Andropogon virginicus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Sedge.

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Poaceae

Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos . Flowering stems (culms ) jointed , internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks , differentiated into sheath, blade , and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins , modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate , veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , an open, contracted , or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired , or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes ) empty, subtending 1 to many florets ; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn ), glumes also sometimes awned . Flowers bisexual or unisexual ; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy ; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary , anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear .

About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.[1]

Genus Andropogon

Annual or perennial . Leaf blades linear , not aromatic ; ligule scarious or reduced to a line of hairs . Inflorescence simple or compound ; racemes fragile, usually paired , occasionally digitate or single, terminal on the culm or axillary and gathered into a spathate compound panicle; spikelets of a pair dissimilar; raceme bases not deflexed , without homogamous spikelets (present in A. munroi) ; rachis internodes filiform to linear or clavate , sometimes inflated , ciliate on margins . Sessile spikelet usually dorsally compressed ; callus short, obtuse , shortly bearded , inserted into internode apex; lower glume membranous to leathery, 2-keeled, lanceolate, flat to concave with lateral keels , these sometimes narrowly winged , with or without intercarinal veins, or linear with dorsal keels and a deep veinless median groove ; upper glume awned or awnless; lower floret reduced to a hyaline lemma; upper lemma hyaline, 2-lobed, awned from sinus ; awn geniculate , column glabrous or puberulous . Stamens 1-3. Pedicelled spikelet variable, large to much reduced, male or barren. x = 10.

About 100 species: tropical and warm-temperate regions of both hemispheres, especially Africa and America; two species in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Subhumid to humid subtropical areas on a wide range of soils, (PIER , 2003). From sea level to 1,600 m in Hawaii, (Smith). Dried material contributes to fire hazard, and reproduction is encouraged by fire, (PIER, 2003). On infertile soils (low in nitrogen or phosphorous), I. virginicus acts as a long-lived competitor, (Uchytil, 1992). Work in Tennesse showed broomsedge to have an average lifespan of 3-5 years and that all plants died within 7 years.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,426 meters (0 to 7,959 feet).[3]

Biome: Disturbed areas, natural forest , range/grasslands, scrub/shrublands, wetlands

Ecology: This perennial bunchgrass sometimes forms continuous cover in boggy, open mesic and dry habitats . It releases highly persistent allelopathic substances (Rice 1972, In Smith). The dead material provides an excellent fuel for fires. It is fire-stimulated; its cover increases dramatically with each fire (Smith, Parman, and Wampler, 1980, in Smith). In areas where it occurs, both fire intensities and acreage burnt have increased, (Smith). Work in Oklahoma in the US showed no change with a single spring burn , an increase with two spring burns, and that it was drastically reduced with a summer or fall burn when soil conditions were dry. Andropogon virginicus invades forest and other native vegetation, along tracks, (ESC, undated). Nearly pure stands can persist as a result of competition and allelopathy, (Uchytil, 1992).

Biology

Reproduction

The seed is well adapted to catch in wool and fur as well as in clothing (PIER , 2003). May also be spread on mud on machinery, (PIER, 2003). Seeds are also dispersed by wind and readily establish on exposed soil, (Uchytil, 1992). Each flowering culm may have as many as 50 racemes , and each raceme 8 to 12 spikelets . Germination is relatively high after cold stratification . (Uchytil, 1992)

Flowering begins when plants are 2 or 3 years old, and continues thereafter (Uchytil, 1992).

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 36-48" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 6.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Anatherum virginicum (L.) Desv.
2. Anatherum virginicum (L.) Spreng.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 2:1046. 1753 "virginicum"

Name verified on 06-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 25-Feb-2002

Similar Species

Members of the genus Andropogon

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 899 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. abyssinicus · A. acicularis · A. aciculatum · A. aciculatus · A. aculeatus · A. acuminatus · A. acutiusculus · A. adscendens · A. adustus · A. aequatoriensis · A. aesthenos · A. aethiopicus · A. afer · A. affinis · A. africanus · A. afzelianum · A. agrostoide · A. agrostoides · A. albescens · A. albidus · A. alectoridia · A. allioni · A. allionii · A. alopecuroides · A. alopecurus · A. alternans · A. altissimus · A. altus · A. amathystinus · A. amaurus · A. ambiguus · A. amboinicus · A. amethystinus · A. amplectens · A. amplexifolius · A. ampliflorus · A. anatherus · A. andongensis · A. androphilus · A. angustatus · A. angustifolium · A. angustifolius · A. anias · A. annulatus · A. annulatus var. humilis · A. annuus · A. anomalus · A. anthephoroides · A. anthisterioides · A. anthistirioides · A. appendiculatus · A. apricus · A. apricus var. indicus · A. arctatus (Pinewoods Bluestem) · A. arcuatus · A. arenarius · A. argenteo-pilosus · A. argenteus · A. argutus · A. argyraeus · A. argyreus · A. ariani · A. aridus · A. aristatus · A. aristidoides · A. aristulatus · A. armatus · A. armillaris · A. arnottianus · A. aromaticus · A. arrectus · A. arrhenobasis · A. arriani · A. arthropogon · A. arundinaceus · A. arvenceus · A. ascinodis · A. asper · A. assimilis · A. asthenos · A. astictus · A. attenuatus · A. aucheri · A. auctus · A. aureo-fulvus · A. aureum · A. aureus · A. auriculatus · A. australis · A. australis subsp. leiocladus · A. avenaceum · A. avenaceus · A. axilis · A. bagirmicus · A. baileyi · A. bakeri · A. barbatum · A. barbatus · A. barbinode · A. barbinodis

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 4, 2006.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 14, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 3 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 14, 2007:

• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2660767
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-40456
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13753908
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:289713-2
• GRIN Nomen Number: 3355
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 40456
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMPOA0C0K0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ANVIT2 ANV
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 17108

Footnotes

1. Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Andropogon". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 572, 621, 623, 624, 627. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 186.770 meters (612.762 feet), Standard Deviation = 186.130 based on 995 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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