genistifolia · A. georgiana · A. glauca · A. grandiflora · A. grandiflora serrata · A. greenei · A. gypsophila · A. harperi · A. heterophylla (Prairie False Foxglove) · A. hispidula · A. holmiana · A. homalantha (San Antonio False Foxglove) · A. humilis · A. itambensis · A. keyensis · A. kingii · A. kingsii · A. laevigata · A. lanceolata · A. laxa (Two Line False Foxglove) · A. linariodes · A. linarioides · A. linarioides rojasii · A. linifolia (Flax-Leaf False-Foxglove) · A. longifolia · A. maritima (Salt-Marsh False-Foxglove) · A. maritima f. candida · A. maritima var. grandiflora (Saltmarsh False Foxglove) · A. maritima var. maritima (Saltmarsh False Foxglove) · A. megalantha · A. meyeniana · A. microphylla · A. nana · A. navasotensis (Navasota False Foxglove) · A. neoscotica (Nova Scotia False-Foxglove) · A. nuttallii (Nuttall's False Foxglove) · A. obtusifolia (Ten-Lobe False-Foxglove) · A. oligophylla (Ridge-Stem False-Foxglove) · A. palustris · A. parvifolia · A. paupercula (Small Flower False Foxglove) · A. paupercula var. borealis (Smallflower False Foxglove) · A. paupercula var. paupercula (Smallflower False Foxglove) · A. pedicularia · A. pedicularia ambigens · A. pedicularia caesariensis · A. peduncularis · A. pennellii · A. perennis · A. pinetorum (Coastal Plain False Foxglove) · A. plukeneti · A. plukenetii (Chattahoochee False Foxglove) · A. pulchella (St. Mark's False Foxglove) · A. purpurea (Large-Purple False-Foxglove) · A. purpurea f. kucyniakii · A. purpurea subsp. parviflora · A. purpurea var. neoscotia · A. ramoissima · A. ramosissima · A. ramossisima · A. ramulifera · A. reflexidens · A. rigida · A. scarlatina · A. schwackeana · A. setacea (Threadleaf False Foxglove) · A. skinneriana (Skinner's False Foxglove) · A. spiciflora

More Info

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Further Reading

• (2001). Rare Species Recovery and Ecological Restoration. Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program (NHESP), part of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. http://www.state.ma.us/dfwele/dfw/nhesp/nhrest.htm. Accessed: 2002.
• (2002). New York Botanical Garden--The Virtual Herbarium. [Searchable Web site] New York Botanical Garden. Fordham Road Bronx, New York. http://scisun.nybg.org:8890/searchdb/owa/wwwspecimen.searchform. Accessed: 2002.
• Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. ENG url p. 629.
• Baskin, C. C.; Baskin, J.M. 1998. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. San Diego, California: Academic Press.
• Bicknell, E.P. 1915. Ferns and flowering plants of Nantucket XV. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 42: 331-349.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 389.
• Brumback, B. 1990. Agalinis acuta: Cultivation and Seed Bank Research. Framingham, MA: New England Wild Flower Society, Garden in the Woods. p.22.
• Brumback, W.E. 1996. Conservation: Rebuilding Rare Plant Populations-Part 1. New England Wild Flower Notes. 3-4.
• Buttrick, Steve. 1990. Ecology Forum: The Weed that Wasn't. Nature Conservancy Magazine: 22-23.
• Canne, J. 1979. Syst. Bot. 4:290. [mentions].
• Canne, J.M. 1984. Chromosome numbers and the taxonomy Of North American Agalinis (Scrophulariaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany. 62, 3: 454-456.
• D'Arcy, W.G. 1978. Names in Agalinis for some plants that were called Gerardia and Virgularia (Scrophulariaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 65: 769-771.
• DiGregorio, Mario; Wallner, Jeff. 1989. A Vanishing Heritage: Wildflowers of Cape Cod. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company.
• Dowhan, J.J.; Craig, R.J. 1976. Rare and endangered species of Connecticut and their habitats. Hartford, CT: Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey. p.135.
• Dunwiddie, P.W.; Brumback, W.E.; Somers, P. 1996. Reintroduction experiments on Agalinis acuta in coastal sandplain grasslands in Massachusetts. Abstract in Supplement to Bull. Ecological Society of America. 77, 3: 123.
• Ecology of Buzzards Bay: an estuarine profile / by Brian L. Howes and Dale D. Goehringer and Center for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts; Rebecca J. Howard, project officer. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service, 1996. ENG url p. 72.
• Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. (Glea Cron)
• Gray, Asa; Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1987. Gray's manual of botany: a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Portland, Or.: Dioscorides Press. 1632p.
• Institution, Smithsonian. 1974. Report on Endangered and Threatened Plant Species of the United States. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p.200.
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2)
• Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the U.S., Canada, and Greenland. In: Kartesz, J.T.; Meacham, C.A., editors. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden. Chapel Hill, NC.
• Knox, R.G. 1984. Age structure of forests on Soldiers Delight, a Maryland serpentine area. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 111: 498-501.
• MANHESP. (1993). Massachusetts Endangered Plants Fact Sheets. Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program; Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Westborough, Massachusetts. http://www.state.ma.us/dfwele/dfw/nhesp/nhfactplt.htm. Accessed: 2002.
• Mehrhoff, L. J. 1978. Rare and Endangered Vascular Plant Species in Connecticut. Newton Corner, Massachusetts: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. viii + 98p.
• Mitchell, R.S.; Sheviak, C.J. 1981. Rare Plants of New York State. Bull. No. 445. Albany, N.Y.: New York State Museum. University of the State of New York. p.96.
• Musselman, L.J.; Mann, W.F., Jr. 1977. Host plants of some Rhinanthoidea (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America. Plant Systematics Evolution. 127: 45-53.
• Neel, M.; Somers, P. 2000. Summary Report on Six Experiments Examining Establishment and Maintenance of Agalinis acuta Populations. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service New England Field Office. p.62. Contract 14-48-0005-93-90002 with The Nature Conse.
• Pennell, F.W. 1929. Agalinis and allies in North America--II. Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences Philadelphia. 81: 111-249.
• Reed, C.F. 1986. Floras of the Serpentine formation in eastern North America with descriptions of geomorphology and mineralogu of the formations. Contributions of the Reed Herbarium. 30: 1-858.
• Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife. 1993. Sandplain Gerardia (Agalinis acuta) Population and Habitat Viability Assessment. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, The Nature Conservancy and IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group. Working report.
• Seymour, F. 1969. The flora of New England. (F NEng) [= Gerardia a. Pennell].
• Taylor, N. 1923. The vegetation of Montauk. A study of grassland and forest. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Memoirs. 2: 1-107.
• USFWS. 1987. Proposal to determine Agalinis acuta (sandplain gerardia) to be an endangered species. Federal Register. 52, 223: 44450-44453.
• USFWS. 1989. Regional News--Region 7. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin. 14, 3: 4.
• United States Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Species Information: threatened and endangered animals and plants - on-line resource. (US Fish & Wildl List)
• Ware, J. 1992. Where the Wild Things Are: The Center for Plant Conservation tracks down rare species to save them from extinction. American Horticulturist. 19-25.
• Tsoong Puchiu & Yang Hanbi, eds. 1979. Scrophulariaceae (1). Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(2): 1-431. Tsoong Puchiu, ed. 1963. Scrophulariaceae (2). Fl. Reipulb. Popularis Sin. 68: 1-449.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 15, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2655532
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-33009
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13746827
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:798540-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 316484
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 33009
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 798540-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDSCR01010
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Identifier: Q24K
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: GEAC3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 19795

Footnotes

1. Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren & Robert R. Mill "Scrophulariaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

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