Andropogon bicornis

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

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Description

Family Poaceae

Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos . Flowering stems (culms ) jointed , internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks , differentiated into sheath, blade , and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins , modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate , veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , an open, contracted , or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired , or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes ) empty, subtending 1 to many florets ; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn ), glumes also sometimes awned . Flowers bisexual or unisexual ; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy ; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary , anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear .

About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.[1]

Genus Andropogon

Annual or perennial . Leaf blades linear , not aromatic ; ligule scarious or reduced to a line of hairs . Inflorescence simple or compound ; racemes fragile, usually paired , occasionally digitate or single, terminal on the culm or axillary and gathered into a spathate compound panicle; spikelets of a pair dissimilar; raceme bases not deflexed , without homogamous spikelets (present in A. munroi) ; rachis internodes filiform to linear or clavate , sometimes inflated , ciliate on margins . Sessile spikelet usually dorsally compressed ; callus short, obtuse , shortly bearded , inserted into internode apex; lower glume membranous to leathery, 2-keeled, lanceolate, flat to concave with lateral keels , these sometimes narrowly winged , with or without intercarinal veins, or linear with dorsal keels and a deep veinless median groove ; upper glume awned or awnless; lower floret reduced to a hyaline lemma; upper lemma hyaline, 2-lobed, awned from sinus ; awn geniculate , column glabrous or puberulous . Stamens 1-3. Pedicelled spikelet variable, large to much reduced, male or barren. x = 10.

About 100 species: tropical and warm-temperate regions of both hemispheres, especially Africa and America; two species in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,936 meters (0 to 16,194 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Anatherum bicorne (L.) P. Beauv.
2. Saccharum bicorne (L.) Griseb.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 2:1046. 1753, nom. cons. "bicorne"

Name verified on 20-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 29-May-2007

Similar Species

Members of the genus Andropogon

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 900 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. abyssinicus · A. acicularis · A. aciculatum · A. aciculatus · A. aculeatus · A. acuminatus · A. acutiusculus · A. adscendens · A. adustus · A. aequatoriensis · A. aesthenos · A. aethiopicus · A. afer · A. affinis · A. africanus · A. afzelianum · A. agrostoide · A. agrostoides · A. albescens · A. albidus · A. alectoridia · A. allioni · A. allionii · A. alopecuroides · A. alopecurus · A. alternans · A. altissimus · A. altus · A. amathystinus · A. amaurus · A. ambiguus · A. amboinicus · A. amethystinus · A. amplectens · A. amplexifolius · A. ampliflorus · A. anatherus · A. andongensis · A. androphilus · A. angustatus · A. angustifolium · A. angustifolius · A. anias · A. annulatus · A. annulatus var. humilis · A. annuus · A. anomalus · A. anthephoroides · A. anthisterioides · A. anthistirioides · A. appendiculatus · A. apricus · A. apricus var. indicus · A. arctatus (Pinewoods Bluestem) · A. arcuatus · A. arenarius · A. argenteo-pilosus · A. argenteus · A. argutus · A. argyraeus · A. argyreus · A. ariani · A. aridus · A. aristatus · A. aristidoides · A. aristulatus · A. armatus · A. armillaris · A. arnottianus · A. aromaticus · A. arrectus · A. arrhenobasis · A. arriani · A. arthropogon · A. arundinaceus · A. arvenceus · A. ascinodis · A. asper · A. assimilis · A. asthenos · A. astictus · A. attenuatus · A. aucheri · A. auctus · A. aureo-fulvus · A. aureum · A. aureus · A. auriculatus · A. australis · A. australis subsp. leiocladus · A. avenaceum · A. avenaceus · A. axilis · A. bagirmicus · A. baileyi · A. bakeri · A. barbatum · A. barbatus · A. barbinode · A. barbinodis

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Further Reading

• A contribution to the botany of the Isle of Pines, Cuba, based upon the specimens of plants from that island contained in the herbarium of the Carnegie Museum under date of October, 1916. By O.E. Jennings. [n.p., 1917] ENG url p. 51, p. 57.
• A contribution to the flora of Honduras, by T. G. Yuncker. Chicago, 1938. ENG url p. 312.
• Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica. (F Jam)
• Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires: Impr. de Juan A. Alsina, 1895-1911. SPA url p. 52.
• Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Wien, Naturhistorisches Museum [etc.] GER url p. 142.
• Annales de l'Institut colonial de Marseille. Marseille: Institut colonial de Marseille, -1906. FRE url p. 530.
• Annals of the Carnegie Museum. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901- ENG url p. 476, p. 51, p. 57.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 320.
• Brummitt, R. K. 2001. Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 51. Taxon 50:560. [conservation proposal recommended].
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 30 1903 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870- ENG url p. 373.
• CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) (Weed CIBA)
• Campbell, C. S. 1983. Systematics of the Andropogon virginicus complex (Gramineae). J. Arnold Arbor. 64:175.
• Catalogue of the grasses of Cuba. By A. S. Hitchcock. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1909. ENG url p. 192, p. 193, p. 253, p. 254.
• Contributions to the flora of Venezuela / Julian A. Steyermark and collaborators. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Natural History Museum, 1957. ENG url p. 1192, p. 780, p. 784, p. 789.
• Davidse, G. & N. Turland. 1999. (1417) Proposal to conserve the name Andropogon bicornis (Gramineae) with a conserved type. Taxon 48:573–574.
• Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana. (F Mesoamer)
• Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Wien: Aus der Kaiserlich-K©niglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1850-1918. GER url p. 63.
• Ensayo sobre las plantas usuales de Costa Rica / por H. Pittier. Washington, D.C.: H.L. & J.B. McQueen, 1908. SPA url p. 82.
• Enumration des Glumaces rcoltes aux Antilles franaises, par T. Husnot et A. Coutance. Caen, Impr. de F. Le Blanc-Hardel, 1871. FRE url p. 22.
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America. (F NAmer)
• Family #15, Gramineae / Richard W. Pohl. [Chicago]: Field Museum of Natural History, 1980. ENG url p. 42, p. 596.
• Flora of Costa Rica by Paul C. Standley Chicago, 1937. ENG url p. 68.
• Flora of Guatemala: part II: grasses of Guatemala / Jason R. Swallen; Bamboos / F.A. McClure. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Natural History Museum, 1955. ENG url p. 20, p. 22.
• Flora of Peru... by J. Francis Macbride. Chicago, 1936- ENG url p. 250, p. 68.
• Flora of the Lancetilla Valley, Honduras, by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1931. ENG url p. 87.
• Flora voor de Nederlandsch West-Indische eilanden, door I. Boldingh Amsterdam, Druk. van J. H. de Bussy, 1913. DUT url p. 115, p. 27, p. 426.
• Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. 1986–. Flora of the Guianas. (F Guianas)
• Grasses of the West Indies. By A. S. Hitchcock and Agnes Chase. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1917. ENG url p. 283, p. 406, p. 407, p. 409, p. 411, p. 412, p. 414, p. 415, p. 416, p. 417, p. 419, p. 421, p. 427, p. 428, p. 429, p. 431, p. 432, p. 433, p. 437, p. 438, p. 441, p. 442, p. 444, p. 445, p. 450, p. 454, p. 456, p. 458, p. 461, p. 462, p. 463, p. 464, p. 468, p. 470.
• Honduran mosses collected by Paul C. Standley, by Edwin B. Bartram. Chicago, 1929. ENG url p. 365.
• Howard, R. 1974–1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles. (F LAnt)
• I. Supplement to the flora of Barro Colorado island, Panama [by] Leslie A. Kenoyer and Paul C. Standley. Chicago, 1929. ENG url p. 145.
• Jahresbericht der Königl. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften über die Fortschritte der Botanik Breslau:Konigl. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1838-1847. GER url p. 208.
• Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 52 1971 Cambridge, Mass.: Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University [etc.], 1919- ENG url p. 592, p. 700.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 228, p. 646, p. 90.
• León (J. S. Sauget) & Alain (E. E. Liogier). 1946–1962. Flora de Cuba.; suppl. 1969 (F CubaLeon)
• Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. (F PR)
• Lista de las plantas encontradas hasta ahora en Costa Rica y en los territorios limítrofes: extractada de la "Biologia centrali-americana." [San José: Tip. Nacional, 1888] SPA url p. 90.
• Notulae systematicae. 12-13 1945-1948 Paris: J. Dumoulin, 1909-1960. FRE url p. 81.
• Plants of the Bahamas, Jamaica and Grand Cayman, by A.S. Hitchcock Issued March 9, 1893. [St. Louis, 1893] ENG url p. 146.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 837.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 586.
• Revision of the genus Cosmos, by Earl Edward Sherff... Chicago, Ill.:Field Museum of Natural History, 1932. ENG url p. 449.
• Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands / New York Academy of Sciences. New York, N.Y.: The Academy, 1919- url p. 110, p. 183, p. 25, p. 26, p. 331, p. 50.
• Studies of American plants. by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1931. ENG url p. 303.
• Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Digessit P. A. Saccardo. Patavii, sumptibus auctoris, 1882-1931. LAT url p. 96.
• Synopsis plantarum; seu, Enumeratio systematica plantarum plerumque adhuc cognitarum cum differentiis specificis et synonymis selectis ad modum Persoonii elaborata, auctore David Dietrich. Vimariae, B. F. Voigtii, 1839-1852. LAT url p. 405.
• The flora of the American Virgin Islands / N.L. Britton. New York: New York Botanical Garden, 1918. ENG url p. 26.
• The forests and flora of British Honduras / by Paul C. Standley and Samuel J. Record; in cooperation with the Conservator of Forests and the Agricultural Officer of the Colony. Chicago: [Field Museum of Natural History], 1936. ENG url p. 68.
• The transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. St. Louis: The Academy, 1860-1958. ENG url p. 475.
• Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis. [St. Louis, Academy of Science of St. Louis] ENG url p. 475.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 11 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 16, 2007:

• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
• SysTax, Missouri Botanical Garden
• SysTax, SysTax
• SysTax, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2660774
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-40469
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13753310
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:387584-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 3164
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 40469
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 116451-3
• MoBot NameID: 25513250
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ANBI
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 21068

Footnotes

1. Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Andropogon". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 572, 621, 623, 624, 627. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 458.490 meters (1,504.232 feet), Standard Deviation = 845.420 based on 477 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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