Ambrosia trifida

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Asteraceae

Annuals , biennials, perennials , subshrubs , shrubs , vines , or trees . Roots usually taproots , sometimes fibrous . Stems usually erect , sometimes prostrate to ascending (underground stems sometimes woody caudices or rhizomes, sometimes fleshy ) . Leaves usually alternate or opposite, sometimes in basal rosettes, rarely in whorls; rarely stipulate , usually petiolate , sometimes sessile, sometimes with bases decurrent onto stems; blades usually simple (margins sometimes 1 2+ times pinnatifid or palmatifid ), rarely compound . Inflorescences indeterminate heads (also called capitula) ; each head usually comprising a surrounding involucre of phyllaries (involucral bracts ), a receptacle, and (1 ) 5 300+ florets; individual heads sessile or each borne on a peduncle; heads borne singly or in usually determinate, rarely indeterminate, arrays (cymiform, corymbiform , racemiform , spiciform , etc. ) ; involucres sometimes subtended by calyculi (sing. calyculus) ; phyllaries borne in 1 5( 15+) series proximal to (i.e. , outside of or abaxial to) the florets ; receptacles usually flat to convex , sometimes conic or columnar , either paleate (bearing paleae or receptacular bracts that individually subtend some or all of the florets) or epaleate (lacking paleae) ; epaleate receptacles sometimes bristly or hairy or bearing subulate enations among the florets. Florets bisexual , pistillate , functionally staminate , or neuter (also called neutral) ; sepals highly modifed (instead of ordinary sepals, each ovary usually bears a pappus of bristles , awns , and/or scales , sometimes in combination within a single pappus) ; petals connate , corollas (3 ) 5-merous, ± actinomorphic or zygomorphic (one or both kinds in a single head, see descriptions of radiate , discoid , liguliflorous, disciform, and radiant following) ; stamens (4 ) 5, alternate with corolla lobes , filaments inserted on corollas, usually distinct , anthers introrse , usually connate and forming tubes around styles (rarely filaments connate and anthers distinct; e.g. , Heliantheae, Ambrosiinae) ; ovaries inferior, 2-carpellate, and 1-locular with 1 basally attached, anatropous ovule ; styles 1 in each bisexual, functionally staminate, or pistillate floret; each style usually ringed at base by a nectary , distally 2-branched with stigmatic papillae borne on adaxial face of each branch in 2 separate or contiguous lines or in 1 continuous band (styles usually not branched in functionally staminate florets), style branches apically truncate or appendaged beyond the stigmatic bands or lines, appendages usually papillate to hirsute distally on abaxial (or abaxial and adaxial) faces. Fruits (technically cypselae, historically called achenes) usually dry with relatively thick, tough pericarps, sometimes beaked (rostrate ) and/or winged (alate ), often dispersed with aid from pappi. Seeds 1 per fruit, exalbuminous ; embryos straight.

Genera ca. 1500, species ca. 23,000 (418 genera, 2413 species in the flora ) : nearly worldwide, especially rich in numbers of species and/or in numbers of plants in arid and semiarid regions of subtropical and lower to middle temperate latitudes .

Asteraceae (Compositae, "composites," or "comps") have long been recognized as a natural group, and circumscription of the group has never been controversial (although some authors have divided the traditional family into three or more families) . A. Cronquist (1981) placed Asteraceae as the only family in the order Asterales within subclass Asteridae, associated with the Gentianales, Rubiales, Dipsacales, and Calycerales and relatively distant from Campanulales. On recent molecular phylogenetic data, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003; see references there for details; classification abbreviated APGII hereafter) has suggested that Asteraceae are better treated as part of a more widely defined Asterales within the asterids II informal clade (or campanulid clade; see W. S. Judd and R. G. Olmstead 2004) . Judd and Olmstead summarized the higher-order relationships of Asteraceae as follows (in order of decreasing inclusiveness; synapomorphies in parentheses) : asterids (ovules unitegmic and tenuinucellate , iridoid chemistry) ; core asterids (sympetaly, stamen number equal to petal number, stamen epipetaly, mostly 2 3-carpellate gynoecia) ; campanulids (early sympetaly), comprising eight unassigned families plus Aquifoliales, which is sister to Dipsacales, Apiales, and Asterales (last three sharing frequently inferior ovaries, polyacetylenes) ; and Asterales, which appears to be sister to Dipsacales-Apiales (K . Bremer et al. 2004) . The order Asterales (valvate petals, lack of apotracheal parenchyma, storage of inulin , ellagic acid present, and, possibly, the presence of a plunger or brush pollen presentation mechanism) now includes the following families (fide APGII) : Alseuosmiaceae, Argophyllaceae, Calyceraceae, Campanulaceae (optionally including Lobeliaceae), Goodeniaceae, Menyanthaceae, Pentaphragmaceae, Phellinaceae, Rousseauaceae, and Stylidiaceae. Within Asterales, Asteraceae is part of a clade (corollas with more or less fused lateral veins joining midvein near lobe apices, thick integuments, no endosperm haustorium) with the Menyanthaceae (cosmopolitan with Southern Hemisphere genera) basal to a more nested clade (inferior ovaries, possibly connate anthers, pollen exine with bifurcating columellae) comprising Asteraceae, Goodeniaceae (mainly Australia), and Calyceraceae (South America), the last being the immediate sister to Asteraceae (highly modified, persistent calyces, corolla venation patterns , unilocular and uniovulate gynoecia, pollen with intercolpar depressions , specialized fruits) . Aggregation of flowers into heads with involucres appears to have been a parallel phenomenon in Calyceraceae and Asteraceae, given the determinate nature of the former and indeterminate (racemose) organization of the latter. Some traits typical of Asteraceae predate evolution of the family as a distinct clade. Relationships of Asteraceae and Calyceraceae have been discussed by M. H. G. Gustafsson and Bremer (1995) . Synapomorphies of the Asteraceae clade include: calyces modified to structures called pappi, anthers connate (forming tubes) and styles modified to function as brushes in a specialized pollen presentation mechanism, ovaries each containing a single basal ovule, and production of sesquiterpene lactones .

K. Bremer et al. (2004) gave an Early Cretaceous origin for the Asteridae and the basal campanulids, and a Late Cretaceous origin for the Asterales. Bremer and M. H. G. Gustafsson (1997) also hypothesized a Late Cretaceous ancestry of Asterales in East Gondwanaland (Australasia), with later expansion into West Gondwanaland (South America-Antarctica), where the Asteraceae originated before the final separation of South America and Antarctica. Similarly, M. L. DeVore and T. F. Stuessy (1995) argued that the close relationships of Asteraceae to Goodeniaceae and Calyceraceae, plus the basal position of Barnadesioideae K. Bremer & R. K. Jansen (Asteraceae), indicated a South America-Antarctica-Australia origin for the complex . After reviewing previous hypotheses, they proposed a late Eocene origin for the complex and suggested a South American origin for the Asteraceae based on the basal position of the South American Barnadesioideae (see also Stuessy et al. 1996, on Barnadesioideae origin in southern South America in the Oligocene ) and their sister relationship to Calyceraceae. Fossil pollen data (both Mutisieae and Asteroideae types notably Heliantheae in the broad sense among earliest reports) reviewed by A. Graham (1996) appear to indicate an Eocene origin for Asteraceae in South America, with migration to North America at least by the Oligocene, possibly as early as the late Eocene. More recently, M. S. Zavada and S. E. de Villiers (2000; and references therein) reported Asteraceae pollen (assignable to Mutisieae in the broad sense) from the Paleocene-Eocene of South Africa, suggesting an earlier, West Gondwana (southern Africa or Australia) origin for the family. Such data indicate that some tribes of Asteraceae may have arrived in North America via long-distance dispersal or island hopping well before closure of the isthmus of Panama. They also have a bearing on the possible times of radiation of some tribes in North America, particularly Heliantheae in the broad sense and Eupatorieae, which originated in the continent (including Mexico and parts of Central America), and those that came to North America from or through South America such as Mutisieae, Vernonieae, some Plucheeae, and Astereae. Other tribes, such as Cynareae, Cichorieae, some Gnaphalieae, and Anthemideae, may have reached North America from Eurasia , possibly via Beringia (or as Amphi-Atlantic disjuncts ), at a later time.

The bases of a tribal classification within Asteraceae were established in the nineteenth century, primarily through the work of H. Cassini (especially in articles scattered through the 61 volumes of F. Cuvier 1816 1845; Cassini included synopses of his tribes as part of his entry for Zoegea, i.e., zyégée in French; the articles have been collected in three volumes by R. M. King and H. W. Dawson 1975), C. F. Lessing (1832), A. P. de Candolle (1828 1838, 1836 1838), and, particularly, G. Bentham (1873) . In the twentieth century, the tribal system of Cassini, as elaborated by Bentham, was widely followed with only slight modifications (see S. Carlquist 1976; A. Cronquist 1955, 1977; C. Jeffrey 1978; G. Wagenitz 1976b; see also J. Small 1919 and, for alternate views on Heliantheae-Eupatorieae, H. Robinson 1996) .

A molecular phylogenetic study by R. K. Jansen and J. D. Palmer (1987) established that a South American clade (later named Barnadesioideae) is basal within Asteraceae. Both cladistic morphologic analyses (e.g., K. Bremer 1994, 1996) and mostly chloroplast-DNA molecular phylogenies (e.g., Jansen et al. 1991, 1992; K. J. Kim et al. 1992; Kim and Jansen 1995; R. J. Bayer and J. R. Starr 1998; P. K. Eldenäs et al. 1999; B . G. Baldwin et al. 2002) have deepened our knowledge of tribal interrelationships within Asteraceae and led to the recent proposal of a phylogenetic classification for the family with 10 subfamilies and 35 tribes (J. L. Panero and V. A. Funk 2002) .

Treatment of Asteraceae here differs from some of the recently proposed classifications in that some groups continue to be traditionally circumscribed (e.g., Mutisieae in the broad sense, Heliantheae in the broad sense, including Helenieae and excluding Eupatorieae) . Where appropriate and so far as practicable, new taxonomies are acknowledged in our discussions of individual tribes (which see) . In North America, the following subfamilies and tribes, as defined by J. L. Panero and V. A. Funk (2002), are represented (tribes with no native representatives are marked by asterisks ) : Mutisioideae-Mutisieae in the strict sense, Gochnatioideae-Gochnatieae, and Hecastocleioideae-Hecastocleideae (all included in Mutisieae here, which see), Carduoideae (Cardueae = Cynareae), Cichorioideae (*Arctoteae, Cichorieae, Vernonieae), and Asteroideae [Senecioneae, *Calenduleae, Gnaphalieae, Anthemideae, Astereae, Plucheeae, *Inuleae, Eupatorieae, and the following segregates of Heliantheae in the broad sense (all treated here within or as subtribes of a fairly traditionally circumscribed Heliantheae) : Bahieae, Chaenactideae, Coreopsideae, Helenieae, Heliantheae in the strict sense, Madieae, *Millereae, Perityleae, Polymnieae, and Tageteae) ].

Asa Gray produced the first broadly influential floristic synthesis of North American Asteraceae. Other authors who made important contributions to floristics of North American Asteraceae in the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries were S. F. Blake, N. L. Britton, R. S. Ferris, M. L. Fernald, E. L. Greene, H. M. Hall, M. E. Jones, D. D. Keck, P. A. Rydberg, J. K. Small, and S. Watson. Some of those authors had narrower concepts of genera and species than had their predecessors and they freely recognized new taxa in Asteraceae (mostly genera and species) . Floristics of North American Asteraceae in the second half of the twentieth century was especially influenced by A. Cronquist (e.g., 1955, 1980, 1994; H. A. Gleason and Cronquist 1991), who usually favored traditional generic circumscriptions.

In the last 20 years or so, developments in molecular systematics have led to revisions of generic limits in some tribes of Asteraceae and, sometimes, to a return to generic concepts that had been suggested earlier but largely ignored. More or less worldwide, taxonomies in some tribes or parts of tribes have included segregate genera that have been revived or newly published. Most of the innovations will be summarized in the forthcoming Asterales volume of K. Kubitzki et al. (1990+) . The generic circumscriptions adopted here incorporate recent taxonomic findings relevant to North America, insofar as our contributors have accepted them. As a result, many of the genera treated herein have never been presented in a major flora before, and some species are included within genera with which they were not associated traditionally. Thus, the Flora brings together much new knowledge and many new names . In most instances, circumscriptions of species have turned out to be conventional. So far as practicable, recently named species from North America have been accounted for within relevant treatments herein.

With 418 genera and 2413 species (Table 1), Asteraceae is, numerically, the largest family in the flora of North America north of Mexico. Members of the family are found in diverse habitats , from the High Arctic tundra and polar deserts to the Sonoran warm-desert scrub , and from alpine habitats to salt marshes. Asteraceae are particularly conspicuous elements of warm-desert and intermountain grasslands, as well as of desert scrubs, notably the intermountain desert scrub where Artemisia dominates (M. G. Barbour and N. L. Christensen 1993) . Among other conspicuous species, members of Solidago and Symphyotrichum form a very showy part of the fall flowering in eastern North America, and members of Heliantheae sometimes produce striking displays in the American West (e.g., Gaillardia spp. , Lasthenia spp., members of Madiinae) .

Much has been published, not only on systematics (at various levels), but on biology , chemistry, and economic and medical uses of Asteraceae worldwide, particularly in proceedings (from conferences and symposia) edited by V. H. Heywood et al. (1977), T. J. Mabry and G. Wagenitz (1990), and D. J. N. Hind et al. (1995, 1996) .

Relatively few North American species of Asteraceae are economically important or widely used ethnobotanically. The only major Asteraceae crop of North American origin is the sunflower, Helianthus annuus, which is valued for its seed oil and is appreciated in the horticultural trade. Other crop plants from native species worth mention are Helianthus tuberosus, the Jerusalem artichoke, and Parthenium argentatum, the guayule, a source of rubber. Echinacea spp. are touted as health plants. Members of several genera of Asteraceae native to the flora are grown for their ornamental value, notably species of Coreopsis (tickseeds), Echinacea (coneflowers), Helianthus (sunflowers), Liatris (blazingstars and gayfeathers), Rudbeckia (black-eyed Susans), Solidago (goldenrods), and Symphyotrichum ("asters" of the trade) .

Many species of Asteraceae have been introduced into North America, mainly from Europe and Asia, some deliberately for medicines, foods, or horticulture , others accidentally (often with seeds or other agricultural products or by other means) . Few, if any, of the introduced taxa are thought to be noxious at the continental level, but some (e.g., Acroptilon) are considered noxious in large parts of their ranges within the flora. Taraxacum officinale is a common lawn weed that (in terms of dollars spent and herbicides applied in weed control) has an economic and ecologic impact disproportionate to the actual harm it causes; other weedy introduced Asteraceae are of little economic consequence. Some native Asteraceae are toxic to cattle and other livestock and are therefore considered weeds. And some native species of open habitats (e.g., Symphyotrichum pilosum) are often considered weeds because they invade fields left fallow. Ragweeds (especially Ambrosia artemisiifolia and A. trifida) range over nearly the whole continent and their wind-blown pollens cause late-summer allergic reactions (hayfever) for a large number of people. Because ragweeds have a large impact on human health, they have a significant, negative economic impact.

In contrast to Orchidaceae, for which a wealth of excellent, well-illustrated popular books are available, few popular field guides on Asteraceae of North America have been published. The guide by T. M. Antonio and S. Masi (2001) deserves notice for its maps, color photographs, and useful information.

Composites (members of Asteraceae) share some unusual morphologic traits and some morphologic terms are used in particular ways as applied here to them.

For treatments of composites here, "perennials" are herbaceous and differ from annuals and biennials in living longer than two years and differ from subshrubs, shrubs, and trees in not developing woody aerial stems.

In most composites, leaf venation comprises a midrib plus more or less equal lateral nerves or veins; such leaves are described as pinnately nerved. Venation in leaf blades of some composites often consists of a midrib plus relatively strong lateral veins that diverge at or just distal to bases of blades. Such leaves are described as 3-nerved, 3( 5) -nerved, 5-nerved, etc., and, as appropriate, the phrases "from bases" or "distal to bases" may be added for clarification.

Composites often have subsessile to sessile or sunken glandular hairs that consist of multicellular bases supporting globular elements that usually contain resinous or sticky substances. Such structures have been called glands , glandular hairs, glandular trichomes, punctae, resin dots, and so on. Sometimes, the glands are embedded in epidermal depressions or pits. Epidermes with glands more or less sunk into or embedded within the surface have been called glandular-punctate and/or punctate-glandular. The glands may be colorless (translucent ) or yellowish to dark brown or orange and are sometimes more prominent on dried specimens than in living plants. In keys and descriptions here, gland-dotted refers to the presence of such glandular hairs, whether sessile or in depressions or pits (as appropriate, "in pits" or "sessile" may be added for clarification) .

Inflorescences of composites are called heads (or capitula, sing. capitulum) . Heads may be borne singly (i.e., not clearly associated with other heads on the same plant) or associated in arrays. The arrays of heads on composites correspond to arrays of individual flowers (inflorescences) on plants of other families; arrays of heads are sometimes called capitulescences . Terms for architectural structures of arrays of heads are parallel to terms for kinds of inflorescences: cymiform, corymbiform, paniculiform , racemiform, spiciform, thyrsiform, etc.

In radiate heads, peripheral florets (ray florets) in one or more series have corollas with zygomorphic limbs and may be pistillate, or styliferous and sterile , or neuter; the central florets (disc florets) in radiate heads have ± actinomorphic corollas and may be bisexual or functionally staminate. In liguliflorous heads, all florets are bisexual and (usually) fertile and have zygomorphic corollas (ligulate florets) ; liguliflorous heads are characteristic of Cichorieae and are found in no other composites. In discoid heads, all florets have ± actinomorphic corollas and all are either bisexual and fertile or all are either functionally staminate or pistillate (in monoecious or dioecious taxa, e.g., Baccharis spp.) . In disciform heads, all florets have ± actinomorphic corollas, and peripheral florets (in one or more series) are usually pistillate and usually have relatively slender (often filiform ) corollas. Such peripheral pistillate florets are generally thought to be derived by reduction from ray florets, and plants with disciform heads are generally thought to be derived from ancestors with radiate heads. The central florets of disciform heads are usually bisexual, sometimes functionally staminate. By tradition and for simplicity, both the peripheral, pistillate florets and the inner, bisexual or functionally staminate florets in disciform heads may be referred to as "disc" florets. In radiant heads, all florets have ± actinomorphic corollas and the peripheral florets usually have much enlarged corollas and may be bisexual, pistillate, or neuter; the central florets of radiant heads are usually bisexual. Some composites have peripheral, bisexual florets with slightly to strongly zygomorphic corollas (e.g., some members of Chaenactis, Lessingia, Thymophylla, et al.) ; heads of such plants do not quite conform to any of the five types just described and such heads may be referred to as "quasi-radiate" or "quasi-radiant." Some florets in heads of some Mutisieae have 2-lipped corollas and those heads may be called "quasi-radiate" or "quasi-liguliflorous." The term eradiate is used to refer collectively to discoid, disciform, and radiant heads.

Heads with all florets of one sexual form (bisexual, pistillate, or functionally staminate) are called homogamous (discoid and liguliflorous heads are homogamous , some radiant heads may be homogamous) and heads with florets of two or more sexual forms are called heterogamous (radiate and disciform heads are heterogamous, some radiant heads may be heterogamous) .

Phyllaries collectively constitute an involucre, usually number 5 21( 50+), usually are unequal (outermost usually shorter than the inner), and usually are arranged ± imbricately (overlapping like shingles) in 3 5( 15+), usually ± spiral series. Sometimes, the phyllaries are ± equal in 1 2 series; they are rarely wanting (e.g., Psilocarphus spp.) . Phyllaries may be herbaceous or chartaceous to scarious and are often medially herbaceous with chartaceous to scarious borders and/or apices. The phyllaries "proper" are sometimes immediately subtended by a calyculus (pl. calyculi) of (1 ) 3 15+ distinct, usually shorter bractlets in 1( 3+) series (e.g., Coreopsis spp., Taraxacum spp.) .

Receptacles may bear paleae (i.e., some or all florets are individually subtended by a bractlet called a palea or receptacular bract) . Collectively paleae have been called "chaff" and paleate receptacles have been described as "chaffy." Receptacles that bear paleae are referred to as paleate and receptacles that never bear paleae are referred to as epaleate. Epaleate receptacles sometimes bear subulate enations (e.g., some Gaillardia spp.) or bristles or subulate to linear scales (e.g., some Cynareae), or fine hairs (e.g., some Anthemideae) . Epaleate receptacles (and paleate receptacles that have shed their paleae) may be smooth or pitted (alveolate , foveolate, etc.) .

The terms tube, throat, and limb have been variously used in descriptions of corollas of composites. Here, in ± actinomorphic corollas of bisexual and functionally staminate disc florets, the tube is the part of the corolla proximal to the insertion of the staminal filaments, and the limb is the part that is distal to insertion of the filaments. The limb comprises, proximally, the throat and, distally, the lobes. The distinction between tube and throat hinges on insertion of filaments, not on external morphology.

The relatively flat portion of a corolla of a ligulate floret from a liguliflorous head (i.e., members of Cichorieae) is called a ligule; it terminates in 5 teeth or lobes. The relatively flat portion of a corolla of a ray floret is called a lamina; it terminates in 0 3( 4) teeth or lobes. More or less bilabiate corollas are characteristic of some members of Mutisieae and are seldom found in members of other tribes.

Fruits of composites have been called "achenes" because they resemble true achenes. Achenes are dry, hard, single-seeded fruits derived from unicarpellate, superior ovaries. Ovaries of composites are bicarpellate and inferior. Fruits derived from ovaries of composites are called cypselae (sing. cypsela, a term coined by C. de Mirbel in 1815) . Morphology of an ovary of a composite at flowering is often markedly different from the morphology of the mature fruit (cypsela) derived from that ovary. References to cypselae in keys and descriptions here almost always refer to mature fruits, not to ovaries at flowering.

Shapes of cypselae have been used in distinguishing among species, genera, and even subtribes of composites. In most composites, cypselae are ± isodiametric in cross section . In some composites, cypselae are characteristically ± lenticular to elliptic in cross section. Such cypselae are said to be compressed (or laterally flattened) if the longer axis of the cross section is ± parallel to a radius of the head (e.g., Verbesina spp.) . Cypselae are said to be obcompressed (or radially flattened) if the shorter axis of the cross section is ± parallel to a radius of the head (e.g., Coreopsis spp.) .

In composites, pappi (sing. pappus) are found where calyces are usually found on inferior ovaries; pappi have been shown to be greatly modified calyces. They show a great range of diversity and are often diagnostic for recognition of taxa, especially at rank of genus and below. The forms of individual pappus elements intergrade . For keys and descriptions here, the following distinctions are made: cross sections of bristles and awns are ± circular or polygonal and have the longer diameter of the cross section no more than 3 times the shorter diameter. Pappus elements with "flatter" cross sections (i.e., longer diameter more than 3 times the shorter diameter) are called scales, regardless of relative overall lengths and widths of the elements. As used here, "subulate scale" and "setiform scale" mean much the same as "flattened bristle" of some authors. Pliable to stiff pappus bristles with diameters less than ca. 50 µm are called fine bristles; pliable to stiff bristles with diameters 50 100 µm are called coarse bristles. Rigid pappus elements with ± circular or polygonal cross sections greater than 100 µm in diameter are called awns. Bristles, awns, and scales may be smooth or finely to coarsely barbed or plumose . A scale of a pappus may terminate in one or more bristlelike or awnlike appendages; such scales are said to be aristate.

In keys and descriptions, "pappus" and "pappi" usually refer to structures found on cypselae (mature fruits), not to "immature pappi" of ovaries at flowering. Sometimes pappi of ovaries that do not form fruits (e.g., in functionally staminate florets of some tarweeds) may be taxonomically useful and may be referred to in descriptions and keys.

Following is a synoptic key to tribes into which genera of composites of the flora area are placed. Keys to genera within each tribe will be found in the accounts of the individual tribes. Because some traits in the key to tribes and in keys to genera within tribes may be difficult to assess, we have also provided a key to artificial groups of composites and keys to genera within those artificial groups. Those keys will be found following the key to tribes.

In the following key, "radiate heads" have ray florets; "eradiate heads" lack ray florets and may be disciform, discoid, or radiant. Ray florets have zygomorphic corollas with laminae ; the laminae may be showy (as in some species of Helianthus) or inconspicuous (as in some species of Erigeron) . Usually, we have included plants with inconspicuous ray laminae in keys to genera of both radiate and eradiate groups.

Some plants have questionably paleate or epaleate receptacles. Epaleate receptacles of some plants are notably pitted and have fimbriate to deeply lacerate pit borders ; such receptacles have sometimes been interpreted as paleate. Plants with notably lacerate pit borders are usually keyed here as both paleate and epaleate.

Some plants with pappi of conspicuous bristles often have the bristles subtended by minute, inconspicuous scales. Although such plants technically belong to groups with pappi "wholly, or partially, of awns or scales," they are usually also keyed here in groups characterized as having pappi "wholly of bristles," because the scales are easily overlooked. As well, some pappus elements are borderline between being called subulate or setiform scales or being called "flattened bristles." Consequently, some plants that technically belong to groups with pappi of scales are keyed both in groups with pappi "wholly of bristles" and in groups with pappi "wholly, or partially, of awns or scales."[1]

Tribe Heliantheae

The Heliantheae are a tribe of closely related genera of the sunflower family that can be readily recognized due to the association of a receptacular bract or chaff scale with each disk floret in the head . The heads usually include bisexual , actinomorphic disk florets with tubular corollas that have 4 or 5 distal lobes and also peripheral zygomorphic female or sometimes sterile florets with strap-shaped corollas that have 3 or fewer distal teeth. However, the ray flowers are sometimes absent and the heads are then discoid , containing only bisexual florets with tubular corollas. The pappus is absent or more commonly ranges from scales to stiff bristles . -- Gerald Carr.

Genus Ambrosia

Annuals , perennials , or shrubs , 10-400+ cm (usually rhizomatous ). Stems erect , decumbent , or prostrate , branched. Leaves usually cauline; opposite ± throughout or opposite (proximal ) and alternate or mostly alternate; sessile or petiolate ; blades (or lobes ) deltate, elliptic , filiform , lanceolate, linear , obovate , ovate , or rhombic (and most intermediate shapes ), usually pinnately, sometimes palmately lobed , ultimate margins entire or toothed , faces hairy or glabrate , usually gland-dotted or stipitate-glandular . Heads discoid (unisexual , pistillate proximal to or intermixed with staminates , staminates usually in racemiform to spiciform arrays; rarely, single plants all or mostly staminate or pistillate). Pistillate heads: phyllaries 12-30(-80+) in 1-8+ series, outer (1-) 5-8 distinct or ± connate , herbaceous, the rest (sometimes interpreted as paleae) ± connate, usually with free tips forming tubercles , spines, or wings (the whole becoming a hard perigynium or "bur") ; florets 1(-5+), corollas 0. Staminate heads: involucres cup-shaped to saucer-shaped , 1.5-6+ mm diam.; phyllaries 5-16+ in ± 1 series, ± connate; receptacles ± flat or convex ; paleae spatulate to linear, membranous, sometimes villous , hirtellous, and/or gland-dotted or stipitate-glandular, sometimes none; florets 5-60+; corollas whitish or purplish, ± funnelform , lobes 5, erect or incurved ; staminal filaments connate, anthers distinct or weakly coherent. Cypselae (black) ± ovoid or fusiform , enclosed within globose to obovoid , pyramidal , pyriform , obconic, or fusiform, hard, smooth , tuberculate , spiny , or winged "burs"; pappi 0. x = 18.

Species 40+: tropical to subtropical and temperate New World, mostly North America, some established in Old World.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Disturbed sites, waste places, damp soils; 0-1600 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,839 meters (0 to 9,314 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 24-36" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: Not Applicable (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. A. trifida var. integrifolia (Muhlenberg Ex Willdenow) Torrey & A. Gray
2. A. trifida var. texana Scheele
3. Ambrosia aptera de Candolle

Notes

Publishing author : Torr. & A.Gray Publication : Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 2: 290 1842 [Apr 1842] Basionym author: (Muhl. ex Willd.) Publishing author: Kuntze Publication: Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 305 1891 Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Sp. pl. 2:987. 1753

Name verified on 29-Oct-2007 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 29-Oct-2007

Similar Species

Members of the genus Ambrosia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 124 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. abrotanifolia · A. absynthyfolia · A. acanthicarpa (Flat-Spine Burr-Ragweed) · A. acanthocarpa · A. acuminata · A. ambrosioides (Ambrosia Leaf Burr Ragweed) · A. ambrosioides septentrionale · A. ambrosioides subsp. septentrionale · A. aptera · A. arborescens · A. artemesiifolia · A. artemisiaefolia · A. artemisifolia (Common Ragweed) · A. artemisiifolia (Annual Bur-Sage Ambrosia Artemisiifolia) · A. artemisiifolia L. var. artemisiifolia L. (Annual Ragweed) · A. artemisiifolia L. var. elatior (L.) Descourtils · A. artemisiifolia L. var. paniculata (Michx.) Blank. (Annual Ragweed) · A. artemisiifolia var. artemisiifolia (Annual Ragweed) · A. artemisiifolia var. elatior (Annual Ragweed) · A. artemisiifolia var. jamaicensis · A. artemisiifolia var. octocornis · A. artemisiifolia var. paniculata (Annual Ragweed) · A. artemisiifolia var. quadricornis · A. artemisioides · A. artemissifolia · A. artimisiifolia · A. aspera · A. bidentata (Lance-Leaf Ragweed) · A. bipinnatifida · A. bryantii · A. californica · A. camphorata · A. canescens (Hairy Ragweed) · A. carduacea · A. caudata · A. chamissomis · A. chamissonis (Silver Burr Ragweed) · A. cheiranthifolia (South Texas Ambrosia) · A. chenopodiifolia (San Diego Burr Ragweed) · A. chilensis · A. confertiflora (Weakleaf Burr Ragweed) · A. cordifolia (Tucson Burr Ragweed) · A. coronopifolia · A. crithmifolia · A. cumanensis · A. deltoidea (Triangle Leaf Bursage) · A. dentata · A. divaricata · A. diversifolia · A. dumosa (Desert Bur Sage) · A. elata · A. elatior · A. elatior var. elatior (Ragweed) · A. elatior var. artemisiifolia · A. elatior var. heterophylla · A. eliator · A. eriocentra (Woolly Fruit Burr Ragweed) · A. flexuosa · A. fruticosa · A. glandulosa · A. grayi (Woollyleaf Burr Ragweed) · A. helenae (Helen Ragweed) · A. heterophylla · A. hispida (Coastal Ragweed) · A. humilis · A. ilicifolia (Hollyleaf Burr Ragweed) · A. incisa · A. integrifolia · A. intergradiens (Intergrading Ragweed) · A. johnstoniorum · A. lindheimeriana · A. linearis (Streaked Burr Ragweed) · A. longistylis · A. magdalenae · A. maritima · A. media · A. mexicana · A. microcephala · A. monogyra · A. monophylla · A. nivea · A. orobanchifera · A. palustris · A. paniculata · A. paniculata peruviana · A. paniculata var. cumanensis · A. paniculata var. peruviana · A. pannosa · A. parvifolia · A. peruviana (Peruvian Ragweed) · A. pitcheri · A. polystachya · A. psilostachya (Naked-Spike Ambrosia) · A. psilostachya californica · A. psilostrachya · A. pumila (Dwarf Burr Ragweed) · A. pusilla · A. rugelii · A. salsola · A. salsola var. fasciculata

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A botanical survey of the Sugar Grove region / by Robert F. Griggs. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1914. ENG url p. 266, p. 336.
• A catalogue of the flowering plants and higher cryptogams, both native and introduced, found within about thirty miles of Hanover, N. H., including a few cultivated species, to which is appended a list of vertebrate animals of the same region. By Henry Je [Hanover?]Printed for the Author, 1891. ENG url p. 22.
• A contribution to the knowledge of the flora of southeastern Minnesota. [Boston, Heliotype Print. Co.]1900. ENG url p. 409.
• A flora of North America: containing abridged descriptions of all the known indigenous and naturalized plants growing north of Mexico; arranged according to the natural system. By John Torrey and Asa Gray New York, Wiley & Putnam; [etc., etc.]1838-184[3] ENG url p. 290.
• A history of the game birds, wild-fowl and shore birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states... with observations on their...recent decrease in numbers; also the means for conserving those still in existence, by Edward Howe Forbush, state ornithologist of [Boston, Wright & Potter printing company, state printers, 1912] ENG url p. 582.
• A preliminary catalogue of the flora of Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. Victoria, B.C., Printed by W. H. Cullin, 1921. ENG url p. 78.
• A preliminary list of the vascular flora of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania / by John A. Shaffer. [Pittsburgh?: Carnegie Institute Museum?, 1901?] ENG url p. 71.
• A provisional host-index of the fungi of the United States, by W.G. Farlow and A.B. Seymour. Cambridge, 1888-91. ENG url p. 57.
• A provisional list of the parasitic fungi of Wisconsin. [Madison, 1914] ENG url p. 894, p. 910, p. 921.
• A second edition of Webber's "Appendix to the catalogue of the flora of Nebraska" / with a supplementary list of recently reported species by Charles E. Bessey. Lincoln, Neb.: [University of Nebraska?, 1892] ENG url p. 42.
• Agriculture of Maine. annual report of the Secretary of the Maine Board of Agriculture. Augusta, 1857-1901. ENG url p. 258.
• Allgemeine botanische Zeitschrift f�r Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie etc. Karlsruhe: J.J. Reiff, 1895-1928. GER url p. 195, p. 47, p. 73.
• An ecological study of prairie and forest invertebrates / by Charles C. Adams. Urbana, Ill.: Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 1915. ENG url p. 178, p. 179.
• An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera or beetles (exclusive of the Rhynchophora) known to occur in Indiana. Indianapolis, Nature Pub. Co.[n.d.] ENG url p. 1075, p. 1220, p. 831, p. 836.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1913. ENG url p. 340, p. 341.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 526, p. 544, p. 79.
• Annals of the Carnegie Museum. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901- ENG url p. 57, p. 71.
• Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. ENG url p. 674.
• Annual report / Entomological Society of Ontario. Toronto, The Society. ENG url p. 85.
• Annual report of the Agricultural Experiment Station / Cornell University, College of Agriculture. Ithaca, N.Y.: The University, 1889-1899. ENG url p. 108.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. ENG url p. 70.
• Annual report of the Director to the Board of Trustees for the year / Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, U.S.A.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1907-1943. ENG url p. 133.
• Annual report of the New Jersey state museum. 1901-12, 1914. Trenton, New Jersey. [etc.]1902-15. ENG url p. 344, p. 463, p. 540, p. 541.
• Annual report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Michigan Lansing: The Board, 1862- ENG url p. 404.
• Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States, by Donovan S. Correll and Helen B. Correll. [Washington]Environmental Protection Agency; [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.]1972. ENG url p. 1642, p. 1643, p. 1645.
• Archiv f�r Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 194, p. 73.
• Beihefte zum botanischen Centralblatt. Cassel: Verlag von Gebrder Gotlhelft, 1891-1904. GER url p. 271, p. 57.
• Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft = Bulletin de la Socit botanique Suisse. [Zrich]: Die Gesellschaft, 1891-1981. FRE url p. 126, p. 355.
• Billeder af nordens flora, ved A. Mentz og C.H. Ostenfeld. K�benhavn, G.E.C. Gad's forlag, 1917-1927. DAN url p. 12, p. 163.
• Biological effects of radiation; mechanism and measurement of radiation, applications in biology, photochemical reactions, effects of radiant energy on organisms and organic products. Edited by Benjamin M. Duggar. With the cooperation of Janet Howell Clar New York andMcGraw-Hill Book Co., 1936. ENG url p. 823.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ f�r das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 104, p. 113, p. 138, p. 16, p. 184, p. 281, p. 334, p. 40, p. 40, p. 556, p. 73, p. 75, p. 83.
• Botanisk tidsskrift / utgivet af den Botaniske forening i K�benhavn. K�benhavn: H. Hagerups Forlag, ENG url p. 142.
• Brown, R. G. & M. L. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous plants of Maryland. (HPl Mary)
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 136, p. 14, p. 167, p. 219, p. 27, p. 454, p. 49, p. 90.
• Bulletin de l'Acadmie internationale de gographie botanique. Le Mans: Impr. Edmond Monnoyer, 1899-1910. FRE url p. 22.
• Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France. 67 1920 Paris: La Société, 1854-1978. FRE url p. 377.
• Bulletin de la Soci�t� royale de botanique de Belgique. [Bruxelles]: La Soci�t�, [1866]-1989. FRE url p. 167, p. 333, p. 93.
• Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Bloomington, Ill.: The Laboratory, ENG url p. 178, p. 179, p. 179, p. 405.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 54.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 29 1902 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870- ENG url p. 568.
• Bulletin of the scientific laboratories of Denison University. Granville, Ohio: [The University], 1885- ENG url p. 50.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- ENG url p. 168, p. 46.
• Caroli Linnaei Opera. Editio prima critica, plena, ad editiones veras exacta, textum nullo rei detrimento contractum locosque editionum discrepantes exhibens. Vol. 2., Systema vegetabilium; libros diagnostico-botanicos co Lipsiae, Sumptum fecit O. Wigand, 1835 [i.e. 1835-1840] LAT url p. 935, p. 935.
• Catalog of hymenoptera in America north of Mexico / prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein [et al.]. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979- ENG url p. 2051.
• Catalogue of the flora of Vermont, including phaenogamous and vascular cryptogamous plants growing without cultivation. Burlington, [Vt.]Free Press Association, 1888. ENG url p. 29.
• Common weeds / by Paul C. Standley, Assoc. Curator of the Herbarium. Chicago:Field Museum of Natural History, 1934. ENG url p. 21.
• Contributions to the botany of Vermont. Burlington, Vt.: Botanical Dept., University of Vermont, 1898-1911. ENG url p. 83, p. 94.
• Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. (F Tex)
• Cronquist, A. et al. 1972–. Intermountain flora. (Intermt F)
• Deam, C. C. 1940. Flora of Indiana. (F Indiana)
• Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde: eine systematische Bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten Gross-Schmetterlinge / von Professor Dr. Adalbert Seitz. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen, 1909- GER url p. 290.
• Die Nat�rlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten begr�ndet von A. Engler und K. Prantl, fortgesetzt von A. Engler Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1887-1909. GER url p. 148.
• Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs: versuch einer Technischen Rohstofflehre des Pflanzenreiches / Unter Mitwirkung von Max Bemberger, von Julius von Wiesner. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1914. GER url p. 554, p. 951.
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13)
• Entomological news, and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia[Entomological Rooms of the Academy of Natural Sciences] ENG url p. 119, p. 136, p. 191, p. 232, p. 246.
• Entomological news. [Philadelphia]American Entomological Society, 1925- ENG url p. 180, p. 246, p. 70.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. ENG url p. 26, p. 520, p. 526, p. 647, p. 661.
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America. (F NAmer)
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. ENG url p. 225.
• First report on the flora of Wyoming / Aven Nelson. Laramie: Wyoming Experiment Station, 1896. ENG url p. 132.
• Flora Peoriana; the vegetation in the climate of middle Illinois. Peoria, Ill., J. W. Franks, 1887. ENG url p. 37, p. 51.
• Flora der Schweiz: zum Gebrauche auf Exkursionen, in Schulen und beim Selbstunterricht / von Hans Schinz und Robert Keller. Z�rich: A. Raustein, 1909-1914. GER url p. 218.
• Flora of Ann Arbor and vicinity. Ann Arbor, [Mich.]: Courier Steam Print. House, 1876. ENG url p. 98.
• Flora of Colorado, by P.A. Rydberg. Fort Collins, Col., Experiment Station, 1906. ENG url p. 328, p. 328.
• Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore: an annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of the peninsula of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. [Wilmington]: Society of Natural History of Delaware, 1946. ENG url p. 268.
• Flora of Illinois, containing keys for the identification of the flowering plants and ferns, by George Neville Jones Notre Dame, Ind., The University Press, 1945. ENG url p. 247.
• Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. ENG url p. 861, p. 960.
• Flora of Lancaster County; being descriptions of the seed- plants growing naturally in Lancaster County, Pennsylvanial. By John Kunkel Small and Joel Jackson Carter. New York, 1913. ENG url p. 283.
• Flora of Nebraska; a list of the conifers and flowering plants of the state, with keys for their determination. [Lincoln, Neb., Printed by State Printing Co., 1912] ENG url p. 185, p. 99.
• Flora of New Bedford and the shores of Buzzards Bay, with a procession of the flowers. New Bedford [Mass.]E. Anthony, 1911. ENG url p. 63.
• Flora of Pennsylvania. Edited with the addition of analytical keys by John Kunkel Small. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1903. ENG url p. 307.
• Flora of Vermont; a list of the fern and seed plants growing without cultivation. Prepared by Ezra Brainerd, L.R. Jones and W.W. Eggleston, committee for the Vermont botanical club. Burlington, Vt., Free Press Association, 1900. ENG url p. 83.
• Flora of West Virginia, by Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Lawrence William Nuttall. Chicago, 1896. ENG url p. 231, p. 231.
• Flora of West Virginia. Charleston, W. Va., M.W. Donnally, 1892. ENG url p. 387.
• Flora of southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho, by Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New era printing company, 1914. ENG url p. 258.
• Flora of the Lancetilla Valley, Honduras, by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1931. ENG url p. 18, p. 249.
• Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio /c by A.P. Morgan. Dayton, Ohio: Literary Union, 1878. ENG url p. 25.
• Flora of the southeastern United States; being descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and in Oklahom by John Kunke New York, The author, 1913. ENG url p. 1150.
• Flora of the southern United States: containing abridged descriptions of the flowering plants and ferns of Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida: arranged according to the natural system. The ferns by Daniel C. Ea New York, Ivison, Phinney, 1865. ENG url p. 223.
• Flora of the state of Washington. By Charles V. Piper. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1906. ENG url p. 551.
• Florula bostoniensis. A collection of plants of Boston and its vicinity, with their generic and specific characters, principal synonyms, descriptions, places of growth, and time of flowering, and occasional remarks. By Jacob Bigelow Boston, Cummings, Hilliard, & co., 1824. ENG url p. 343.
• Gesammelte Abhandlungen �ber Pflanzen-Physiologie, von Julius Sachs. Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1892-93. GER url p. 951, p. 951.
• Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. (Glea Cron)
• Grand Rapids flora: a catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns growing without cultivation in the vicinity of Grand Rapids, Michigan. Grand Rapids, Mich., A. Van Dort, 1901. ENG url p. 145.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 139.
• Growth of plants; twenty years' research at Boyce Thompson Institute. New York, Reinhold Pub. Corp., 1948. ENG url p. 134, p. 449, p. 45, p. 452, p. 46, p. 64.
• Handbook of the flora of Philadelphia and vicinity, containing data relating to the plants within the following radius: eastern Pennsylvania; all of New Jersey except the northern counties; and New Castle County, Delaware, with keys for identification co Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, 1905. ENG url p. 313.
• Hardwicke's science-gossip: an illustrated medium of interchange and gossip for students and lovers of nature. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1866- ENG url p. 264.
• Hawaiian Pittospora. Some Mexican Coreopsideae. A note on Xylosma hawaiiense Seem. By Earl Edward Sherff. [Chicago, 1942] ENG url p. 581.
• Heteroptera, or true bugs of eastern North America, with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida, by W.S. Blatchley Indianapolis, The Nature publishing company, 1926. ENG url p. 595, p. 749, p. 764, p. 803.
• Insects injurious to vegetables, by F. H. Chittenden. New York, O. Judd Co., 1907. ENG url p. 200.
• International catalogue of scientific literature. London: Published for the International Council by the Royal Society of London, 1902-1919. ENG url p. 834.
• Jahresbericht der Vereinigung f�r Angewandte Botanik. Berlin: Gebr�der Borntraeger, 1907-1919. GER url p. 227, p. 270.
• Jahresbericht �ber das Gebiet der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Berlin: P. Parey, 1907-1917. GER url p. 13, p. 20, p. 23, p. 338, p. 430, p. 53.
• Jahresbericht �ber die Neuerungen und Leistungen auf dem Gebiete der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Berlin: P. Parey, 1903-1905. GER url p. 29, p. 332, p. 35.
• Jarvis, C. E. & N. J. Turland, eds. 1998. Typification of Linnaean specific and varietal names in the Compositae (Asteraceae). Taxon 47:351. [typification].
• Journal de botanique. Paris, Bureau de journaux. FRE url p. 259.
• Journal of Hymenoptera research. Washington, D.C.: International Society of Hymenopterists, [1992- ENG url p. 114.
• Journal of agricultural research. Washington, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1913-1949.. ENG url p. 138, p. 903.
• Journal of applied microscopy and laboratory methods. Rochester, N.Y.: Publication Dept., Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., [1901-1903] ENG url p. 2695.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. ENG url p. 129, p. 193, p. 254, p. 44.
• Journal of economic entomology. [College Park, Md., etc.]Entomological Society of America [etc.] ENG url p. 121, p. 180, p. 288, p. 385, p. 417, p. 569.
• Journal of mycology. Manhattan, Kan.: [s.n.], 1885-1908. ENG url p. 12, p. 189, p. 192, p. 269.
• Journal of the New York Entomological Society. Lawrence, Kan.: Allen Press [etc.] ENG url p. 350, p. 61, p. 79.
• Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington [etc., Washington Academy of Sciences] ENG url p. 304.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller l�nder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 102, p. 1113, p. 1188, p. 1212, p. 144, p. 151, p. 162, p. 171, p. 195, p. 215, p. 227, p. 270, p. 272, p. 283, p. 296, p. 302, p. 305, p. 310, p. 32, p. 322, p. 325, p. 381, p. 439, p. 452, p. 454, p. 526, p. 53, p. 538, p. 609, p. 619, p. 624, p. 656, p. 798, p. 816, p. 84, p. 858, p. 887, p. 967.
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. (F USSR)
• Leaf-mining insects / by James G. Needham, Stuart W. Frost, Beatrice H. Tothill. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins company, [c1928] ENG url p. 303, p. 62.
• McGregor, R. L. et al. (The Great Plains Flora Association). 1977. Atlas of the Flora of the Great Plains. (Atlas GPlains)
• McVaugh, R. 1983–. Flora Novo-Galiciana. (F NGalicia) [mentions].
• Meddelanden af Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsingfors[Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica] SWE url p. 138.
• Memoirs and proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society. Manchester: The Society, -1958. ENG url p. 17.
• Miscellaneous contributions, micro-lepidoptera, 1902-10 / Kearfott. [s.l.: s.n., 1902-10]. ENG url p. 289, p. 298.
• Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas, 1946-1996. ENG url p. 14.
• Moulds, mildews, and mushrooms; a guide to the systematic study of the Fungi and Mycetozoa and their literature. New York, H. Holt, 1899. ENG url p. 35, p. 35.
• Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora. (F CalifMunz)
• Nederlandsch kruidkundig archief. Leyden: S. en J. Luchtmans, 1846-1951. DUT url p. 55.
• Notes on the flora of western Nova Scotia, 1921 / M.L. Fernald. Cambridge, MA: Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 1922. ENG url p. 205.
• Occasional papers of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas. Lawrence, Kansas: The University, 1971-1994. ENG url p. 36.
• Ohio Flora Committee (E. L. Braun, T. S. Cooperrider, T. R. Fisher, J. J. Furlow). 1967–. The vascular flora of Ohio. (F Ohio)
• On the Coleoptera known to occur in Indiana. Indianapolis, W.B. Burford, contractor for state printing, 1910. ENG url p. 1314, p. 836.
• On the micro-lepidoptera of the West Indies / by Lord Walsingham. [London]: Zoological Society of London, 1891. ENG url p. 145.
• Order Coleoptera / [John Bernhard Smith?] [Trenton?: New Jersey State Museum, 1909?] ENG url p. 344.
• Orthoptera of northeastern America, with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida, by W.S. Blatchley Indianapolis, The Nature Publishing Company, 1920. ENG url p. 441, p. 443.
• Outlines of botany for the high school laboratory and classroom (based on Gray's Lessons in botany) by Robert Greenleaf Leavitt prepared at the request of the Botanical Department of Harvard University. New York, American Book Co.[1901] ENG url p. 273.
• Papilio. New York, New York Entomological Club. ENG url p. 107, p. 233, p. 236.
• Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. ENG url p. 171, p. 757.
• Plant physiology. Edited by R. B. Harvey and A. E. Murneck. 2d English ed., translated and rev. from the 5th Russian ed. Translated from the Russian ed. Translated from the Russian by Irene V. Krassovsky. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1938. ENG url p. 388.
• Plant physiology; a textbook for colleges and universities, by Bernard S. Meyer and Donald B. Anderson New York, D. Van Nostrand Company, inc., 1939. ENG url p. 304, p. 641.
• Principles of plant physiology, by Oran Raber. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1938. ENG url p. 392, p. 395.
• Proceedings and transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. D�lib�rations et m�moires de la Soci�t� royale du Canada. Ottawa [etc.]Soci�t� royale du Canada. FRE url p. 76, p. 78.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 447, p. 514, p. 514.
• Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. [Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington] ENG url p. 10, p. 46, p. 51, p. 58, p. 61, p. 69, p. 9.
• Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. Indianapolis, Ind.[s.n.] ENG url p. 152, p. 177, p. 179, p. 180, p. 182, p. 184, p. 187, p. 202, p. 212, p. 223, p. 35, p. 56.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 389, p. 455, p. 495, p. 692.
• Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. (F Carolin)
• Radford, A. E. et al., eds. 1980–. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States. (F SE US)
• Report of the Michigan Academy of Science. Lansing, Mich.: The Academy, 1900-1904. ENG url p. 136.
• Report of the State Entomologist on injurious and other insects of the state of New York. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co.; University of the State of New York, 1882- ENG url p. 115.
• Report of the flora of Westchester County. Prepared for Bolton's History of the County. [New YorkRoper & Burdge, 1880?] ENG url p. 793.
• Rhynchophora or weevils of north eastern America, by W.S. Blatchley and C.W. Leng Indianapolis, The Nature Publishing Company, 1916. ENG url p. 103, p. 485.
• Scoggan, H. J. 1978–1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol. (F Canada)
• Seed Regulatory and Testing Branch, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. 1999. State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act. (State Noxweed Seed)
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. ENG url p. 249.
• Steyermark, J. A. 1977. Flora of Missouri. (F Missouri)
• Stockholmstraktens v�xter: f�rteckning �ver fanerogamer och k�rlkryptogamer med fyndorter och frekvensuppgifter / utgiven av Botaniska s�llskapet i Stockholm genom Gunnar Andersson [et al.]. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt, 1914. SWE url p. 10.
• Students' handbook to accompany Plants and their uses / by Frederick Leroy Sargent. New York: Henry Holt, 1914. ENG url p. 66.
• Studies of Central American plants. by Paul C. Standley and Julian A. Steyermark. [Chicago]: Field Museum of Natural History, [1940] ENG url p. 314.
• Studies of the vegetation of Missouri / By Julian A. Steyermark. [Chicago, 1940- ENG url p. 360, p. 367, p. 425, p. 427, p. 428.
• Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Digessit P. A. Saccardo. Patavii, sumptibus auctoris, 1882-1931. LAT url p. 85.
• Synoptical flora of North America: the Gamopetalae, a second edition of vol. I, pt. II, and vol. II, pt. I / collected by Asa Gray. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1888. ENG url p. 249.
• Terrell, E. E. et al. 1986. Agric. Handb. no. 505. (AH 505)
• The American botanist: a monthly journal for the plant lover. Binghamton, N.Y.: Willard N. Clute & Co., 1901-1948. ENG url p. 134, p. 32, p. 41, p. 49, p. 49.
• The Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1892-1911. ENG url p. 110, p. 46.
• The Canadian entomologist. Ottawa [etc.]Entomological Society of Canada [etc.] ENG url p. 117, p. 127, p. 153, p. 154, p. 176, p. 229, p. 246, p. 262, p. 284, p. 68, p. 71, p. 77, p. 80, p. 9, p. 99.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 153, p. 196, p. 197, p. 252, p. 257, p. 5.
• The Hypocreales of North America, by Fred Jay Seaver. New York, 1912. ENG url p. 45.
• The Irish naturalist. Dublin: Eason & Son, Ltd., 1892- ENG url p. 238.
• The North American Pyrenomycetes. A contribution to mycologic botany, by J. B. Ellis and B. M. Everhart. With original illustrations by F. W. Anderson. Newfield, N. J., Ellis & Everhart, 1892. ENG url p. 12, p. 319, p. 397, p. 588.
• The Ohio journal of science. [Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science] ENG url p. 125, p. 169, p. 187, p. 217, p. 30, p. 306, p. 31, p. 47, p. 481, p. 84.
• The Orthoptera of Indiana: an illustrated descriptive catalogue of the species known to occur in the state, with bibliography, synonymy and descriptions of new species / By W. S. Blatchley. Indianapolis: [Indiana Dept. of Geology and Natural Resources, 1903] ENG url p. 328.
• The Ottawa naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. ENG url p. 219.
• The Plant world. Baltimore [etc.]Plant World Association [etc.] ENG url p. 146, p. 180, p. 279, p. 94.
• The Popular science monthly. [New York, Popular Science Pub. Co., etc.] ENG url p. 374, p. 678.
• The Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. Des moines, Iowa: The Academy, [1889-1987] ENG url p. 119, p. 170, p. 172, p. 237, p. 238, p. 298, p. 351, p. 360, p. 391, p. 423, p. 425, p. 425, p. 490.
• The Review of applied entomology. [Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc.] ENG url p. 239, p. 409, p. 546, p. 550, p. 582, p. 601, p. 635, p. 672.
• The University of Kansas science bulletin. [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. ENG url p. 100, p. 102, p. 1020, p. 113, p. 128, p. 134, p. 1697, p. 179, p. 225, p. 23, p. 231, p. 259, p. 266, p. 42, p. 525, p. 533, p. 534, p. 538, p. 539, p. 575, p. 63, p. 686, p. 7, p. 75, p. 89, p. 91, p. 92, p. 93, p. 93, p. 94, p. 95, p. 96, p. 99.
• The University of Missouri studies. [Columbia]: The University, 1905-1918. ENG url p. 160, p. 171, p. 193, p. 372.
• The flora of Boulder, Colorado, and vicinity. [Columbia, Mo.]The University of Missouri, 1911. ENG url p. 12, p. 224, p. 23, p. 45.
• The flora of Scott and Muscatine counties. By W.D. Barnes, Fred Reppert [and] A.A. Miller. [Davenport, Iowa, 1901] ENG url p. 230.
• The flora of the upper Susquehanna and its tributaries / by WJillard Nelson Clute. Binghamton, N.Y.: W.N. Clute, 1898. ENG url p. 59.
• The living flora of West Virginia, by C.F. Millspaugh. The fossil flora of West Virginia, by David White. [Charleston?1913] ENG url p. 26.
• The ornithology of Illinois / [by Robert Ridgway and S.A. Forbes]. Springfield, Ill., H.W. Rokker, printer, 1889-1895. ENG url p. 225.
• The plants of Southern New Jersey; with especial reference to the flora of the Pine Barrens and the geographic distribution of the species. Trenton, 1911. ENG url p. 725.
• The plants of southern New Jersey; with especial reference to the flora of the pine barrens and the geographic distribution of the species. Trenton, 1911. ENG url p. 725.
• The transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. St. Louis: The Academy, 1860-1958. ENG url p. 168, p. 67, p. 69.
• Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis. [St. Louis, Academy of Science of St. Louis] ENG url p. 1, p. 168, p. 502, p. 67, p. 69.
• Transactions of the American Entomological Society. Philadelphia: The Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1890- ENG url p. 289, p. 298, p. 363, p. 374, p. 376.
• Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: W.Y. Morgan, 1903- ENG url p. 193, p. 195, p. 198, p. 50.
• Transactions of the Maryland Academy of Sciences. Baltimore: The Academy, 1901-[1921] ENG url p. 57.
• Transactions of the annual meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: Kansas Pub. House, 1883-1901. ENG url p. 130, p. 69, p. 73, p. 74, p. 81, p. 84, p. 84.
• Tulane studies in zoology and botany. New Orleans: Tulane University, [1968- ENG url p. 128.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. (F Eur)
• University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas. ENG url p. 134, p. 136, p. 367, p. 472, p. 505, p. 745.
• Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel. Basel, Birkher. GER url p. 276.
• Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Z�rich. Z�rich: F�si & Beer, GER url p. 286.
• Voss, E. 1972–. Michigan flora. (F Mich)
• Water in the physiology of plants, by A. S. Crafts, H. B. Currier and C. R. Stocking. Waltham, Mass., Chronica Botanica Co., 1949. ENG url p. 215.
• Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. (F Florida)
• Zoologischer Jahresbericht. Berlin, R. Friedlander. GER url p. 352, p. 538.
• Ambrosia (Compositae). J. Arnold Arbor. 45: 401430.
• Payne, W. W. 1964. A re-evaluation of the genus
• Peterson, K. M. and W. W. Payne. 1973. The genus Hymenoclea (Compositae: Ambrosieae). Brittonia 25: 243256.
• Strother, J. L. and B. G. Baldwin. 2002. Hymenocleas are ambrosias (Compositae). Madroño 49: 143144.

Notes

Contributors

• "Ambrosia trifida". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 11, 13, 14, 15. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 28, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 11, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 10 providers.
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Botany
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2657943
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-36521
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13753245
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:176138-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 103827
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 36521
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 176138-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST0C0Q0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: AMTRI AMTR
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 20796

Footnotes

1. Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother "Asteraceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 70. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. John L. Strother "Ambrosia". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 3, 9, 10, 25. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Ambrosia trifida". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 11, 13, 14, 15. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 292.650 meters (960.138 feet), Standard Deviation = 367.440 based on 1,104 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.