Ammannia coccinea

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Lythraceae

Herbs, shrubs , or trees ; young stems often quadrangular . Leaves opposite, often decussate, or whorled , rarely subalternate to alternate, simple , entire; pinnately veined, secondary veins typically joined in a series of intramarginal arches; stipules vestigial or absent. Inflorescences racemes , cymes, or panicles; flowers axillary or terminal , usually 4-, 6- or 8-merous, sometimes 3- or 5-merous, bisexual , regular or irregular. Floral tube perigynous, hemi-epigynous, or epigynous , persistent in fruit, membranous to leathery, often 6-12-ribbed; sepals valvate , equal to much shorter than floral tube, membranous to thickly leathery, persistent; epicalyx alternating with sepals or absent. Petals inserted at rim of floral tube, alternating with sepals, crinkled , clawed or not, frequently caducous , rarely absent. Stamens usually biseriate and 2 × as many as sepals, sometimes uniseriate , inserted near base of floral tube or higher, or numerous , multiseriate, with at least some inserted at floral rim just below sepals (Punica, Sonneratia, and some Duabanga) ; anthers versatile [rarely basifixed ]. Ovary superior, half-inferior, or inferior, 2-6- or multi-loculed, with many ovules per locule; style simple; stigma capitate, conic-peltate, or punctiform ; placentation axile , sometimes free central at fruit maturity. Fruit partly or completely surrounded by persistent floral tube , loculicidally dehiscent or irregularly dehiscent capsules, infrequently indehiscent, leathery, or berrylike. Seeds usually numerous, without endosperm; embryo straight, cotyledons flat or convolute.

About 31 genera and 625-650 species: widespread in tropical regions , less common in temperate regions ; ten genera and 43 species (ten endemic, four introduced ) in China.

From the morphological standpoint, the Lythraceae sensu lato (including Trapaceae) have a very generalized morphology, without a single unique, defining character, i.e. , there is no morphological synapomorphy that defines the family . At the same time, the genera are distinct . The position of the ovary in Duabanga, Punica, Sonneratia, and Trapa is variable: superior to partly inferior in Sonneratia; partly inferior in Duabanga; and partly, nearly, or completely inferior in Punica and Trapa. Several other features ally these genera to the Lythraceae sensu stricto, including opposite and simple leaves, commonly held wood anatomical characters (true for the Myrtales generally), development of a persistent floral tube, valvate sepals, 4- or 6-merous flowers, introrse and versatile anthers, axile placentation , and seeds without endosperm. Of the four genera, Trapa is the most divergent, but still sufficiently similar to the Lythraceae and Onagraceae to have been considered for membership within either family, or as a closely related family (as has been done in the present Flora ) . The inclusion of Sonneratia, Duabanga, and Punica in the Lythraceae adds some additional derived features to the definition of the family, but at the same time, brings together taxa that we know, from molecular sequence data, represent a single historical lineage . That knowledge of evolutionary relationship is lost if the genera are maintained as separate families, whereas the taxonomic utility of the Flora is not affected by their inclusion in an expanded Lythraceae.

The molecular data from four genes (three chloroplast and one nuclear ) unquestionably place not only Duabanga, Punica, and Sonneratia, but also Trapa, within the Lythraceae. Punica is well supported as a member of a clade of genera that includes Capuronia Lourteig, Galpinia N. E. Brown, and Pemphis (from East Africa and Madagascar) . Duabanga and Lagerstroemia are sister genera, and Sonneratia and Trapa, as unlikely as it may seem morphologically, are also sister genera. Duabanga, Lagerstroemia, Sonneratia, and Trapa together form one of seven clades in the family.[1]

Genus Ammannia

Herbs, annual , tending to become anthocyanic with age. Stems erect , glabrous ; young branches often 4-angled or narrowly winged . Leaves opposite, usually decussate, sessile or subsessile , membranous. Inflorescences cymose , with small, white, membranous bracteoles. Flowers 4(-6) -merous, actinomorphic . Floral tube campanulate or urceolate , becoming globose or nearly so in fruit, 4(-6) -lobed, noticeably 4-8-veined; sepals short, less than 1/3 length of floral tube; epicalyx segments between sepals small or absent. Petals absent to 4, caducous . Stamens 2-8. Ovary incompletely [1 or]2-4-loculed, globose; ovules numerous ; style much shorter to much longer than ovary, style base persistent in fruit; stigma capitate. Capsule globose, hyaline , smooth walled, not finely striated, irregularly dehiscing from apex. Seeds many, golden-brown, obovoid , concave-convex, ca. 1 mm. 2n = 18, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 40, 48, 66.

About 25 species: widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, mainly in Africa and Asia; four species (one naturalized ) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,085 meters (0 to 6,841 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Ammannia coccinea purpurea (Lam.) Koehne
2. Ammannia teres Raf.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Pl. horti univ. rar. progr. 7. 1773

Name verified on 29-Apr-2002 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 29-Apr-2002

Similar Species

Members of the genus Ammannia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 133 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. acutidens · A. aegyptiaca · A. alata · A. alcalina · A. alternifolia · A. anagalloides · A. apiculata · A. archboldiana · A. arenaria · A. aspera · A. attenuata · A. auriculata (Earleaf Ammannia) · A. australasica · A. baccifera (Monarch Redstem) · A. baccifera aegyptiaca · A. baccifera subsp. baccifera · A. baecifera · A. boraei · A. borysthenica · A. caspia · A. caspica · A. catholica · A. coccinea (Scarlet Loosestrife) · A. coccinea subsp. longifolia · A. cordata · A. crassicaulis · A. crassissima · A. crinipes · A. cryptantha · A. debilis · A. densiflora · A. dentelloides · A. dentifera · A. desertorum · A. diandra · A. diffusa · A. discolor · A. dodecandra · A. elata · A. elatinoides · A. elongata · A. evansiana · A. filiformis · A. floribunda · A. friesii · A. glauca · A. gracilis · A. hastata · A. hexandra · A. heyneana · A. hildebrandtii · A. humilis · A. hyrcanica · A. illecebroides · A. incarnata · A. indica · A. intermedia · A. japonica · A. koehnei · A. lanceolata · A. latifolia (Koehne Ammannia) · A. leptopetala · A. linearifolia · A. linearipetala · A. lingulata · A. littorea · A. longifolia · A. longipes · A. lythrifolia · A. madagascariensis · A. mexicana · A. microcarpa · A. monoflora · A. multicaulis · A. multiflora · A. multiflora var. parviflora · A. myriophylloides · A. nagpurensis · A. nana · A. nuttallii · A. occidentalis · A. occidentalis var. pygmaea · A. octandra · A. pallida · A. parviflora · A. passerinoides · A. pedunculata · A. pentandra · A. peploides · A. pinnatifida · A. portula · A. prieureana · A. prieuriana · A. prostrata · A. pubiflora · A. purpurea · A. pusilla · A. pygmaea · A. quadriciliata · A. racemosa

More Info

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Further Reading

• A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- ENG url p. 559.
• A guide and key to the aquatic plants of the Southeastern United States, by Don E. Eyles and Lynne Robertson, Jr. With original drawings by Garnet W. Jex. Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1963. ENG url p. 125.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1913. ENG url p. 577, p. 578.
• Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, ENG url p. 244.
• Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States, by Donovan S. Correll and Helen B. Correll. [Washington]Environmental Protection Agency; [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.]1972. ENG url p. 1162, p. 1163.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 14.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. ENG url p. 343.
• Flora Peoriana; the vegetation in the climate of middle Illinois. Peoria, Ill., J. W. Franks, 1887. ENG url p. 48, p. 77.
• Flora of Guatemala / Paul C. Standley and Louis O. Williams. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Natural History Museum, 1962. ENG url p. 241.
• Flora of Illinois, containing keys for identification of flowering plants and ferns. Notre Dame, Ind., University of Notre Dame Press, 1963. ENG url p. 160.
• Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. ENG url p. 697.
• Flora of Jamaica, containing descriptions of the flowering plants known from the island, by William Fawcett and Alfred Barton Rendle. London.Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum, 1910- ENG url p. 294.
• Flora of Nebraska; a list of the conifers and flowering plants of the state, with keys for their determination. [Lincoln, Neb., Printed by State Printing Co., 1912] ENG url p. 143.
• Flora of Peru / by J. Francis Macbride. Chicago, [Ill.]: Field Museum of Natural History, [1941] ENG url p. 217.
• Flora of Yucatan, by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1930. ENG url p. 369.
• Flora of southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho, by Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New era printing company, 1914. ENG url p. 168.
• Flora of the northwest coast, including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon. By Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New Era Printing Company, 1915. ENG url p. 245.
• Flora of the southeastern United States; being descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and in Oklahom by John Kunke New York, The author, 1913. ENG url p. 826, p. 827.
• Flora of the state of Washington. By Charles V. Piper. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1906. ENG url p. 398.
• Flora voor de Nederlandsch West-Indische eilanden, door I. Boldingh Amsterdam, Druk. van J. H. de Bussy, 1913. DUT url p. 301, p. 302, p. 426, p. 72.
• Gómez-Pompa, A. & V. Sosa, eds. 1978–. Flora de Veracruz. (F Veracruz)
• Graham, S. A. 1985. A revision of Ammannia (Lythraceae) in the Western Hemisphere. J. Arnold Arbor. 66:407.
• Graham, S. A. 2002. via email from F. Axelrod on 25 Apr. [regarding place of publication].
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 417, p. 847.
• Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. (Atlas WWeed)
• Howard, R. 1974–1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles. (F LAnt)
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 212, p. 495, p. 536, p. 840.
• McGregor, R. L. et al. (The Great Plains Flora Association). 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. (F GPlains)
• Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. ENG url p. 631.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. [Washington, Biological Society of Washington] ENG url p. 48.
• Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. (F Carolin)
• Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands / New York Academy of Sciences. New York, N.Y.: The Academy, 1919- url p. 19.
• Sources of the Ohio flora, by A.D. Selby and J.W.T. Duvel. [Columbus, 1899] ENG url p. 50.
• Studies of the vegetation of Missouri / By Julian A. Steyermark. [Chicago, 1940- ENG url p. 367.
• Summa plantarum: quae hactenus innotuerunt methodo Linnaeana per genera et species digesta illustrata descripta / a Fulgentio Vitman Mediolani: Typis Imper. Monast. s. Ambrosii majoris, 1789-1792. LAT url p. 330.
• Symbolae Antillanae, seu, Fundamenta florae Indiae Occidentalis / edidit Ignatius Urban. Berolini: Fratres Borntraeger, 1898-1928. GER url p. 435.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 5.
• The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay: The Society, ENG url p. 211.
• The Ohio journal of science. [Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science] ENG url p. 418.
• The University of Kansas science bulletin. [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. ENG url p. 168, p. 567.
• The University of Missouri studies. [Columbia]: The University, 1905-1918. ENG url p. 418.
• The flora of Boulder, Colorado, and vicinity. [Columbia, Mo.]The University of Missouri, 1911. ENG url p. 176.
• The flora of the American Virgin Islands / N.L. Britton. New York: New York Botanical Garden, 1918. ENG url p. 74.
• The flora of the Dutch West Indian islands by I. Boldingh. Leyden, E. J. Brill, 1909-14. ENG url p. 180, p. 81.
• The forests and flora of British Honduras / by Paul C. Standley and Samuel J. Record; in cooperation with the Conservator of Forests and the Agricultural Officer of the Colony. Chicago: [Field Museum of Natural History], 1936. ENG url p. 274.
• Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis. [St. Louis, Academy of Science of St. Louis] ENG url p. 495.

Notes

Contributors

• "Ammannia coccinea". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 275, 276. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 24, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, Herbarium Specimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref., Japan
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2651074
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-27091
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13743007
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:552672-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 403806
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 27091
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 552672-1
• MoBot NameID: 19200303
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDLYT01020
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: AMTE6
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 20823

Footnotes

1. Haining Qin, Shirley A. Graham & Michael G. Gilbert "Lythraceae". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 274, 290, 400. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Haining Qin & Shirley A. Graham "Ammannia". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 275. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 243.730 meters (799.639 feet), Standard Deviation = 252.800 based on 851 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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