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Amaranthus powellii

(Powell´s Smooth Amaranth)

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Green Amaranth, Powell Amaranth, Powell Pigweed, Powell´s Amaranth, Powell´s Smooth Amaranth, Powell's Amaranth, Powell's Smooth Amaranth, Powells Amaranth, Sticky Amaranth

Description

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Family Amaranthaceae

Herbs, clambering subshrubs , shrubs , or lianas. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, exstipulate . Flowers small, bisexual or unisexual , or sterile and reduced, subtended by 1 membranous bract and 2 bracteoles, solitary or aggregated in cymes. Inflorescences elongated or condensed spikes (heads ), racemes , or thyrsoid structures of varying complexity. Bracteoles membranous or scarious . Tepals 3-5, membranous, scarious or subleathery, 1-, 3-, 5-, or 7(-23) -veined. Stamens as many as tepals and opposite these, rarely fewer than tepals; filaments free , united into a cup at base or ± entirely into a tube , filament lobes present or absent, pseudostaminodes present or absent; anthers (1- or) 2-loculed, dorsifixed , introrsely dehiscent . Ovary superior, 1-loculed; ovules 1 to many; style persistent , short and indistinct or long and slender; stigma capitate, penicillate , 2-lobed or forming 2 filiform branches. Fruit a dry utricle or a fleshy capsule, indehiscent, irregularly bursting, or circumscissile. Seeds lenticular , reniform , subglobose, or shortly cylindric , smooth or verruculose .

About 70 genera and 900 species: worldwide; 15 genera (one introduced ) and 44 species (three endemic, 14 introduced) in China.

Morphology of the androecium, perianth (tepals), and the inflorescence has traditionally been used to circumscribe genera and tribes . Pseudostaminodia are interstaminal appendages with variously shaped apices. Filament appendages are the lateral appendages of filaments (one on each side) . The basic structure of the inflorescence is the cyme (branchlets arising from the bracteole axils, the bracteoles serving as bracts for upper flowers), which can be reduced to one flower with two bracteoles and a bract. Units of dispersal vary considerably (capsules opening with lower part persistent, flower and bracteoles falling together, or cymose partial inflorescences breaking off above bract) and can be characteristic for genera. Several genera possess long trichomes serving dispersal at the base of the tepals.[1]

Genus Amaranthus

Herbs, usually annual , rarely perennial , monoecious (subg. Amaranthus and Albersia) or dioecious (subg. Acnida), glabrous or pubescent . Stems erect , ascending , decumbent , or prostrate , usually branched, occasionally simple or nearly so; without nodal spines (except in A. spinosus ). Leaves alternate, petiolate ; blade rhombic-ovate, ovate , obovate , spatulate , lanceolate, oblanceolate , or orbiculate to linear , base rounded to narrowly cuneate, margins usually entire, usually plane , slightly undulate , or crispate , rarely undulate-erose, apex acute, obtuse , or emarginate , usually mucronulate . Inflorescences terminal and/or axillary or exclusively terminal, compound dichasia arranged in spikes, thyrses , panicles, or glomerules ; components of terminal inflorescences often subtended by reduced leaves (pseudobracts), each dichasium unit subtended by persistent bracts. Bracts ovate, lanceolate, linear, subulate , deltate, or broadly triangular (in A. acanthochiton), or proximal bracts modified into spines (in A. spinosus) ; bracts of pistillate flowers not keeled (keeled in A. scleropoides and A. crassipes) ; bracteoles absent or 1-2. Flowers unisexual . Pistillate flowers: tepals absent or (1-) 3-5, distinct (connate in proximal 1/3 in A. polygonoides, equal or outer tepals larger than inner ones, usually membranaceous , sometimes scarious at maturity; stamens absent [rudimentary ]; pistil 1; ovule 1; style 0.1-1 mm, or absent; stigmas 2-3(-5), slender. Staminate flowers : tepals 3-5, equal or subequal ; stamens 3-5, filaments distinct, anthers 4-locular, pseudostaminodes absent; pistils absent or rudimentary. Utricles loosely enclosed by inner tepals, occasionally conspicuously 3(-5) -veined, usually globose , ovoid , or elongate-ovoid, thin walled, membranaceous, rugose or tuberculate , glabrous, dehiscence regularly circumscissile, irregularly dehiscent , or indehiscent. Seeds 1, subglobose or lenticular , usually smooth , shiny, sometimes indistinctly puncticulate or reticulate ; embryo annular . x = 16, 17.

Species ca. 70 (38 in the flora , including cultivated species) : mostly tropical , subtropical , and warm-temperate zones, some species in temperate zones; some taxa are at present almost worldwide as introduced and naturalized weeds .

Some segregate genera of Amaranthus, in the broad sense, have been proposed and sometimes recognized (see synonymy ). In the present treatment, Amaranthus is accepted in its broad sense. Three subgenera are currently recognized (S. L. Mosyakin and K . R. Robertson 1996) : subg. Acnida, subg. Amaranthus, and subg. Albersia.

Morphologic terminology in Amaranthus, as used in different floristic and taxonomic treatments, is rather confusing, especially regarding the terms applied to inflorescences and flowers. In the present treatment, we follow the traditional inflorescence terminology only for brevity and convenience; see T. A. Fedorova (1997) for a more complex scheme. A flower is subtended by a bract, often termed a "bracteole," and 0-2 lateral bracts, the true bracteoles. Structures that are clearly reduced green leaves subtending portions of the inflorescence are sometimes incorrectly called bracts.

Specimens of Amaranthus are often difficult to identify by someone not familiar with the group. When using the key , look closely at the tips of pistillate inflorescence branches for staminate flowers to determine whether the plant is monoecious or dioecious; this is especially important for some monoecious species that produce few staminate flowers. Also, pistillate plants of dioecious species are usually required for positive identification. Descriptions and measurements of floral parts are given in more detail for pistillate flowers, unless noted otherwise.

Determining the exact distribution of some species of Amaranthus in North America requires additional floristic and taxonomic studies. Because of the weedy life strategies of some Amaranthus species, they may occasionally occur as naturalized weeds or waifs very far from their original areas of distribution. Some of such isolated populations exist only as long as conditions are favorable and may eventually disappear or, vice versa, become expansive and invasive. These factors , together with frequent misidentifications in herbaria and the literature, obscure the distribution patterns of some Amaranthus species in North America. Weedy and introduced species of Amaranthus are often neglected or misidentified by collectors . Consequently, some taxa are known only from scattered localities in various regions of the flora, and their actual distribution may be much wider than present data indicate. Some species have been reported for the flora only as rare, casual , non-naturalized aliens , e.g. , on ballast , or as grain immigrants or wool contaminants, and may not now be present in North America. Because of all these factors, the maps and distribution statements in the treatment show the generalized distribution and may not properly reflect the actual changing distribution patterns of some species, especially those that have expanded their ranges over the decades due to various anthropic factors. In addition to the taxa discussed below, some other South American or Old World species may be found in North America in the future as introduced weeds.

Species of Amaranthus occasionally form interspecific hybrids. Such hybridization seems to be especially important and widespread in cultivated grain-amaranths, in wild representatives of the A. hybridus aggregate, between species of sect. Amaranthus, and between A. tuberculatus and species of sect. Amaranthus. The degree and scope of hybridization in Amaranthus are often overestimated, especially by European authors , and some taxa described as putative hybrids are in fact nonhybrid infraspecific forms of morphologically variable species. Hybrids between more distantly related species, if they occur at all, are usually highly sterile , such as hybrids between taxa of the subgenera Amaranthus and Acnida, or at least show much decreased fertility . There are no verified records of hybrids between representatives of the subgenera Amaranthus and Albersia.

Some species of Amaranthus are cultivated as pseudocereal and leaf-vegetable crops , or as ornamental or fodder plants (J. D. Sauer 1967; D. M. Brenner 1990; J. T. Williams and D. M. Brenner 1995; S. Cheatham et al. 1995). The most commonly cultivated taxa are A. caudatus Linnaeus, A. hypochondriacus Linnaeus, and A. cruentus Linnaeus of American origin , and south Asian A. tricolor Linnaeus. The cultivated species may occur occasionally as escapes near places of cultivation; they cannot be regarded as truly naturalized.

Species of Amaranthus were widely used by prehistoric and modern Native Americans as food, forage for livestock, medicinal plants, and, occasionally, for some other uses, such as face and body paint, ceremonial items, and fuel (S. Cheatham et al. 1995; D. E. Moerman 1998).[2]

Physical Description

Species Amaranthus powellii

Plants glabrous or moderately pubescent toward inflorescences, becoming glabrescent at maturity. Stems usually erect , green or sometimes reddish purple, branched, mainly in inflores-cences, to nearly simple , 0.3-1.5(-2) m , stiff. Leaves: petiole mostly equaling or longer than blade ; blade rhombic-ovate to broadly lanceolate, 4-8 × 2-3 cm, occasionally larger in robust plants , base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margins entire, apex cuneate to obtuse or indistinctly emarginate , with mucro . Inflorescences mostly terminal , usually with spikes at distal axils, erect and rigid , green to silvery green, occasionally tinged red, leafless at least distally. Bracts lanceolate to linear-subulate, 4-7 mm, 2-3 times as long as tepals, rigid. Pistillate flowers: tepals usually 3-5, not clawed, unequal; outer tepals narrowly ovate-elliptic or elliptic , 1.5-3.5 mm, apex aristate ; style branches spreading , shorter than body of fruit; stigmas 3. Staminate flowers clustered at tips of inflorescence branches; tepals 3-5; stamens 3-5. Utricles subglobose or compressed-ovoid, 2-3 mm, equaling or shorter than tepals, smooth or lid slightly rugose or minutely verrucose , dehiscence regularly circumscissile. Seeds black, subglobose to lenticular , 1-1.4 mm diam., smooth, shiny. Flowering summer-fall. [source]

Amaranthus powellii is originally native to southwestern United States and adjacent regions of Mexico; now, it is widely naturalized almost everywhere in temperate regions of North America. The distribution of A. powellii is probably underestimated both in North America and the Old World, and literature references are somewhat confusing, because A. powellii has been commonly confused with A. hybridus. [source]

Forms of Amaranthus powellii with indehiscent or occasionally irregularly dehiscent utricles were described from Europe (southwestern France, the Gironde estuary ) as A. bouchonii Thellung. Similar forms occasionally occur in North America. According to J. M. Tucker and J. D. Sauer (1958) and J. D. Sauer (1967b, 1972b), they are mostly "mutant or aberrant forms" of A. powellii, or hybrids of A. powellii and/or A. hybridus with other species. Recent comparative studies of morphology and isozymes of A. bouchonii (P. Wilkin 1992) indicated that that taxon , whatever its origin was, now differs from its presumably parental species and probably deserves recognition, at least as a separate subspecies . It seems that in North America, the situation with indehiscent-fruited forms is much more complicated than in Europe, and multiple entities are involved, including deviate forms of A. powellii and also partly sterile hybrids of dioecious taxa with species belonging to the A. hybridus group. The formal recognition of A. bouchonii in North American material would be premature. [source]

The names Amaranthus hybridus, A. chlorostachys Willdenow, and A. hybridus subsp. chlorostachys (Willdenow) Hejný were occasionally misapplied to A. powellii in North America and Europe. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: June. • Flower Color: green

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 36-48" tall.

Habitat

Disturbed habitats , agricultural fields , railroads, roadsides, waste areas, banks of rivers , lakes , and streams ; 0-2500 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,212 meters (0 to 13,819 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 15-18" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun .

Taxonomy

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Unambiguous Synonyms

  1. A. retroflexus Linnaeus var. powellii (S. Watson) B. Boivin
  2. Amaranthus bouchonii Thellung
  3. Amaranthus bracteosus Uline & Bray
  4. Amaranthus bracteosus Uline & W. L. Bray
  5. Amaranthus retroflexus var. powellii (S. Wats.) Boivin
  6. Amaranthus viscidulus Greene


Notes

Publishing author : Greene. Publication : Pittonia 3: 344 1898 Publishing author: Uline et Bray. Publication: Coult. Bot. Gaz. xix. (1894) 314. Publishing author: B .Boivin Publication: Naturaliste Canad. 93: 641 1966 Basionym author: (S.Watson) Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 10:347. 1875

Name verified on 04-Feb-2003 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 28-Aug-2007

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Amaranthus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 402 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. abyssinicus · A. acanthobracteatus · A. acanthochiton (Green-Stripe Amaranth) · A. acroglochin · A. acutilobus (Sharplobe Amaranth) · A. adscendens · A. adulterinus · A. aeneus · A. aeruoides · A. affinis · A. albiflorus · A. albomarginatus · A. albus (Tumbleweed Amaranth) · A. alius · A. alopecurus · A. altissimus · A. A. caudatus (Love-Lies-Bleeding) · A. ambigens · A. amboinicus · A. anacardana · A. anardana · A. anderssoni · A. anderssonii · A. angustifolius · A. annectens · A. aragonensis · A. arardhanus · A. arctioideus · A. arenicola (Sandhills Amaranth) · A. artineanus · A. ascendens · A. ascendens subsp. polygonoides · A. asplundii · A. asplundii var. australis · A. ataco · A. atropurpureus · A. aureus · A. australis (Southern Water-Hemp) · A. bahiensis · A. batalleri · A. bellardi · A. berchtholdi · A. bernhardi · A. bicolor · A. bigelovii (Bigelow's Amaranth) · A. blitoides (Prostrate Amaranth) · A. blitum (Guernsey Pigweed) · A. blitum blitum (Purple Amaranth) · A. blitum emarginatus · A. blitum subsp. emarginatus · A. blitum subsp. oleraceus · A. blitum var. emarginatus · A. blitum var. graecizans · A. blitum var. nanus · A. blitum var. pseudogracilis (Amaranthus Blitum) · A. blitus · A. bouchoni · A. bouchonii · A. bracteosus · A. brandegei · A. brasiliensis · A. brisbanii · A. brownii (Brown's Amaranth) · A. buchtienianus · A. bullatus · A. californicus (Californian Amaranth) · A. campestris · A. canariensis · A. cannabinus (Tidal-Marsh Water-Hemp) · A. capensis · A. capensis subsp. uncinatus · A. capitatus · A. caracam · A. caracasanus · A. caracu · A. cararia · A. cararu · A. cardenasianus · A. carneus · A. carolinae · A. cathecu · A. caturus · A. caudadtus · A. caudatus (Love-Lies-Bleeding) · A. caudatus 'Atropurpurea' · A. caudatus caudatus (Love-Lies-Bleeding) · A. caudatus caudatus 'Atropurpureus' · A. caudatus 'Coral Fountain' · A. caudatus 'Dreadlocks' · A. caudatus 'Emerald Tassels' · A. caudatus 'Fat Spike' (Love-Lies-Bleeding) · A. caudatus 'Green Cascade' · A. caudatus 'Green Feathers' · A. caudatus 'Green Necklace' · A. caudatus 'Pony Tails' (Love-Lies-Bleeding) · A. caudatus subsp. saueri · A. caudatus 'Viridis' (Green Tassel Flower) · A. celosioides · A. cernuus · A. chihuahensis

More Info

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Further Reading

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  • Kuan Ke-chien. 1979. Amaranthaceae. In: Kung Hsien-wu & Tsien Cho-po, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 25(2): 194241.
  • Brenner, D. M. et al. 2000. Genetic resources and breeding of Amaranthus. Pl. Breed. Rev. 19: 227-285.
  • Costea, M. and D. A. DeMason. 2001. Stem morphology and anatomy in Amaranthus L. (Amaranthaceae): Taxonomic significance. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 128: 254-281.
  • Costea, M., A. Sanders, and G. Waines. 2001. Preliminary results toward a revision of the Amaranthus hybridus species complex (Amaranthaceae). Sida 19: 931-974.
  • Mosyakin, S. L. and K. R. Robertson. 1996. New infrageneric taxa and combinations in Amaranthus L. (Amaranthaceae). Ann. Bot. Fenn. 33: 275-281.
  • Sauer, J. D. 1955. Revision of the dioecious amaranths. Madroño 13: 5-46.
  • Sauer, J. D. 1967b. The grain amaranths and their relatives: A revised taxonomic and geographic survey. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 54: 103-137.
  • Sauer, J. D. 1972b. The dioecious amaranths: A new species name and major range extensions. Madroño 21: 426-434.
  • Uline, E. B. and W. L. Bray. 1894. A preliminary synopsis of the North American species of Amaranthus. Bot. Gaz. 19: 267-273, 313-320.

    • Notes

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    Contributors

    Data Sources

    Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 02, 2008:

    Identifiers

    Footnotes

    1. Bojian Bao, Thomas Borsch & Steven E. Clemants "Amaranthaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 415. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
    2. Sergei L. Mosyakin & Kenneth R. Robertson "Amaranthus". in Flora of North America Vol. 4 Page 405, 406, 410. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
    3. "Amaranthus powellii". in Flora of North America Vol. 4 Page 424. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
    4. Mean = 367.590 meters (1,206.004 feet), Standard Deviation = 477.030 based on 1,959 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
    Last Revised: 2009-07-26