Ammannia coccinea

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Lythraceae

Herbs, shrubs , or trees ; young stems often quadrangular . Leaves opposite, often decussate, or whorled , rarely subalternate to alternate, simple , entire; pinnately veined, secondary veins typically joined in a series of intramarginal arches; stipules vestigial or absent. Inflorescences racemes , cymes, or panicles; flowers axillary or terminal , usually 4-, 6- or 8-merous, sometimes 3- or 5-merous, bisexual , regular or irregular. Floral tube perigynous, hemi-epigynous, or epigynous , persistent in fruit, membranous to leathery, often 6-12-ribbed; sepals valvate , equal to much shorter than floral tube, membranous to thickly leathery, persistent; epicalyx alternating with sepals or absent. Petals inserted at rim of floral tube, alternating with sepals, crinkled , clawed or not, frequently caducous , rarely absent. Stamens usually biseriate and 2 × as many as sepals, sometimes uniseriate , inserted near base of floral tube or higher, or numerous , multiseriate, with at least some inserted at floral rim just below sepals (Punica, Sonneratia, and some Duabanga) ; anthers versatile [rarely basifixed ]. Ovary superior, half-inferior, or inferior, 2-6- or multi-loculed, with many ovules per locule; style simple; stigma capitate, conic-peltate, or punctiform ; placentation axile , sometimes free central at fruit maturity. Fruit partly or completely surrounded by persistent floral tube , loculicidally dehiscent or irregularly dehiscent capsules, infrequently indehiscent, leathery, or berrylike. Seeds usually numerous, without endosperm; embryo straight, cotyledons flat or convolute.

About 31 genera and 625-650 species: widespread in tropical regions , less common in temperate regions ; ten genera and 43 species (ten endemic, four introduced ) in China.

From the morphological standpoint, the Lythraceae sensu lato (including Trapaceae) have a very generalized morphology, without a single unique, defining character, i.e. , there is no morphological synapomorphy that defines the family . At the same time, the genera are distinct . The position of the ovary in Duabanga, Punica, Sonneratia, and Trapa is variable: superior to partly inferior in Sonneratia; partly inferior in Duabanga; and partly, nearly, or completely inferior in Punica and Trapa. Several other features ally these genera to the Lythraceae sensu stricto, including opposite and simple leaves, commonly held wood anatomical characters (true for the Myrtales generally), development of a persistent floral tube, valvate sepals, 4- or 6-merous flowers, introrse and versatile anthers, axile placentation , and seeds without endosperm. Of the four genera, Trapa is the most divergent, but still sufficiently similar to the Lythraceae and Onagraceae to have been considered for membership within either family, or as a closely related family (as has been done in the present Flora ) . The inclusion of Sonneratia, Duabanga, and Punica in the Lythraceae adds some additional derived features to the definition of the family, but at the same time, brings together taxa that we know, from molecular sequence data, represent a single historical lineage . That knowledge of evolutionary relationship is lost if the genera are maintained as separate families, whereas the taxonomic utility of the Flora is not affected by their inclusion in an expanded Lythraceae.

The molecular data from four genes (three chloroplast and one nuclear ) unquestionably place not only Duabanga, Punica, and Sonneratia, but also Trapa, within the Lythraceae. Punica is well supported as a member of a clade of genera that includes Capuronia Lourteig, Galpinia N. E. Brown, and Pemphis (from East Africa and Madagascar) . Duabanga and Lagerstroemia are sister genera, and Sonneratia and Trapa, as unlikely as it may seem morphologically, are also sister genera. Duabanga, Lagerstroemia, Sonneratia, and Trapa together form one of seven clades in the family.[1]

Genus Ammannia

Herbs, annual , tending to become anthocyanic with age. Stems erect , glabrous ; young branches often 4-angled or narrowly winged . Leaves opposite, usually decussate, sessile or subsessile , membranous. Inflorescences cymose , with small, white, membranous bracteoles. Flowers 4(-6) -merous, actinomorphic . Floral tube campanulate or urceolate , becoming globose or nearly so in fruit, 4(-6) -lobed, noticeably 4-8-veined; sepals short, less than 1/3 length of floral tube; epicalyx segments between sepals small or absent. Petals absent to 4, caducous . Stamens 2-8. Ovary incompletely [1 or]2-4-loculed, globose; ovules numerous ; style much shorter to much longer than ovary, style base persistent in fruit; stigma capitate. Capsule globose, hyaline , smooth walled, not finely striated, irregularly dehiscing from apex. Seeds many, golden-brown, obovoid , concave-convex, ca. 1 mm. 2n = 18, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 40, 48, 66.

About 25 species: widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, mainly in Africa and Asia; four species (one naturalized ) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,085 meters (0 to 6,841 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Ammannia teres Raf.

Notes

Publishing author : Rottb. Publication : Pl. Hort. Univ. (Havn.) Programm. Descr. (1773) 7

Similar Species

Members of the genus Ammannia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 7 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

A. auriculata (Eared Redstem) · A. baccifera (Blistering Ammania) · A. coccinea (Annual) · A. latifolia (Koehne Ammannia) · A. ramosior (Lowland Toothcup) · A. robusta (Grand Redstem) · A. senegalensis (Red Ammannia)

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• "Ammannia coccinea". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 275, 276. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, Herbarium Specimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref., Japan
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2651074
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-27091
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13743007
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:552672-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 403806
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 27091
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 552672-1
• MoBot NameID: 19200303
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDLYT01020
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: AMTE6
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 20823

Footnotes

1. Haining Qin, Shirley A. Graham & Michael G. Gilbert "Lythraceae". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 274, 290, 400. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Haining Qin & Shirley A. Graham "Ammannia". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 275. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 243.730 meters (799.639 feet), Standard Deviation = 252.800 based on 851 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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