Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard, Garlic Mustard Plant, Garlic Root, Garlic-Mustard, Garlicwort, Hedge Garlic, Jack By the Hedge, Jack-By-The-Hedge, Jack-In-The-Bush, Mustard Root, Poor Man's Mustard, Sauce-Alone)

Interesting Facts

This plant can take over when it starts growing in a suitable area.
The leaves have a garlic-like odor.
Many plants in the Mustard Family have seed pods that split and throw their seeds.
This plant can take over when it starts growing in a suitable area.
The leaves have a garlic-like odor.
Many plants in the Mustard Family have seed pods that split and throw their seeds.

Common Names

Common Names in English:

Garlic Mustard, Garlic Mustard Plant, Garlic Root, Garlic-Mustard, Garlicwort, Hedge Garlic, Jack-By-The-Hedge, Jack-In-The-Bush, Mustard Root, Poor Man's Mustard, Sauce-Alone

Description

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Genus Alliaria

Herbs annual or biennial, rarely short-lived perennial . Trichomes absent or simple . Stems erect , sometimes decumbent . Basal leaves long petiolate , rosulate, simple, crenate , dentate , or sinuate . Cauline leaves petiolate, dentate. Racemes several flowered, ebracteate , bracteate throughout, or only basally bracteate. Fruiting pedicels slender or thickened, narrower than or as thick as fruit, terete . Sepals oblong , erect, glabrous , base of lateral pair not saccate . Petals white, longer than sepals; blade oblanceolate , apex obtuse ; claw obscurely differentiated from blade. Stamens 6, slightly tetradynamous ; filaments not dilated at base; anthers ovate or oblong, obtuse at apex. Nectar glands confluent , subtending bases of all stamens. Ovules 4-20 per ovary. Fruit dehiscent siliques, linear or oblong, terete or 4-angled, sessile; valves with a prominent midvein and distinct marginal veins, glabrous or scabrous , torulose ; replum rounded ; septum complete ; style obsolete or distinct and to 6 mm; stigma capitate. Seeds uniseriate , wingless, oblong, plump; seed coat longitudinally striate , not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons incumbent .

Two species: one endemic to the Caucasus, the other native to SW Asia and Europe and naturalized elsewhere as a cosmopolitan weed ."Alliaria". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 171. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Physical Description

Species Alliaria petiolata

Herbs biennial, with garlicy smell when crushed. Stems erect , (15-) 30-90(-130) cm tall, simple or branched above, glabrous or pilose basally with trichomes to 1.5 mm. Basal leaves rosulate, withered by fruiting; petiole 3-10(-16) cm; leaf blade reniform or cordate, (0.6-) 1.5-5(-7) cm wide, shorter in length, base cordate, margin crenate or dentate , glabrous or pilose. Cauline leaves with much shorter petioles, ovate , cordate, or deltoid, to 15 × 15 cm, base cordate or truncate , margin acutely to obtusely toothed , apex acute. Racemes ebracteate or rarely lowermost flowers bracteate . Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending , (2-) 3-10(-15) mm, nearly as thick as fruit. Sepals oblong , (2-) 2.5-3.5(-4.5) × 0.7-1.5 mm. Petals white, oblanceolate , (2.5-) 4-8(-9) × (1.5-) 2-3(-3.5) mm, attenuate to clawlike base. Filaments 2-3.5(-4.5) mm; anthers oblong, 0.7-1 mm. Fruit linear, (2-) 3-7(-8) cm × 1.2-2.5 mm, subtorulose, quadrangular or subterete, divaricate-ascending; valves glabrous; style (0.2-) 1-2(-3) mm. Seeds brown or black, narrowly oblong, 2-4.5 × 0.7-2 mm, longitudinally striate . Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. May-Jul. 2n = 36, 42. [source]

Flowers: Bloom Period: March. • Flower Color: near white, white

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 36-48" tall.

Habitat

Waste places, roadsides, fields , woodlands, river banks. [source]

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,793 meters (0 to 9,163 feet).Mean = 109.370 meters (358.825 feet), Standard Deviation = 142.890 based on 13,329 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre.

Biology

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Growth

Culture: Space 15-18" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Kingdom: Plantae () - Plants
- Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Vascular Plants
  - Class: Magnoliopsida () - Dicotyledons
    - Order: Capparales ()
      - Family: Elateroidea ()
        Subfamily: Spiraeoideae ()
        Tribe: Spiraeeae ()
        Genus: Alliaria () - Heister ex Fabricius, Enum. 161. 1759. - Alliaria
        Specific epithet: petiolata - (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande
        Botanical name: - Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande

Unambiguous Synonyms

Alliaria alliaria (L.) Britt.
Alliaria officinalis Andrz. ex Bieb.
Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande
Erysimum alliaria L.
Sisymbrium alliaria (L.) Scop.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Bull . Orto Bot. Regia Univ. Napoli 3:418. 1913

Name verified on 07-Feb-1990 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 23-Aug-1994

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Alliaria

There are approximately 93 species in this genus:

A. aculeolata · A. acuminatissima · A. acutangula · A. albicans · A. alboi · A. alliacea · A. ammoorodes · A. arborescens · A. auriculata · A. balanseana · A. beccariana · A. beddomei · A. brachycarpa · A. camalensis · A. cauliflora · A. caulostachya · A. chrysophyllina · A. costulata · A. cuneata · A. cyrtobotrya · A. dasyphylla · A. densiflora · A. euneura · A. flavescens · A. fraseriana · A. fraterna · A. fuchsii · A. gatopensis · A. gaudichaudiana · A. glabra · A. glomerata · A. golodhara · A. grandifolia · A. grandis · A. griffithii · A. halmaheirae · A. hiernii · A. klanderi · A. kunthiana · A. lampongum · A. lasiocarpa · A. latifolia · A. lenormandiana · A. lessertiana · A. lobbii · A. macrantha · A. macrocarpa · A. macrostachya · A. maingayi · A. malabarica · A. mathioli · A. minutiflora · A. miqueliana · A. mollis · A. mollissima · A. muelleri · A. multijuga · A. nageliana · A. nernstii · A. nitida · A. nutans · A. oppositifolia · A. otophora · A. pachypoda · A. pallens · A. pancheri · A. parvifolia · A. petiolata (Garlic Mustard) · A. procera · A. pubescens · A. ramiflora · A. richii · A. rosea · A. rufa · A. rufescens · A. samoensis · A. schizochilodes · A. schulzii · A. sessilis · A. setosa · A. similis · A. spanoghei · A. speciosa · A. spectabilis · A. teysmannii · A. thyrsoidea · A. trichostyla · A. turczaninowii · A. unijuga · A. vieillardii · A. vrieseana · A. wasabi · A. zippeliana

Bibliography

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Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard) Nature Conservancy. Global Invasive Species Initiative. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: Weed Alert and Element Stewardship Abstract with excellent set of references
Alliaria petiolata (Garlic mustard) - Invasive Plant Atlas of New England (IPANE) University of Connecticut. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
Alliaria petiolata (herb) - ISSG Global Invasive Species Database World Conservation Union. Invasive Species Specialist Group. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Introduction History: Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
Alliaria petiolata - Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) USDA. Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Research Station. Fire Sciences Laboratory. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls; Special Note: References
Alliaria petiolata - Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) USDA. ARS. National Genetic Resources Program. Taxonomy; Distribution; Legal Aspects
Alliaria petiolata Article Citation Search - AGRICOLA Database USDA. National Agricultural Library. Research; Special Note: NAL Catalog Search (resources)
Alliaria petiolata Discover Life. Identification/Description; Photographs; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
Alliaria petiolata Pulling Together Initiative. Texasinvasives.org. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: References
CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) (Weed CIBA)
Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959–. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. (F China)
Conant, P. et al. 1997. Appendix. Selected plant species interfering with resource management goals in North American natural areas. In J. O. Luken & J. W. Thieret, eds., Assessment and management of plant invasions. (Pl Invasion)
Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. (F Turk)
Drayton, B. 2001. A new record for Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. Rhodora 103:323–325.
Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13)
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) - Introduced Species Summary Project Columbia University. Center for Environmental Research and Conservation. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Controls
Garlic Mustard - BioBullies (Western Pennsylvania) Natural Biodiversity. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Controls
Garlic Mustard - Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States USDA. Forest Service. Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Distribution; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Controls
Garlic Mustard - Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia (PDF | 88 KB) Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. Natural Heritage Program; Virginia Native Plant Society. Identification/Description; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Control
Garlic Mustard - Invasive Exotics (PDF | 32 KB) Bowman's Hill Wildflower Preserve (Pennsylvania).Identification/Description; Illustrations; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
Garlic Mustard - Invasive Plant Species of Alaska (PDF | 63 KB) University of Alaska - Anchorage. Alaska Natural Heritage Program. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Distribution; Special Note: References
Garlic Mustard - Invasive Plants of Ohio Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Natural Areas and Preserves. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
Garlic Mustard - Maine Invasive Plants Bulletin no. 2526 University of Maine. Cooperative Extension. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
Garlic Mustard - Missouri Vegetation Management Manual Missouri Department of Conservation.Identification/Description; Illustrations; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
Garlic Mustard - Nonnative Invasive Plants of Southern Forests: A Field Guide for Identification and Control USDA. FS. Southern Research Station. Identification/Description; Photographs; Life Cycle; Distribution; Controls
Garlic Mustard - Ohio Perennial & Biennial Weed Guide Ohio State University. Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Life Cycle
Garlic Mustard - Pest Alert USDA. Forest Service. Northeastern Area. Identification/Description; Photographs; Illustrations; Impacts; Life Cycle; Distribution
Garlic Mustard - Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas (2002) DOI. National Park Service and Fish and Wildlife Service. Identification/Description; Photographs; Distribution; Introduction History; Impacts; Controls
Garlic Mustard - Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council. Identification/Description; Photographs; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle, Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: References
Garlic Mustard - Vegetation Management Manual Illinois Nature Preserves Commission.Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls
Garlic Mustard - Weed of the Week (Aug 1, 2005; PDF | 351 KB) Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; ControlsUSDA. FS. Northeastern Area. Forest Health Protection.
Garlic Mustard - Wisconsin Botanical Information System Wisconsin State Herbarium and University of Wisconsin - Madison. Taxonomy; Photographs; Distribution
Garlic Mustard Cornell University. Natural Resources. Ecology and Management of Invasive Plants Program. Taxonomy; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
Garlic Mustard Fact Sheet (PDF | 95 KB) University of Pennsylvania. Morris Arboretum. Identification/Description; Photographs; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
Garlic Mustard Invasive.org. Photographs
Garlic Mustard Michigan State University. Entomology. Identification/Description; Photographs; Illustrations; Distribution; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Controls; Research
Garlic Mustard Plant Conservation Alliance. Alien Plant Working Group. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls
Garlic Mustard State of Washington. King County Department of Natural Resources. Water and Land Resources Division. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History
Garlic Mustard Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Identification/Description; Introduction History; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls; Special Note: References
Garlic Mustard Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Control
Garlic mustard - Invasive Plants of Natural Habitats in Canada Canadian Wildlife Service.Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Illustrations; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle, Habitat; Distribution; Controls; Special Note: References
Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984–. Med-Checklist. (L Medit)
Hara, H. et al. 1978–1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal. (L Nepal)
Jalas, J. & J. Suominen. 1972–. Atlas florae europaeae. (Atlas Eur)
McCarthy, B. C. & S. L. Hanson. 1998. An assessment of the allelopathic potential of the invasive weed Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Castanea 63:68–73.
McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
Mouterde, P. 1966–. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. (F Liban)
Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan. (F Pak)
Plant Profile for Alliaria petiolata - PLANTS Database USDA. NRCS. National Plant Data Center. Taxonomy; Photographs; Distribution; Legal Aspects
Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica. (F Iran)
Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966–. Flora of Iraq. (F Iraq)
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. (F Eur)
Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds. (Invasive Pl Spec)
Wisskirchen, R. and Haeupler, H. (1998a): Standardliste der Farn- und Blutenpflanzen Deutschlands, Stuttgart: Ulmer

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Notes

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Contributors

"Alliaria petiolata". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 171. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 30, 2006.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 4 providers.
National Invasive Species Information Center, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Site. Accessed May 3, 2008.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)
Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer. uBio.org accessed July 17, 2008.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 17, 2007:

Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Botany
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2664063
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-184481
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13729744
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:277279-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 2210

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 184481
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 277279-1
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDBRA01010
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: SIAL11
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 1773

Alliaria petiolata

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Genus Alliaria

Physical Description

Species Alliaria petiolata

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Growth

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Alliaria

Bibliography

More Info

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes