Ammophila arenaria

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Poaceae

Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos . Flowering stems (culms ) jointed , internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks , differentiated into sheath, blade , and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins , modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate , veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , an open, contracted , or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired , or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes ) empty, subtending 1 to many florets ; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn ), glumes also sometimes awned . Flowers bisexual or unisexual ; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy ; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary , anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear .

About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.[1]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found in the intertidal zone at the water's edge at a mean distance from sea level of 53 meters (173 feet).[2]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: No • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: No • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: Yes • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Spring • Fruit/Seed Period End: Summer • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: Low • Salinity Tolerance: Low • CaCO3 Tolerance: High • Minimum pH: 6.0 • Maximum pH: 8.5 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun . • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 30 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): 7 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 175 • Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Ammannia coccinea purpurea (Lam.) Koehne
2. Ammannia teres Raf.
3. Arundo arenaria L.
4. Calamagrostis arenaria (L.) Roth

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Hort. berol. 1:105. 1827

Name verified on 06-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 19-Apr-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Ammophila

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 66 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

A. aberti · A. albotomentosa · A. aphrodite · A. arenaria (European Beach Grass) · A. arenaria x · A. arenaria arundinacea · A. arenaria australis · A. arenaria subsp. australis · A. arundinacea · A. atripes · A. australis · A. azteca · A. baltica · A. beniniensis · A. boharti · A. bolanica · A. breviceps · A. breviligulata (American Beach Grass) · A. breviligulata subsp. champlainensis · A. brevipilis · A. californica · A. centralis · A. champlainensis (Lake Champlain Beachgrass) · A. clavus · A. cleopatra · A. curtissii · A. evansi · A. extremitata · A. fernaldi · A. ferrugineipes · A. ferruginosa · A. gaumeri · A. gracilis · A. gracillima · A. hermosa · A. heydeni · A. hirsuta · A. hungarica · A. infesta · A. juncea · A. laevicollis · A. leclercqi · A. littoralis · A. longifolia · A. macra · A. marshi · A. mcclayi · A. mediata · A. modesta · A. nasuta · A. occipitalis · A. pallida · A. parkeri · A. picipes · A. placida · A. pruinosa · A. sareptana · A. sickmanni · A. strenua · A. striata · A. terminata · A. urnaria · A. varipes · A. villosa · A. wrightii · A. zanthoptera

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 6, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 18, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 3 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 16, 2007:

• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Joint Nature Conservation Committee - Vegetation surveys of coastal shingle in Great Britain

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2660762
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-40449
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13753245
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:110082-3
• GRIN Nomen Number: 2911
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 40449
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 110082-3
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMPOA08010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: AMAR4
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 20825

Footnotes

1. Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Standard Deviation = 149.570 based on 2,798 observations. Terrestrial altitude and ocean depth information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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