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Anemone hupehensis

(Prinz Heinrich Japanese Anemone)

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Hupeh Thimble-Weed, Japanese thimbleweed, Japanese Anemone, Japanese Thimbleflower, Japanese Thimbleweed, Japanese Windflower, Prinz Heinrich Japanese Anemone

Common Names in Portuguese:

Anêmona

Description

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Family Ranunculaceae

Herbs perennial or annual , sometimes subshrubs or herbaceous or woody vines . Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , simple or variously compound , palmately nerved, rarely penninerved , with or without stipules. Inflorescence a simple or compound monochasium, dichasium, simple or compound raceme, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual , sometimes unisexual , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals 3--6 or more, free , petaloid or sepaloid , imbricate or sometimes valvate in bud. Petals present or absent, 2--8 or more, free, usually with nectaries. Stamens numerous , rarely few, free; filaments linear or filiform ; anthers latrorse , introrse , or extrorse ; sometimes some sterile stamens becoming staminodes. Carpels numerous or few, rarely 1, free, rarely connate to various degrees ; ovary with 1 to many ovules. Fruit follicles or achenes, rarely capsules or berries . Seeds small, with abundant endosperm and minute embryo.

About 60 genera and 2500 species: worldwide, but richly represented in N temperate regions , particularly in E Asia; 38 genera (four endemic) and 921 species (604 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Anemone

Herbs, perennial , from rhizomes, caudices, or tubers. Leaves basal, simple or compound , petiolate . Leaf blade lobed or parted or undivided, reniform to obtriangular or lanceolate, margins entire or variously toothed . Inflorescences terminal , 2-9-flowered cymes or umbels, or flowers solitary, to 60 cm; involucres present, often with primary involucres subtending inflorescences, and secondary and tertiary involucres subtending inflorescence branches or single flowers (primary, secondary, and tertiary involucres appearing to be in tiers ), involucral bracts 2-7(-9), leaflike or sepaloid , distant from or close to flowers. Flowers bisexual , radially symmetric ; sepals not persistent in fruit, 4-20(-27), white, purple, blue, green, yellow, pink, or red, plane , linear to oblong or ovate to obovate , 3.5-40 mm; petals usually absent (present in A. patens ), distinct , plane, obovate to elliptic , 1.5-2 mm; nectary present; stamens 10-200; filaments filiform or somewhat broadened at base ; staminodes absent between stamens and pistils; pistils many, simple; ovule 1 per pistil; style present. Fruits achenes, aggregate, sessile or stalked, ovoid to obovoid , sides not veined; beak (persistent style) present, sometimes rudimentary , terminal, straight or curved , to 40(-50) mm, sometimes plumose . x =7 or 8.

Species ca. 150: nearly worldwide, primarily in cooler temperate and arctic regions.

The taxonomy of Anemone continues to be problematic. Anemone occidentalis and A. patens var. multifida (the first two taxa in this treatment) are frequently placed in the genus Pulsatilla Miller on the basis of the long plumose achene beaks, and A. acutiloba and A. americana (the last two taxa in this treatment) in the genus Hepatica Miller, primarily on the basis of the involucre immediately subtending the flower and the lobed, persistent leaves. Recent phylogenetic analyses of Anemone in the broad sense, however, indicate that both Pulsatilla and Hepatica should be subsumed within Anemone. While traditional morphologic characters are useful in distinguishing between Pulsatilla and Hepatica species, respectively, many other morphologic and molecular attributes are shared with Anemone, strongly suggesting that these genera should be united (S. B . Hoot et al. 1994). In addition, a number of genera that have been recognized primarily on a cytotaxonomic basis (e.g. , Anemonastrum, Anemonidium, Anemonoides, and Jurtsevia ) are reduced to synonymy here. Some North American species of Anemone are closely related to plants in Europe, Asia, and South America and continue to be recognized at different ranks . For example, Anemone patens Linnaeus var. multifida (a species included in this treatment) was called Pulsatilla multifida (Pritzel) Juzepczuk for the former Soviet Union by S. V. Juzepczuk (1970) and Pulsatilla patens (Linnaeus) Miller var. multifida (Pritzel) Li S.H. & Huang Y. H. for China by Wang W.-T. (1980). Moreover, interspecific hybridization among some sympatric or nearly sympatric North American species also contributes to the confusion (see N. L. Britton 1891; C. L. Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969, vol. 2; R. S. Mitchell and J. K . Dean 1982). Additional analyses (e.g., G. Boraiah and M. Heimburger 1964; M. Heimburger 1959; C. Joseph and M. Heimburger 1966; and C. S. Keener et al. 1995) may prove to be helpful in resolving the taxonomy within this morphologically diverse genus.

Protoanemonin, an irritating acrid oil , is an enzymatic breakdown product of the glycoside ranunculin and is found in many species of Anemone. While protoanemonin can cause severe topical and gastrointestinal irritation, it is unstable and changes into harmless anemonin when plants are dried (N. J. Turner and A. F. Szczawinski 1991).

A caudex , as the term is used here, is the "woody," perennating base of an aerial shoot (inflorescences and basal leaves ). The word tuber refers to a swollen, more or less vertical underground stem. The aerial shoots arise from the apex of either of those persistent structures. Rhizome, as the term is used here, refers to an underground, usually horizontal stem (more or less vertical in Anemone piperi ), that is nearly uniform in diameter (about 1-4 mm diam., depending on the species) along its length. Aerial shoots arise directly from nodes at or near the apex of the rhizome.

Many species of Anemone have only one type of underground stem. Some species, however, have both rhizomes and caudices. In such cases the aerial shoots arise from the apex of a caudex attached to the rhizome. Some other species sometimes have both tubers and rhizomes. In those, one or more horizontal rhizomes arise near the apex of the tuber; the aerial shoots arise from the apex of the tuber.

Proportions given in the key for the middle lobes of basal leaves are calculated as follows: measure length of lobe from apex to a line connecting bases of sinuses; and measure total length of blade from leaf apex to summit of petiole .[2]

Physical Description

Species Anemone hupehensis

Caudex branched, erect , short, 8--12 × 0.5--0.7 cm, woody. Leaves 3--5; petiole 5--35 cm, densely pubescent , base sheathing ; leaf blade ternate , sparsely strigose ; petiolules 2--5 cm; central leaflet undivided, ovate or broadly so, 4--10 × 3--10 cm; lateral leaflets similar to central one but smaller. Scape 30--100 (--120) cm, sparsely pubescent; cyme 2- or 3-branched, many flowered. Involucral bracts 3; petiole 2--3 cm, base sheathing; bract blade similar to that of leaves, ternate, 3--7 cm. Pedicel 3--10 cm, pubescent, lateral ones with small, paired bracteoles. Sepals 5 (flowers single) or ca. 20 (flowers double , in cultivated plants ), purple, purple-red, pink or white, obovate , 20--30 × 13--20 mm, abaxially velutinous , basal veins 5--9, vein anastomoses more than 10. Stamens 4--6 mm; filament filiform ; anther ellipsoid . Pistils more than 180, long stipitate , ca.1.5 mm; ovary velutinous; stigma rectangular. Achene body ovoid , ca. 2 × 1 mm, lanate , hairs 3--4 mm; style straight, short. Fl. Jul--Oct. [source]

Cultivated plants with double flowers (with ca. 20 sepals) have been called Anemone hupehensis var. japonica (Thunberg) Bowles & Stearn (J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 72: 265. 1947; Atragene japonica Thunberg; Anemone hupehensis f. alba W. T. Wang; A. hupehensis var. simplicifolia W. T. Wang; A. japonica (Thunberg) Siebold & Zuccarini (1835), not Houttuyn (1778) ; A. scabiosa H. Léveillé & Vaniot). They are believed to have been derived from A. hupehensis stock. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: June, July, August. • Flower Color: magenta

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 24-36" tall.

Landscaping

Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system. For a neat appearance , remove old foliage before new leaves emerge . Divide clumps every 2 to 3 years in early spring .

Habitat

Scrub , grassy slopes , streamsides in hilly regions, sometimes cultivated or becoming naturalized ; 400--2600 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,118 meters (0 to 13,510 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 18-24" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 4.6 • Maximum pH: 6.0

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Moisture: Water Requirements: Keep surface of soil moist, but not soggy.

Temperature: Heat Zones: High: 3 (>7 to 14 days) Low:1 (< 1 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Cat. 176:40. 1910

Name verified on 31-May-1995 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 13-Mar-2008

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Anemone

There are approximately 811 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. abdurrehmanii · A. acanthifolia · A. aconitifolia · A. acuta · A. acutiloba · A. acutipetala · A. adamsiana · A. aequinoctialis · A. aff. polyanthes · A. affinis · A. afghanica · A. ajanensis · A. alba · A. albana · A. albida · A. albiflora · A. albomerus · A. alborosea · A. alchemillaefolia · A. 'Alice' (Japanese Thimbleflower) · A. almaatensis · A. alpicola · A. alpina · A. alpina subsp. apiifolia · A. alpina subsp. font-queri · A. alpina sulphurea · A. altaica · A. amagisanensis · A. ambigua · A. americana · A. amurensis · A. amurensis kamtschatica · A. 'Andrea Atkinson' (Japanese Thimbleflower) · A. angulosa · A. anhuiensis · A. anomala · A. antucensis · A. apeninna · A. apennina (Apennine Anemone) · A. apennina 'Ballyrogan Park' · A. apennina double-flowered · A. apennina 'Petrovac' · A. apennina 'Sharon Louise' · A. apennina var. albiflora (Apennine Anemone) · A. apiifolia · A. appenina · A. arborea · A. arctica · A. argentea · A. armena · A. assisbrasiliana · A. atragene · A. aurea · A. australis · A. 'Avalanche' (Japanese Thimbleflower) · A. baicalensis · A. baicalensis var. kansuensis · A. baicalensis var. saniculiformis · A. baicalensis var. rossii · A. baikalensis · A. baissunensis · A. baldenis · A. baldensis · A. balkana · A. barbulata · A. barneoudia · A. batangensis · A. bauhini · A. begoniifolia · A. begoniifolioides · A. berlandieri (Southern Thimble-Weed) · A. bhutanica · A. biarmiensis (Windflower) · A. bicolor · A. biflora · A. bilobata · A. blanda (Grecian Windflower) · A. blanda 'Atrocaerulea' · A. blanda blue-flowered · A. blanda 'Blue Mist' · A. blanda 'Blue Pearl' · A. blanda 'Blue Shades' (Blue Shades Anemone) · A. blanda 'Blue Star' (Grecian Windflower) · A. blanda 'Charmer' (Grecian Windflower) · A. blanda 'Fairy' · A. blanda 'Ingramii' · A. blanda mixed · A. blanda 'Pink Charmer' · A. blanda 'Pink Star' (Grecian Windflower) · A. blanda 'Radar' (Grecian Windflower) · A. blanda 'Rosea' (Grecian Windflower) · A. blanda var. rosea · A. blanda var. scythinica · A. blanda 'Violet Star' (Grecian Windflower) · A. blanda 'White Splendour' (Grecian Windflower) · A. blue-flowered · A. 'Blue Gown' · A. bodinieri · A. 'Bodnant Burgundy' (Japanese Thimbleflower) · A. bogenhardiana

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 01, 2008:

Identifiers

Footnotes

  1. Wencai Wang, Dezhi Fu, Liang-Qian Li, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, Bryan E. Dutton, Michael G. Gilbert, Yuichi Kadota, Orbélia R. Robinson, Michio Tamura, Michael J. Warnock, Guanghua Zhu & Svetlana N. Ziman "Ranunculaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 133. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  2. Bryan E. Dutton, Carl S. Keener & Bruce A. Ford "Anemone". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  3. "Anemone hupehensis". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 317. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  4. Mean = 901.660 meters (2,958.202 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,562.960 based on 38 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
Last Revised: 2009-05-07