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Allium fistulosum

("spring Onion")

Overview

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Perennial herb. Prefers full sun . Height to 18". Space 6" apart.

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Chinese:

Cong

Common Names in Chinese &nbs:

Cong, da Cong, Da Cong (Taiwan)

Common Names in Danish:

Forårsløg, Grønt Løg

Common Names in Dutch:

Bieslook, Groene Uien, Grof Bieslook, Grove Bieslook, Pijpajuin, Pijplook, Stengelui;grove Bieslook

Common Names in English:

"spring Onion", Bunching Onion, Fistular Onion, Green Onion, Japanese Bunching Onion, Multiplier Onion, Rock Onion, Scallion, Spanish Onion, Stone Leek, Two Bladed Onion, Welsh Onion, Welsh's Onion

Common Names in Finnish:

Pillisipuli, Talvisipuli

Common Names in French:

Ail Fistuleux, Ciboule, Cive

Common Names in German:

Frühlingszwiebel, Immergrüne Zwiebel, Röhrenlauch, Schnittzwiebel, Welsche Zwiebel, Winterhecke, Winterhecke-Zwiebel, Winterhecken-Zwiebel, Winterzwiebel, Zwiebel Winterhecke

Common Names in Greek:

Volvina

Common Names in Italian:

Cipoletta, Cipolla D´inverno

Common Names in Japanese:

Negi

Common Names in Khmer:

Khtüm Sânlök ( khtim Slek)

Common Names in Korean:

Pa

Common Names in Malay:

Bawang Daun (Indonesia), Bawang Oncang (Java), Daun Bawang

Common Names in Norwegian:

Pipelauk

Common Names in Polish:

Cebula Siedmiolatka, Czosnek Dty

Common Names in Portuguese:

Cebolinha Commun

Common Names in Romanian:

Ceapă De Iarnă

Common Names in Russian:

Batun, батун, лук татарка, Luk Batun, Luk Dudcatyi, Luk Tatarka

Common Names in Slovenian:

Zimski Luk

Common Names in Spanish:

Ajo Fistuloso, Ceboletta, Ceboletta Comun, Cebolleta, Cebolleta Francesa, Cebollino Inglès

Common Names in Sundanese:

Bawang Bakung

Common Names in Tagalog:

Buyah (Ifugao), Sibuyas Na Mura

Common Names in Thai:

Hom Chin, hom Meng, Hom Ton

Common Names in Vietnamese:

Hành Lá

Description

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Genus Allium

Herbs, perennial , scapose , from tunicate bulbs, with onion odor and taste. Bulbs solitary or clustered, dividing at base , or on rhizomes, reforming annually; outer coats generally brown or gray, smooth , fibrous , or with cellular reticulation (generally important in identification) ; inner coats membranous. Leaves generally withering from tip by anthesis , usually persistent , 1-12, basal; blade usually linear , terete , channeled , or flat (carinate in A. sativum, A. praecox, A. tuberosum, A. rotundum, A. neapolitanum, A. triquetrum, A. unifolium, and A. lacunosum), straight or ± falcate (coiled or circinate in A. nevadense and A. atrorubens), broader in A. victorialis and A. tricoccum, not petiolate (except in A. tricoccum and A. victorialis) . Scape usually persistent, terete or flattened. Inflorescences umbellate , flowering centripetally (centrifugally in A. schoenoprasum), sometimes replaced totally or partially by bulbils, subtended by spathe bracts; bracts conspicuous , ± fused, usually 3+-veined, equaling pedicel except in some introduced species , membranous. Flowers erect (pendent in A. triquetrum) ; tepals 6, in 2 similar whorls, ± distinct , petallike, usually becoming becoming dry and persisting; stamens 6, epipetalous ; filaments in all but 1 native species broad at base, fused into ring (some introduced species and A. victorialis appendaged), linear, generally glabrous (A. rotundum and A. hoffmanii papillose to ciliate proximally) ; anthers and pollen variously colored ; ovary superior, 3-lobed, sometimes crested with processes, 3-locular, usually 2 ovules per locule (6-8 in A. nigrum), crest processes 3 or 6, smooth except in A. haematochiton, A. sharsmithiae, and A. lacunosum; style 1; stigma capitate to ± 3-lobed; pedicel erect or spreading (lax in A. triquetrum) . Fruits capsular , dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds black, obovoid , finely cellular-reticulate, cells smooth or minutely roughened, with 1-8 papillae, without caruncle except in A. triquetrum. x = 7, 8, 9.

Species 550-700: mostly Northern Hemisphere.

As with many other genera in the Liliaceae sensu lato, Allium has been segregated into a separate family , Alliaceae , by most recent authors (R. Dahlgren et al. 1985; K . Rahn 1998; A. L. Takhtajan 1997; R. F. Thorne 1992) .Old World species of Allium are generally placed in subgenera and sections . Attempts to treat New World species similarly have gained less acceptance. H. P. Traub (1972) recognized subg. Amerallium, encompassing all of the x = 7 North American members of the genus.

P. Hanelt (1992) placed the Old World x = 7 species also in that subgenus , which includes all but three of the North American species (A. schoenoprasum, A. tricoccum, and A. victorialis), which have x = 8. These latter species have been placed in subg. Rhizirideum (P. Hanelt 1992) . Resolution of the problematic subgeneric and sectional relationships among Old and New World species will require much more extensive molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the genus. The characters used in the construction of the following key are the best that have been discovered for this purpose. Many of these are subject to sometimes rather wide variation . It is anticipated, therefore, that it can be used successfully only with considerable understanding of the natural units involved, their distribution, and comparison with descriptions and accurately named specimens. The Allium bulb consists of a series of leaf bases, some with blades, others without, surrounding an apical meristem. The leaf bases are replaced annually as the meristem forms a new (renewal) bulb. Often the meristem will branch , resulting in two or more bulbs being formed from a single parent bulb (increase bulbs) . In addition several types of rhizomes are formed in Allium. In some cases (e.g. , A. validum) bulbs form atop a thick, iris-like rhizome that produces new bulbs in succeeding years. In other cases (e.g., A. bolanderi, A. campanulatum, and A. unifolium) each bulb produces one or more rhizomes that in turn produce a terminal renewal or increase bulb. There is variation even in this type of rhizome. In some species (e.g., A. bolanderi and A. unifolium) the bulb producing the rhizomes disappears during the development of the rhizomes and new bulbs except for the roots , which remain active until the new bulbs mature and become dormant . In others (e.g., A. campanulatum) the bulb produces a number of very short rhizomes around the roots, each of which develops a very small terminal bulbel. At the same time, the parent bulb remains intact and produces a renewal bulb, or may divide to produce two or more large increase bulbs. As a result, specimens with this type of rhizome will have one or more large bulbs with a number of much smaller bulbels among the roots. The underground parts of Allium are often critical for successful identification, and every effort should always be made to collect them. The dirty brown or gray coats surrounding the bulbs are the only source for the cellular-reticulation patterns referred to in the key. These should be carefully collected and preserved as part of any specimen. Several Old World species (Allium ampeloprasum Linnaeus, A. cepa Linnaeus, A. oleraceum Linnaeus, A. sativum Linnaeus, A. nigrum Linnaeus), grown as foodstuffs or ornamentals , may be encountered and are certainly represented in North American herbaria. For this reason, these species have been included in the key. Some do not reproduce by seeds and probably should not be considered as truly naturalized in our flora , although they may persist for long periods at or near places where they have been planted. Additionally, over 52 species contained in this treatment are considered choice garden plants and are readily available through catalogues and garden centers. Locally, these species and possibly others grown as garden plants may escape and become established . It is inevitable, therefore, that numerous specimens of these escapees will be represented in North American herbaria and may muddy the boundaries of what is regarded to be the natural distribution. We have attempted in all cases to map what we consider to be the natural ranges of these species, based on the specimens examined over the years. Material falling outside these ranges may include these escapees and should be suspect.[1]

Physical Description

Species Allium fistulosum

Bulbs 2-12+, borne on short rhizome, cylindric , 2-5 × 1-2.5 cm; outer coats enclosing 1 or more bulbs, white to light brown, membranous, without reticulation; inner coats white, cells obscure , quadrate . Leaves persistent , 2-6, sheathing lower 1/4-1/3 of scape; blade terete , fistulose, 10-40 cm × 10-25 mm. Scape persistent, solitary, erect , fistulose, inflated in middle , tapering to umbel, (12-) 15-70 cm × 8-25 mm. Umbel persistent, erect, compact , 50-100-flowered, globose to ovoid , bulbils unknown; spathe bracts persistent, 1-2, 1-3-veined, ovate , ± equal, apex acute. Flowers narrowly campanulate to urceolate , 6-9 mm; tepals erect, yellowish white, withering in fruit, margins entire, apex acute, outer lanceolate, inner narrowly ovate, unequal; stamens long-exserted; anthers white to yellow; pollen white; ovary crestless; style linear , equaling stamens; stigma capitate, obscurely 3-lobed; pedicel 10-30 mm. Seed coat shining; cells 4-6-angled, ± rectangular. [source]

Allium fistulosum is cultivated in Europe and Asia. It is reported to have escaped in Alaska and is established near the north end of Great Slave Lake . The species is to be expected elsewhere in Canada and the northern United States. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: July, August. • Flower Color: inconspicuous, near white, none, pale pink, pale yellow, white

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 18-24" tall.

Habitat

Disturbed areas[2].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,373 meters (0 to 4,505 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 1:301. 1753

Name verified on 11-Jan-2007 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 23-Jan-2007

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Allium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 2892 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. a-bolosii · A. aaseae (South Idaho Onion) · A. abdelkaderi · A. ablyanthum · A. ablyanthum var. striolatum · A. abramsii (Abrams' Allium) · A. acetabulum 'Shinners' · A. acetabulum var. lavendulare · A. achaium · A. acidoides · A. aciphyllum · A. acre · A. acuminatum (Purple-Flowered Garlic) · A. acuminatum 'Album' · A. acuminatum cuspidatum · A. acutangulum · A. acutiflorum · A. acutum · A. adzharicum · A. aegaeum · A. aegilicum · A. aemulans · A. aestivale · A. aethusanum · A. aff. elburzense · A. affine · A. afghanicum · A. aflatunense (Flowering Onion) · A. aflatunense 'Alba' · A. aflatunense 'Purple Sensation' (Persian Flowering Onion) · A. afrum · A. agrigentinum · A. aitchisonii · A. akaka · A. 'Akbulak' · A. alabasicum · A. alaicum · A. alaschanicum · A. alataviense · A. alatum · A. albanum · A. alberti · A. albescens · A. albidum · A. albiflorum · A. albopilosum · A. Albopilosum 'Star of Persia' · A. albostellerianum · A. albotunicatum · A. albotunicatum subsp. hermoneum · A. albovianum · A. album · A. album purpurascens · A. alexandrae · A. alexeianum · A. alibile · A. allegheniense (Wild Leek) · A. alpicolum · A. alpinarii · A. alpinum · A. altaicum · A. altissimum · A. altyncolicum · A. amabile · A. amamianum · A. amansii · A. 'Ambassador' · A. ambiguum · A. ambiguum var. obtusum · A. amblyanthum · A. amblyophyllum · A. amethystinum (Ornamental Allium) · A. ammophilum · A. amoenum · A. ampeloprasoides · A. ampeloprasum (Broadleaf Wild Leek) · A. ampeloprasum 'Elephant' · A. ampeloprasum f. scaberrimum · A. ampeloprasum group · A. ampeloprasum L. var. porrum (L.) J.Gay · A. ampeloprasum 'Porrum' (Garden Leek) · A. ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum (Broadleaf Wild Leek) · A. ampeloprasum var. atroviolaceum (Broadleaf Wild Leek) · A. ampeloprasum var. babbingtonii (Babbingtons Leek) · A. ampeloprasum var. babingtonii (Babington´s Leek) · A. amphibolum · A. amphipulchellum · A. amplectans · A. amplectens (Narrowleaf Onion) · A. anacoleum · A. anatolicum · A. anceps (Kellogg's Onion) · A. anceps aberrans · A. andersonii · A. andicolum · A. angolense · A. anguinum · A. angulare · A. angulosum (Mouse Garlic) · A. angustitepalum

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

Identifiers

Footnotes

  1. Dale W. McNeal Jr. & T. D. Jacobsen "Allium". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 53, 55, 224, 225, 259, 334, 336. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  2. "Allium fistulosum". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 228, 244. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  3. Mean = 431.050 meters (1,414.206 feet), Standard Deviation = 369.380 based on 44 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
Last Revised: 7/1/2009