Anthemis arvensis

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Asteraceae

Annuals , biennials, perennials , subshrubs , shrubs , vines , or trees . Roots usually taproots , sometimes fibrous . Stems usually erect , sometimes prostrate to ascending (underground stems sometimes woody caudices or rhizomes, sometimes fleshy ) . Leaves usually alternate or opposite, sometimes in basal rosettes, rarely in whorls; rarely stipulate , usually petiolate , sometimes sessile, sometimes with bases decurrent onto stems; blades usually simple (margins sometimes 1 2+ times pinnatifid or palmatifid ), rarely compound . Inflorescences indeterminate heads (also called capitula) ; each head usually comprising a surrounding involucre of phyllaries (involucral bracts ), a receptacle, and (1 ) 5 300+ florets; individual heads sessile or each borne on a peduncle; heads borne singly or in usually determinate, rarely indeterminate, arrays (cymiform, corymbiform , racemiform , spiciform , etc. ) ; involucres sometimes subtended by calyculi (sing. calyculus) ; phyllaries borne in 1 5( 15+) series proximal to (i.e. , outside of or abaxial to) the florets ; receptacles usually flat to convex , sometimes conic or columnar , either paleate (bearing paleae or receptacular bracts that individually subtend some or all of the florets) or epaleate (lacking paleae) ; epaleate receptacles sometimes bristly or hairy or bearing subulate enations among the florets. Florets bisexual , pistillate , functionally staminate , or neuter (also called neutral) ; sepals highly modifed (instead of ordinary sepals, each ovary usually bears a pappus of bristles , awns , and/or scales , sometimes in combination within a single pappus) ; petals connate , corollas (3 ) 5-merous, ± actinomorphic or zygomorphic (one or both kinds in a single head, see descriptions of radiate , discoid , liguliflorous, disciform, and radiant following) ; stamens (4 ) 5, alternate with corolla lobes , filaments inserted on corollas, usually distinct , anthers introrse , usually connate and forming tubes around styles (rarely filaments connate and anthers distinct; e.g. , Heliantheae, Ambrosiinae) ; ovaries inferior, 2-carpellate, and 1-locular with 1 basally attached, anatropous ovule ; styles 1 in each bisexual, functionally staminate, or pistillate floret; each style usually ringed at base by a nectary , distally 2-branched with stigmatic papillae borne on adaxial face of each branch in 2 separate or contiguous lines or in 1 continuous band (styles usually not branched in functionally staminate florets), style branches apically truncate or appendaged beyond the stigmatic bands or lines, appendages usually papillate to hirsute distally on abaxial (or abaxial and adaxial) faces. Fruits (technically cypselae, historically called achenes) usually dry with relatively thick, tough pericarps, sometimes beaked (rostrate ) and/or winged (alate ), often dispersed with aid from pappi. Seeds 1 per fruit, exalbuminous ; embryos straight.

Genera ca. 1500, species ca. 23,000 (418 genera, 2413 species in the flora ) : nearly worldwide, especially rich in numbers of species and/or in numbers of plants in arid and semiarid regions of subtropical and lower to middle temperate latitudes .

Asteraceae (Compositae, "composites," or "comps") have long been recognized as a natural group, and circumscription of the group has never been controversial (although some authors have divided the traditional family into three or more families) . A. Cronquist (1981) placed Asteraceae as the only family in the order Asterales within subclass Asteridae, associated with the Gentianales, Rubiales, Dipsacales, and Calycerales and relatively distant from Campanulales. On recent molecular phylogenetic data, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003; see references there for details; classification abbreviated APGII hereafter) has suggested that Asteraceae are better treated as part of a more widely defined Asterales within the asterids II informal clade (or campanulid clade; see W. S. Judd and R. G. Olmstead 2004) . Judd and Olmstead summarized the higher-order relationships of Asteraceae as follows (in order of decreasing inclusiveness; synapomorphies in parentheses) : asterids (ovules unitegmic and tenuinucellate , iridoid chemistry) ; core asterids (sympetaly, stamen number equal to petal number, stamen epipetaly, mostly 2 3-carpellate gynoecia) ; campanulids (early sympetaly), comprising eight unassigned families plus Aquifoliales, which is sister to Dipsacales, Apiales, and Asterales (last three sharing frequently inferior ovaries, polyacetylenes) ; and Asterales, which appears to be sister to Dipsacales-Apiales (K . Bremer et al. 2004) . The order Asterales (valvate petals, lack of apotracheal parenchyma, storage of inulin , ellagic acid present, and, possibly, the presence of a plunger or brush pollen presentation mechanism) now includes the following families (fide APGII) : Alseuosmiaceae, Argophyllaceae, Calyceraceae, Campanulaceae (optionally including Lobeliaceae), Goodeniaceae, Menyanthaceae, Pentaphragmaceae, Phellinaceae, Rousseauaceae, and Stylidiaceae. Within Asterales, Asteraceae is part of a clade (corollas with more or less fused lateral veins joining midvein near lobe apices, thick integuments, no endosperm haustorium) with the Menyanthaceae (cosmopolitan with Southern Hemisphere genera) basal to a more nested clade (inferior ovaries, possibly connate anthers, pollen exine with bifurcating columellae) comprising Asteraceae, Goodeniaceae (mainly Australia), and Calyceraceae (South America), the last being the immediate sister to Asteraceae (highly modified, persistent calyces, corolla venation patterns , unilocular and uniovulate gynoecia, pollen with intercolpar depressions , specialized fruits) . Aggregation of flowers into heads with involucres appears to have been a parallel phenomenon in Calyceraceae and Asteraceae, given the determinate nature of the former and indeterminate (racemose) organization of the latter. Some traits typical of Asteraceae predate evolution of the family as a distinct clade. Relationships of Asteraceae and Calyceraceae have been discussed by M. H. G. Gustafsson and Bremer (1995) . Synapomorphies of the Asteraceae clade include: calyces modified to structures called pappi, anthers connate (forming tubes) and styles modified to function as brushes in a specialized pollen presentation mechanism, ovaries each containing a single basal ovule, and production of sesquiterpene lactones .

K. Bremer et al. (2004) gave an Early Cretaceous origin for the Asteridae and the basal campanulids, and a Late Cretaceous origin for the Asterales. Bremer and M. H. G. Gustafsson (1997) also hypothesized a Late Cretaceous ancestry of Asterales in East Gondwanaland (Australasia), with later expansion into West Gondwanaland (South America-Antarctica), where the Asteraceae originated before the final separation of South America and Antarctica. Similarly, M. L. DeVore and T. F. Stuessy (1995) argued that the close relationships of Asteraceae to Goodeniaceae and Calyceraceae, plus the basal position of Barnadesioideae K. Bremer & R. K. Jansen (Asteraceae), indicated a South America-Antarctica-Australia origin for the complex . After reviewing previous hypotheses, they proposed a late Eocene origin for the complex and suggested a South American origin for the Asteraceae based on the basal position of the South American Barnadesioideae (see also Stuessy et al. 1996, on Barnadesioideae origin in southern South America in the Oligocene ) and their sister relationship to Calyceraceae. Fossil pollen data (both Mutisieae and Asteroideae types notably Heliantheae in the broad sense among earliest reports) reviewed by A. Graham (1996) appear to indicate an Eocene origin for Asteraceae in South America, with migration to North America at least by the Oligocene, possibly as early as the late Eocene. More recently, M. S. Zavada and S. E. de Villiers (2000; and references therein) reported Asteraceae pollen (assignable to Mutisieae in the broad sense) from the Paleocene-Eocene of South Africa, suggesting an earlier, West Gondwana (southern Africa or Australia) origin for the family. Such data indicate that some tribes of Asteraceae may have arrived in North America via long-distance dispersal or island hopping well before closure of the isthmus of Panama. They also have a bearing on the possible times of radiation of some tribes in North America, particularly Heliantheae in the broad sense and Eupatorieae, which originated in the continent (including Mexico and parts of Central America), and those that came to North America from or through South America such as Mutisieae, Vernonieae, some Plucheeae, and Astereae. Other tribes, such as Cynareae, Cichorieae, some Gnaphalieae, and Anthemideae, may have reached North America from Eurasia , possibly via Beringia (or as Amphi-Atlantic disjuncts ), at a later time.

The bases of a tribal classification within Asteraceae were established in the nineteenth century, primarily through the work of H. Cassini (especially in articles scattered through the 61 volumes of F. Cuvier 1816 1845; Cassini included synopses of his tribes as part of his entry for Zoegea, i.e., zyégée in French; the articles have been collected in three volumes by R. M. King and H. W. Dawson 1975), C. F. Lessing (1832), A. P. de Candolle (1828 1838, 1836 1838), and, particularly, G. Bentham (1873) . In the twentieth century, the tribal system of Cassini, as elaborated by Bentham, was widely followed with only slight modifications (see S. Carlquist 1976; A. Cronquist 1955, 1977; C. Jeffrey 1978; G. Wagenitz 1976b; see also J. Small 1919 and, for alternate views on Heliantheae-Eupatorieae, H. Robinson 1996) .

A molecular phylogenetic study by R. K. Jansen and J. D. Palmer (1987) established that a South American clade (later named Barnadesioideae) is basal within Asteraceae. Both cladistic morphologic analyses (e.g., K. Bremer 1994, 1996) and mostly chloroplast-DNA molecular phylogenies (e.g., Jansen et al. 1991, 1992; K. J. Kim et al. 1992; Kim and Jansen 1995; R. J. Bayer and J. R. Starr 1998; P. K. Eldenäs et al. 1999; B . G. Baldwin et al. 2002) have deepened our knowledge of tribal interrelationships within Asteraceae and led to the recent proposal of a phylogenetic classification for the family with 10 subfamilies and 35 tribes (J. L. Panero and V. A. Funk 2002) .

Treatment of Asteraceae here differs from some of the recently proposed classifications in that some groups continue to be traditionally circumscribed (e.g., Mutisieae in the broad sense, Heliantheae in the broad sense, including Helenieae and excluding Eupatorieae) . Where appropriate and so far as practicable, new taxonomies are acknowledged in our discussions of individual tribes (which see) . In North America, the following subfamilies and tribes, as defined by J. L. Panero and V. A. Funk (2002), are represented (tribes with no native representatives are marked by asterisks ) : Mutisioideae-Mutisieae in the strict sense, Gochnatioideae-Gochnatieae, and Hecastocleioideae-Hecastocleideae (all included in Mutisieae here, which see), Carduoideae (Cardueae = Cynareae), Cichorioideae (*Arctoteae, Cichorieae, Vernonieae), and Asteroideae [Senecioneae, *Calenduleae, Gnaphalieae, Anthemideae, Astereae, Plucheeae, *Inuleae, Eupatorieae, and the following segregates of Heliantheae in the broad sense (all treated here within or as subtribes of a fairly traditionally circumscribed Heliantheae) : Bahieae, Chaenactideae, Coreopsideae, Helenieae, Heliantheae in the strict sense, Madieae, *Millereae, Perityleae, Polymnieae, and Tageteae) ].

Asa Gray produced the first broadly influential floristic synthesis of North American Asteraceae. Other authors who made important contributions to floristics of North American Asteraceae in the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries were S. F. Blake, N. L. Britton, R. S. Ferris, M. L. Fernald, E. L. Greene, H. M. Hall, M. E. Jones, D. D. Keck, P. A. Rydberg, J. K. Small, and S. Watson. Some of those authors had narrower concepts of genera and species than had their predecessors and they freely recognized new taxa in Asteraceae (mostly genera and species) . Floristics of North American Asteraceae in the second half of the twentieth century was especially influenced by A. Cronquist (e.g., 1955, 1980, 1994; H. A. Gleason and Cronquist 1991), who usually favored traditional generic circumscriptions.

In the last 20 years or so, developments in molecular systematics have led to revisions of generic limits in some tribes of Asteraceae and, sometimes, to a return to generic concepts that had been suggested earlier but largely ignored. More or less worldwide, taxonomies in some tribes or parts of tribes have included segregate genera that have been revived or newly published. Most of the innovations will be summarized in the forthcoming Asterales volume of K. Kubitzki et al. (1990+) . The generic circumscriptions adopted here incorporate recent taxonomic findings relevant to North America, insofar as our contributors have accepted them. As a result, many of the genera treated herein have never been presented in a major flora before, and some species are included within genera with which they were not associated traditionally. Thus, the Flora brings together much new knowledge and many new names . In most instances, circumscriptions of species have turned out to be conventional. So far as practicable, recently named species from North America have been accounted for within relevant treatments herein.

With 418 genera and 2413 species (Table 1), Asteraceae is, numerically, the largest family in the flora of North America north of Mexico. Members of the family are found in diverse habitats , from the High Arctic tundra and polar deserts to the Sonoran warm-desert scrub , and from alpine habitats to salt marshes. Asteraceae are particularly conspicuous elements of warm-desert and intermountain grasslands, as well as of desert scrubs, notably the intermountain desert scrub where Artemisia dominates (M. G. Barbour and N. L. Christensen 1993) . Among other conspicuous species, members of Solidago and Symphyotrichum form a very showy part of the fall flowering in eastern North America, and members of Heliantheae sometimes produce striking displays in the American West (e.g., Gaillardia spp. , Lasthenia spp., members of Madiinae) .

Much has been published, not only on systematics (at various levels), but on biology , chemistry, and economic and medical uses of Asteraceae worldwide, particularly in proceedings (from conferences and symposia) edited by V. H. Heywood et al. (1977), T. J. Mabry and G. Wagenitz (1990), and D. J. N. Hind et al. (1995, 1996) .

Relatively few North American species of Asteraceae are economically important or widely used ethnobotanically. The only major Asteraceae crop of North American origin is the sunflower, Helianthus annuus, which is valued for its seed oil and is appreciated in the horticultural trade. Other crop plants from native species worth mention are Helianthus tuberosus, the Jerusalem artichoke, and Parthenium argentatum, the guayule, a source of rubber. Echinacea spp. are touted as health plants. Members of several genera of Asteraceae native to the flora are grown for their ornamental value, notably species of Coreopsis (tickseeds), Echinacea (coneflowers), Helianthus (sunflowers), Liatris (blazingstars and gayfeathers), Rudbeckia (black-eyed Susans), Solidago (goldenrods), and Symphyotrichum ("asters" of the trade) .

Many species of Asteraceae have been introduced into North America, mainly from Europe and Asia, some deliberately for medicines, foods, or horticulture , others accidentally (often with seeds or other agricultural products or by other means) . Few, if any, of the introduced taxa are thought to be noxious at the continental level, but some (e.g., Acroptilon) are considered noxious in large parts of their ranges within the flora. Taraxacum officinale is a common lawn weed that (in terms of dollars spent and herbicides applied in weed control) has an economic and ecologic impact disproportionate to the actual harm it causes; other weedy introduced Asteraceae are of little economic consequence. Some native Asteraceae are toxic to cattle and other livestock and are therefore considered weeds. And some native species of open habitats (e.g., Symphyotrichum pilosum) are often considered weeds because they invade fields left fallow. Ragweeds (especially Ambrosia artemisiifolia and A. trifida) range over nearly the whole continent and their wind-blown pollens cause late-summer allergic reactions (hayfever) for a large number of people. Because ragweeds have a large impact on human health, they have a significant, negative economic impact.

In contrast to Orchidaceae, for which a wealth of excellent, well-illustrated popular books are available, few popular field guides on Asteraceae of North America have been published. The guide by T. M. Antonio and S. Masi (2001) deserves notice for its maps, color photographs, and useful information.

Composites (members of Asteraceae) share some unusual morphologic traits and some morphologic terms are used in particular ways as applied here to them.

For treatments of composites here, "perennials" are herbaceous and differ from annuals and biennials in living longer than two years and differ from subshrubs, shrubs, and trees in not developing woody aerial stems.

In most composites, leaf venation comprises a midrib plus more or less equal lateral nerves or veins; such leaves are described as pinnately nerved. Venation in leaf blades of some composites often consists of a midrib plus relatively strong lateral veins that diverge at or just distal to bases of blades. Such leaves are described as 3-nerved, 3( 5) -nerved, 5-nerved, etc., and, as appropriate, the phrases "from bases" or "distal to bases" may be added for clarification.

Composites often have subsessile to sessile or sunken glandular hairs that consist of multicellular bases supporting globular elements that usually contain resinous or sticky substances. Such structures have been called glands , glandular hairs, glandular trichomes, punctae, resin dots, and so on. Sometimes, the glands are embedded in epidermal depressions or pits. Epidermes with glands more or less sunk into or embedded within the surface have been called glandular-punctate and/or punctate-glandular. The glands may be colorless (translucent ) or yellowish to dark brown or orange and are sometimes more prominent on dried specimens than in living plants. In keys and descriptions here, gland-dotted refers to the presence of such glandular hairs, whether sessile or in depressions or pits (as appropriate, "in pits" or "sessile" may be added for clarification) .

Inflorescences of composites are called heads (or capitula, sing. capitulum) . Heads may be borne singly (i.e., not clearly associated with other heads on the same plant) or associated in arrays. The arrays of heads on composites correspond to arrays of individual flowers (inflorescences) on plants of other families; arrays of heads are sometimes called capitulescences . Terms for architectural structures of arrays of heads are parallel to terms for kinds of inflorescences: cymiform, corymbiform, paniculiform , racemiform, spiciform, thyrsiform, etc.

In radiate heads, peripheral florets (ray florets) in one or more series have corollas with zygomorphic limbs and may be pistillate, or styliferous and sterile , or neuter; the central florets (disc florets) in radiate heads have ± actinomorphic corollas and may be bisexual or functionally staminate. In liguliflorous heads, all florets are bisexual and (usually) fertile and have zygomorphic corollas (ligulate florets) ; liguliflorous heads are characteristic of Cichorieae and are found in no other composites. In discoid heads, all florets have ± actinomorphic corollas and all are either bisexual and fertile or all are either functionally staminate or pistillate (in monoecious or dioecious taxa, e.g., Baccharis spp.) . In disciform heads, all florets have ± actinomorphic corollas, and peripheral florets (in one or more series) are usually pistillate and usually have relatively slender (often filiform ) corollas. Such peripheral pistillate florets are generally thought to be derived by reduction from ray florets, and plants with disciform heads are generally thought to be derived from ancestors with radiate heads. The central florets of disciform heads are usually bisexual, sometimes functionally staminate. By tradition and for simplicity, both the peripheral, pistillate florets and the inner, bisexual or functionally staminate florets in disciform heads may be referred to as "disc" florets. In radiant heads, all florets have ± actinomorphic corollas and the peripheral florets usually have much enlarged corollas and may be bisexual, pistillate, or neuter; the central florets of radiant heads are usually bisexual. Some composites have peripheral, bisexual florets with slightly to strongly zygomorphic corollas (e.g., some members of Chaenactis, Lessingia, Thymophylla, et al.) ; heads of such plants do not quite conform to any of the five types just described and such heads may be referred to as "quasi-radiate" or "quasi-radiant." Some florets in heads of some Mutisieae have 2-lipped corollas and those heads may be called "quasi-radiate" or "quasi-liguliflorous." The term eradiate is used to refer collectively to discoid, disciform, and radiant heads.

Heads with all florets of one sexual form (bisexual, pistillate, or functionally staminate) are called homogamous (discoid and liguliflorous heads are homogamous , some radiant heads may be homogamous) and heads with florets of two or more sexual forms are called heterogamous (radiate and disciform heads are heterogamous, some radiant heads may be heterogamous) .

Phyllaries collectively constitute an involucre, usually number 5 21( 50+), usually are unequal (outermost usually shorter than the inner), and usually are arranged ± imbricately (overlapping like shingles) in 3 5( 15+), usually ± spiral series. Sometimes, the phyllaries are ± equal in 1 2 series; they are rarely wanting (e.g., Psilocarphus spp.) . Phyllaries may be herbaceous or chartaceous to scarious and are often medially herbaceous with chartaceous to scarious borders and/or apices. The phyllaries "proper" are sometimes immediately subtended by a calyculus (pl. calyculi) of (1 ) 3 15+ distinct, usually shorter bractlets in 1( 3+) series (e.g., Coreopsis spp., Taraxacum spp.) .

Receptacles may bear paleae (i.e., some or all florets are individually subtended by a bractlet called a palea or receptacular bract) . Collectively paleae have been called "chaff" and paleate receptacles have been described as "chaffy." Receptacles that bear paleae are referred to as paleate and receptacles that never bear paleae are referred to as epaleate. Epaleate receptacles sometimes bear subulate enations (e.g., some Gaillardia spp.) or bristles or subulate to linear scales (e.g., some Cynareae), or fine hairs (e.g., some Anthemideae) . Epaleate receptacles (and paleate receptacles that have shed their paleae) may be smooth or pitted (alveolate , foveolate, etc.) .

The terms tube, throat, and limb have been variously used in descriptions of corollas of composites. Here, in ± actinomorphic corollas of bisexual and functionally staminate disc florets, the tube is the part of the corolla proximal to the insertion of the staminal filaments, and the limb is the part that is distal to insertion of the filaments. The limb comprises, proximally, the throat and, distally, the lobes. The distinction between tube and throat hinges on insertion of filaments, not on external morphology.

The relatively flat portion of a corolla of a ligulate floret from a liguliflorous head (i.e., members of Cichorieae) is called a ligule; it terminates in 5 teeth or lobes. The relatively flat portion of a corolla of a ray floret is called a lamina; it terminates in 0 3( 4) teeth or lobes. More or less bilabiate corollas are characteristic of some members of Mutisieae and are seldom found in members of other tribes.

Fruits of composites have been called "achenes" because they resemble true achenes. Achenes are dry, hard, single-seeded fruits derived from unicarpellate, superior ovaries. Ovaries of composites are bicarpellate and inferior. Fruits derived from ovaries of composites are called cypselae (sing. cypsela, a term coined by C. de Mirbel in 1815) . Morphology of an ovary of a composite at flowering is often markedly different from the morphology of the mature fruit (cypsela) derived from that ovary. References to cypselae in keys and descriptions here almost always refer to mature fruits, not to ovaries at flowering.

Shapes of cypselae have been used in distinguishing among species, genera, and even subtribes of composites. In most composites, cypselae are ± isodiametric in cross section . In some composites, cypselae are characteristically ± lenticular to elliptic in cross section. Such cypselae are said to be compressed (or laterally flattened) if the longer axis of the cross section is ± parallel to a radius of the head (e.g., Verbesina spp.) . Cypselae are said to be obcompressed (or radially flattened) if the shorter axis of the cross section is ± parallel to a radius of the head (e.g., Coreopsis spp.) .

In composites, pappi (sing. pappus) are found where calyces are usually found on inferior ovaries; pappi have been shown to be greatly modified calyces. They show a great range of diversity and are often diagnostic for recognition of taxa, especially at rank of genus and below. The forms of individual pappus elements intergrade . For keys and descriptions here, the following distinctions are made: cross sections of bristles and awns are ± circular or polygonal and have the longer diameter of the cross section no more than 3 times the shorter diameter. Pappus elements with "flatter" cross sections (i.e., longer diameter more than 3 times the shorter diameter) are called scales, regardless of relative overall lengths and widths of the elements. As used here, "subulate scale" and "setiform scale" mean much the same as "flattened bristle" of some authors. Pliable to stiff pappus bristles with diameters less than ca. 50 µm are called fine bristles; pliable to stiff bristles with diameters 50 100 µm are called coarse bristles. Rigid pappus elements with ± circular or polygonal cross sections greater than 100 µm in diameter are called awns. Bristles, awns, and scales may be smooth or finely to coarsely barbed or plumose . A scale of a pappus may terminate in one or more bristlelike or awnlike appendages; such scales are said to be aristate.

In keys and descriptions, "pappus" and "pappi" usually refer to structures found on cypselae (mature fruits), not to "immature pappi" of ovaries at flowering. Sometimes pappi of ovaries that do not form fruits (e.g., in functionally staminate florets of some tarweeds) may be taxonomically useful and may be referred to in descriptions and keys.

Following is a synoptic key to tribes into which genera of composites of the flora area are placed. Keys to genera within each tribe will be found in the accounts of the individual tribes. Because some traits in the key to tribes and in keys to genera within tribes may be difficult to assess, we have also provided a key to artificial groups of composites and keys to genera within those artificial groups. Those keys will be found following the key to tribes.

In the following key, "radiate heads" have ray florets; "eradiate heads" lack ray florets and may be disciform, discoid, or radiant. Ray florets have zygomorphic corollas with laminae ; the laminae may be showy (as in some species of Helianthus) or inconspicuous (as in some species of Erigeron) . Usually, we have included plants with inconspicuous ray laminae in keys to genera of both radiate and eradiate groups.

Some plants have questionably paleate or epaleate receptacles. Epaleate receptacles of some plants are notably pitted and have fimbriate to deeply lacerate pit borders ; such receptacles have sometimes been interpreted as paleate. Plants with notably lacerate pit borders are usually keyed here as both paleate and epaleate.

Some plants with pappi of conspicuous bristles often have the bristles subtended by minute, inconspicuous scales. Although such plants technically belong to groups with pappi "wholly, or partially, of awns or scales," they are usually also keyed here in groups characterized as having pappi "wholly of bristles," because the scales are easily overlooked. As well, some pappus elements are borderline between being called subulate or setiform scales or being called "flattened bristles." Consequently, some plants that technically belong to groups with pappi of scales are keyed both in groups with pappi "wholly of bristles" and in groups with pappi "wholly, or partially, of awns or scales."[1]

Genus Anthemis

Annuals (biennials) [perennials , subshrubs ], mostly 5-90 cm (often aromatic ). Stems 1-5+, erect to decumbent , usually branched, strigillose or strigoso-sericeous to villous (hairs medifixed ), glabrescent [glabrous or sericeous to lanate ]. Leaves mostly cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades ± obovate to spatulate , 1-3-pinnately lobed , ultimate margins dentate to lobed, faces glabrous or strigillose to villous [glabrous or sericeous to lanate]. Heads radiate [discoid ], borne singly or in lax , corymbiform arrays (peduncles sometimes clavate and/or curved in fruit). Involucres obconic to hemispheric or broader, 5-13[-20] mm diam. Phyllaries persistent , mostly 21-35+ in 3-5 series, distinct , deltate to lanceolate, oblong , or elliptic , unequal, margins and apices (hyaline and colorless or brownish [black]) scarious . Receptacles hemispheric to narrowly conic, paleate (wholly or only distally) ; paleae ± flat, scarious to indurate (subulate or elliptic to obovate with mucronate to acuminate-spinose tips ). Ray florets [0 or 2-]5-20[-30+], pistillate and fertile or styliferous and sterile ; corollas usually white, rarely yellow or pink, laminae mostly oblong (tubes sometimes hairy ). Disc florets (60-) 100-300+, bisexual , fertile; corollas usually yellow, rarely pink, tubes ± cylindric (usually proximally dilated , ± spongy in fruit, sometimes hairy, not saccate ), throats funnelform , lobes 5, ± triangular (abaxially minutely crested ). Cypselae obovoid to obconic or turbinate (circular or 4-angled in cross section ), ribs usually 9-10 (0) and smooth or tuberculate , faces glabrous (pericarps with myxogenic cells ) ; pappi 0 or coroniform . x = 9.

Species 175: introduced ; Europe, sw Asia, n, e Africa; introduced in s Africa, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Disturbed sites, abandoned plantings ; 10-400+ m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,477 meters (0 to 4,846 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 15-18" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: Not Applicable (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Anthemis arvensis var. agrestis (Wallroth) De Candolle
2. Chamaemelum arvense (Linnaeus) Hoffmannsegg & Link

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 2:894. 1753

Name verified on 14-Apr-1993 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 23-Aug-1994

Similar Species

Members of the genus Anthemis

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 503 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. abagensis · A. abrotanifolia · A. abrotanifolia subsp. panachaica · A. absinthifolia · A. abylaea · A. abyssinica · A. aciphylla · A. adonidifolia · A. aeolica · A. aetnensis · A. afra · A. ageratifolia · A. agrestis · A. aizoon · A. alexandrettae · A. alpestris · A. alpina · A. altissima (Tall Chamomile) · A. altissima var. tomentella · A. amani · A. amblyolepis · A. americana · A. ammanthus · A. ammophila · A. anacyclus · A. anatolica · A. anemonifolia · A. anglica · A. anthemiformis · A. antilibanotica · A. antiochia · A. antitaurica · A. apiifolia · A. arabica · A. araboides · A. arenicola · A. argaea · A. argyrophylla · A. armeniaca · A. artemisioides · A. arvensis (Field Chamomile Anthemis Arvensis) · A. arvensis L. var. arvensis L. (Field Chamomile) · A. arvensis incrassata · A. arvensis subsp. cyllenea · A. arvensis subsp. glabra · A. arvensis subsp. sphacelata · A. arvensis var. arvensis (Corn Chamomile) · A. arversis · A. asperula · A. atlantica · A. atrata · A. aurea · A. auriculata · A. australis · A. austriaca (Austrian Chamomile) · A. austro-iranica · A. barrelieri · A. 'Beauty of Grallagh' · A. biaristata · A. biebersteiniana (Golden Marguerite Anthemis Biebersteiniana) · A. biebersteinii · A. blancheana · A. 'Blomit' · A. boissieri · A. bornmuelleri · A. bourgaei · A. bourgei · A. boveana · A. brachmannii · A. brachycarpa · A. brachycentros · A. brevifolia · A. bulgarica · A. buphthalmoides · A. cairica · A. calabrica · A. calcarea · A. callieri · A. 'Cally Cream' · A. 'Cally White' · A. candidissima · A. canescens · A. carpathica · A. carpatica · A. carpatica 'Karpatenschnee' (Snow Carpet Marguerite) · A. carpatica pyrethriformis · A. carpatica 'Snow Carpet' (Snow Carpet Snowy Marguerite Anthemis Carpatica) · A. carpatica subsp. petraea · A. carpetana · A. cassia · A. caucasica · A. chamomilla · A. chevalieri · A. chia · A. chrysantha · A. chrysocephala · A. chrysoleuca · A. ciliata · A. cinerea · A. clausonis

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A compendium of the English flora. London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman, 1836. ENG url p. 169.
• A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, by J. C. Willis. CambridgeThe University Press, 1919 ENG url p. 42.
• A flora of North America: containing abridged descriptions of all the known indigenous and naturalized plants growing north of Mexico; arranged according to the natural system. By John Torrey and Asa Gray New York, Wiley & Putnam; [etc., etc.]1838-184[3] ENG url p. 408.
• Abhandlungen der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Nrnberg. Nrnberg: Conrad Geiger, 1852- GER url p. 139, p. 139.
• Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen. Bremen: Im Selbstverlag des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins, 1866- GER url p. 318.
• Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki, Societas. ENG url p. 108, p. 131, p. 140, p. 144, p. 256, p. 34, p. 35, p. 42, p. 49, p. 50, p. 52, p. 55, p. 62, p. 82, p. 83.
• Allgemeine botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie etc. Karlsruhe: J.J. Reiff, 1895-1928. GER url p. 103, p. 140, p. 202, p. 210, p. 6.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1913. ENG url p. 516, p. 517.
• Anales de la Sociedad Cientfica Argentina. Buenos Aires. SPA url p. 193, p. 204, p. 32.
• Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, ENG url p. 136, p. 152, p. 222, p. 228, p. 230, p. 280, p. 324, p. 382, p. 383, p. 43, p. 446, p. 96.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 108.
• Annaes de sciencias naturaes / publicados por Augusto Nobre. Porto: Typ. Occidental, 1894- POR url p. 125.
• Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Wien, Naturhistorisches Museum [etc.] GER url p. 161, p. 287, p. 390.
• Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova. Genova: Tip. del R. Istituto Sordo-Muti, 1870-1914. ITA url p. 455.
• Annali di storia naturale. Bologna. url p. 265.
• Annals and magazine of natural history: including zoology, botany and geology London. url p. 330, p. 455.
• Annals of Philosophy. London. url p. 196.
• Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh, D. Douglas. ENG url p. 189.
• Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. ENG url p. 734.
• Annual report of the Commissioner of Agriculture Albany: State of New York, Dept. of Agriculture, 1894-1911. ENG url p. 745.
• Annual report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Michigan Lansing: The Board, 1862- ENG url p. 405.
• Anteckningar om vegetationen i gränstrakterna mellan Åland och Åbo-området / af Ossian Bergroth. Helsingfors: [Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica], 1894. SWE url p. 50.
• Archiv f©r die naturwissenschaftliche Landesdurchforschung von B©hmen / herausgegeben von den Beiden Comit©s f©r die Landesdurchforschung. Prag: Commissions-Verlag von F. ¿ivn©, 1869-1915. GER url p. 229, p. 230, p. 389, p. 390.
• Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 132, p. 189.
• Atti del museo civico di storia naturale di Trieste. Trieste: Il Museo, 1884- ITA url p. 77, p. 80.
• Atti della Societtaliana di scienze naturali e del Museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. Milano: 1896- ITA url p. 302, p. 51.
• Aufzählung der in Ungarn und Slavonien bisher beobachteten Gefässpflanzen: nebst einer pflanzengeografischen Uebersicht / von August Neilreich. Wien: W. Braumüller, 1866. GER url p. 101, p. 106.
• Aus der Frühlings-Flora und Fauna Illyriens. [Wien, 1872] GER url p. 597.
• Beihefte zum botanischen Centralblatt. Cassel: Verlag von Gebrder Gotlhelft, 1891-1904. GER url p. 355.
• Bidrag till k©Þnnedom om Finlands natur och folk. Helsingfors: Finska vetenskaps-societeten, 1858- SWE url p. 163.
• Biologisches Zentralblatt. Leipzig [etc.]VEB Georg Thieme [etc.] GER url p. 4, p. 889.
• Boletn de la Real Sociedad Espaola de Historia Natural. Madrid: Estab. tip. de Fortenet, 1904- SPA url p. 142, p. 144, p. 150, p. 382.
• Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Madrid: Estab. tip. de Fortenet, 1901-1937. SPA url p. 142, p. 143, p. 144, p. 150, p. 382, p. 445, p. 71.
• Bollettino della Società dei naturalisti in Napoli. Napoli, Giannini [etc.] ITA url p. 7.
• Bollettino della Società entomologica italiana. Genova: Fratelli Pagano - Tipografi Editori, 1869- ITA url p. 232.
• Botanische Ergebnisse einer im Auftrage der Hohen Kaiserl Akademie der Wissenschaften unternommenen Forschungsreise in Griechenland. Wien, In Commission bei F. Tempsky, 1894. GER url p. 26.
• Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. 2 1881 Stuttgart [etc.] Schweizerbart [etc.] GER url p. 60.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 100, p. 113, p. 126, p. 151, p. 179, p. 23, p. 239, p. 248, p. 253, p. 273, p. 275, p. 286, p. 287, p. 301, p. 308, p. 31, p. 344, p. 40, p. 457, p. 6, p. 664, p. 85.
• Botaniska exkursioner i Stockholmstrakten / af K. Fr. Thedenius. Stockholm: Tryckt hos A. L. Norman, 1859. SWE url p. 10, p. 16.
• Boulos, L. 1995. Flora of Egypt checklist. (L Egypt)
• Bremer, K. & C. J. Humphries. 1993. Generic monograph of the Asteraceae-Anthemideae. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. London, Bot. 23(2):132.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 169.
• Bulletin / University of Montana. Missoula: University of Montana, 1901-1910. ENG url p. 48.
• Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Andover: Intercept. ENG url p. 132, p. 165.
• Bulletin of the scientific laboratories of Denison University. Granville, Ohio: [The University], 1885- ENG url p. 52, p. 6.
• Bullettino. Florence. ITA url p. 110, p. 114, p. 238, p. 252, p. 303, p. 388, p. 398, p. 449, p. 51, p. 54, p. 60, p. 60, p. 88, p. 95.
• Caroli Linnaei Opera. Editio prima critica, plena, ad editiones veras exacta, textum nullo rei detrimento contractum locosque editionum discrepantes exhibens. Vol. 2., Systema vegetabilium; libros diagnostico-botanicos co Lipsiae, Sumptum fecit O. Wigand, 1835 [i.e. 1835-1840] LAT url p. 845.
• Catalog of Ohio vascular plants: arranged according to the phyletic classification: with notes on the geographical distribution in the state, based mainly on specimens in the State Herbarium, Botanical Laboratory, the Ohio State Uni by John H. Schaffner Columbus: Ohio State University, 1914. ENG url p. 233.
• Catalogue des plantes vasculaires qui croissent naturellement aux environs de Genève / par G. F. Reuter. Genève: J. Kessmann, 1861. FRE url p. 111.
• Catalogue dtaill des plantes vasculaires qui croissent naturellement aux environs de Genve: avec l'indication des localits et de l'poque de la floraison / par G. F. Reuter. Genve: A. Cherbuliez, 1832. FRE url p. 61.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 354, p. 461, p. 493.
• Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns indigenous to or naturalized in Canada: facilitate the exchanging of speciments, etc. / by the Rev. Prof. Hubbert. Montreal: Dawson Brothers, 1867 ENG url p. 28.
• Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum auctore Dr. C. Kertesz. Lipsiae: G. Engelmann, 1902. LAT url p. 142, p. 19, p. 71.
• Chloris platensis argentina / por Cristóbal M. Hicken. Buenos Aires: J.A. Alsina, 1910. SPA url p. 260.
• Conspectul florei României. Plantele vasculare indigene si cele naturalizate ce se gasesc pe teritoriul României, considerate subt punctul de vedere sistematic si geografic, de D. Grecescu. Bucuresti, Tip. Dreptatea, 1898. RUM url p. 747.
• Curtii Sprengel Florae Halensis tentamen novum. Halae Saxonum: Sumtibus C.A. Kmmelii, 1806. LAT url p. 242.
• Danmarks fauna, Biller. København: G. E. C. Gad, 1908- DAN url p. 281.
• Dansk plantevaekst / af Eug. Warming. København og Kristiania: Gyldendal, 1906-1909. DAN url p. 280.
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. (F Turk)
• Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Wien: Aus der Kaiserlich-K©niglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1850-1918. GER url p. 214, p. 220, p. 242, p. 743.
• Denkschriften der Kniglich-Baierischen Botanischen Gesellschaft in Regensburg. Regensburg: In Commission der Montag- und Weissischen Buchh., 1815- GER url p. 32, p. 33.
• Dictionary of biological equivalents, German-English, by Ernst Artschwager Baltimore, The Williams & Wilkins company, 1930. ENG url p. 26.
• Die Flora des Puschlav (Bezirk Bernina, Kanton Graubünden) von H. Brockmann-Jerosch. Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1907. GER url p. 220.
• Die Flora des Unterengadins, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der speciellen Standorte und der allgemeinen Vegetationsverhältnisse. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Unterengadins, von Ed. Killias. Chur, Gebr. Casanova, 1887-1888. GER url p. 52.
• Die Flora von Kärnten. Klagenfurt, Kleinmayr, 1853. GER url p. 127.
• Die Gartenwelt. Berlin: G. Schmidt, [1897- GER url p. 480.
• Die Ostsudeten; eine floristische Skizze. Brünn, Landesdurch-forschungs-Komemission, 1914. GER url p. 16, p. 64.
• Die Pflanzen und Raupen Deutschlands: Versuch einer lepidopterologischen Botanik / von O. Wilde. Berlin: E.S. Mittler, 1860-1861. GER url p. 106, p. 176.
• Die Pflanzendecke Österreich-Ungarns. Auf Grund fremder und eigener Forschungen geschildert, von Dr. August Edler von Hayek. Hrsg. mit einem Druckkostenbeitrag der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Leipzig, F. Deuticke, 1916- [i.e. 1914] GER url p. 374.
• Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Klasse der Insekten. Ein nach Pflanzenfamilien geordnetes Handbuch sämmtlicher auf den einheimischen Pflanzen bisher beobachteten Insekten zum Gebrauch für Entomologen, Insektensammler, Botaniker, Land- und Forstwirthe un von J. Stuttgart, J. Hoffmann, 1874. GER url p. 339, p. 341, p. 343, p. 379, p. 380.
• Die Pflanzenwelt Norwegens. Ein Beitrag zur Natur- und Culturgeschichte Nord-Europas, von F.C. Schübeler. Christiania, A.W. Brögger, 1873-1875. GER url p. 386.
• Die Phanerogamen - Flora Oesels und der benachbarten Eilande und Beitrag zur Flora der Insel Runoe / von Arthur Baron v. Sass. Dorpat: Druck von H. Laakmann, 1860. GER url p. 57.
• Die Pljesivica und ihr Verbindungszug mit dem Velebit in botanischer Hinsicht. A Pljesvica s a Velebittel összekötö hegyvonulat botan. viszonyai. Von Ludwig Rossi. Budapest, Pallas Irodalmi és Nyomdai Részvénytársaság, 1913. GER url p. 63.
• Die Pusztenflora der grossen ungarischen Tiefebene / von Franz Woenig; mit einer farbigen Beilage und zahlreichen Pflanzenbildern im Text von Maler Ernst Kiesling; nach des Verfassers Tode herausgegeben von E.S. Zürn. Leipzig: Verlag von Carl Meyers Graphischem Institut, 1899. GER url p. 128, p. 71.
• Diptera neerlandica, de tweevleugelige insecten van Nederland, door F. M. van der Wulp. sGravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1877. DUT url p. 54.
• Elenchus plantarum vascularium quas aestate a. 1873 in Crna Gora / legit Jos. Pancic. Belgradi: In typ. status, 1875. LAT url p. 48.
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13)
• Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin [etc.], R. Friedländer [etc.]. GER url p. 28, p. 29, p. 30.
• Entomologische Zeitung. [Stettin: Entomologischer Verein zu Stettin, 1840-1911]. GER url p. 220.
• Enumeración de las plantas européas que se hallan como silvestres en la provincia de Buenos Aires y en Patagonia. Buenos Aires, Impr. de Pablo E. Coni, 1877. SPA url p. 11, p. 22.
• Enumeratio plantarum sponte nascentium agro Montevidensi: cum synonimis selectis / scripsit Ernestus Gibert. Montevideo: Sumptibus Societatis "La Asociación Rural del Uruguay", 1873. LAT url p. 15.
• Enumeratio plantarum vascularium in insula Inarime sponte provenientium vel oeconomico usu passim cultarum, auctore Joanne Gussone. Neapoli, Ex Vanni Typographeo, 1854. LAT url p. 168.
• Erdély edényes flórájának helyesbitett foglalata / Enumeratio florae transsilvanicae vesculosae critica / ex mandato Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Regiae Hungaricae scripsit Ludovicus Simonkai. a Kir. Magyar Természettudományi Társulat megbizásábol ir Budapest: Kiadja a Kir. Magyar Természettudományi Társulat, 1886. HUN url p. 314.
• Fauna Austriaca: die Fliegen (Diptera) Nach der analytischen Methode bearb., mit der Characteristik almmilicher europäischer Gattungen, der Beechraibung aller in Deutschland vorkommenden Arten und der Aufzahlung aller von J. Rudolph Schiner. Wien: C. Gerolds Sohn, 1862-64. GER url p. 169, p. 169, p. 380, p. 380, p. 390, p. 410, p. 410, p. 415, p. 415.
• Fauna austriaca. Die Käfer. Nach der analytischen Methode bearb. von Ludwig Redtenbacher. Wien, C. Gerold's Sohn, 1874 [i.e. 1871-74] GER url p. 134.
• Fauna coleopterorum helvetica: die Käfer-Fauna der Schweiz nach der analytischen Methode / bearbeitet von G. Stierlin. Schaffhausen: Bolli & Böcherer, 1898-1900. GER url p. 397.
• Fernandes. 1975. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 70:11–12.
• Flora Aetnea, seu, Descriptio plantarum in Monte Aetna sponte nascentium / auctore Francisco Tornabene. Catinae: Ex Typis Francisci Galati, 1889-1892. LAT url p. 489.
• Flora Berolinensis, sive, Enumeratio plantarum circa Berolinum sponte crescentium secundum familias naturales disposita / auctore Carolo Sigismundo Kunth. Berolini: Duncker et Humblot, 1838. LAT url p. 342.
• Flora Italica; sistens plantas in Italia et in insulis circumstantibus sponte nascentes. Bononiae, R. Masi, 1833-1854. LAT url p. 378, p. 379, p. 382, p. 653.
• Flora Petropolitana. Sistens plantas in Gubernio Petropolitano sponte crescentes, tam eas quae olim in Flora Ingrica Krascheninnikovii a Gortero enumeratae sunt, quam novas post annum 1764 hucuque a variis botanicis Petro curante Gregorio Sobolewskj. Petropoli, Typis Collegii Imperialis Medici, 1799. LAT url p. 201.
• Flora Romana D. Joannis Francisci Maratti Opus postumum nunc primum in lucem editum. [Edidit Mauritius Benedictus Oliveri-Pritzel]. Rome, Typis J. Salviucci, 1822. LAT url p. 266.
• Flora Sardoa; seu Historia plantarum in Sardinia et adjacentibus insulis vel sponte nascentium vel ad utilitatem latius excultarum, auctore Josepho Hyacintho Moris. Taurini, Ex Regio Typographeo, 1837-59. LAT url p. 410.
• Flora Saxonica. Die Flora von Sachsen, ein botanisches Excursionsbuch. Nebst Schlssel zum erleichterten Bestimmen der Gattungen nach Linnee's Sexualsystem und deutschem und lateinischem Register. Hrsg. von H. G. L. Reichenbach. DresdenIn der Arnoldischen Buchhandlung, 1842. GER url p. 140.
• Flora Scotica; or, A description of Scottish plants, arranged both according to the artificial and natural methods. London, Printed by R. and A. Taylor, for A. Constable, 1821. ENG url p. 244, p. 247.
• Flora Vectiana; being an arrangement of the more rare and interesting plants indigenous to the Isle of Wight. London, Printed by Richard Taylor, 1823. ENG url p. 32.
• Flora de las Islas Baleares, seguida de un diccionario de los nombres baleares, castellanos y botánicos de las plantas espontáneas y de las cultivadas. Palma, P. J. Gelabert, 1879-1881. SPA url p. 616.
• Flora de las islas Baleares, seguida de un diccionario de los nombres baleares, castellanos y botánicos, de las plantas espontáneas y de las cultivadas. Palma, Estab. tip. de P.J. Gelabert, 1870-1881. SPA url p. 616.
• Flora del Modenese e del Reggiano / dei Professori G. Gibelli e R. Pirotta. Modena: Tip. di G.T. Vincenzi, 1882. ITA url p. 92.
• Flora dell'isola di Pantelleria. Firenze, M. Ricci, 1922. ITA url p. 47.
• Flora der Insel Moon, nebst orographisch-geognostischer Darstellung ihres Bodens. Dorpat, H. Laakmann, 1854. GER url p. 40.
• Flora der Nordfriesischen Inseln / von Paul Knuth. Kiel; Lipsius & Tischer, 1895. GER url p. 77.
• Flora der Schweiz: zum Gebrauche auf Exkursionen, in Schulen und beim Selbstunterricht / von Hans Schinz und Robert Keller. Zürich: A. Raustein, 1909-1914. GER url p. 218.
• Flora der Stadt Lemberg: oder Beschreibung, der um Lemberg wildwachsenden Pflanzen, nach ihrer Blthezeit geordnet / von Alexander Zawadski. Lemberg: Kuhn und Millikowski, 1836. GER url p. 197, p. 98.
• Flora der Umgebung Lemsals und Laudohns; zwei Beiträge zur Flora Livlands, von A. Rapp. Hrsg. und mit einer phytogeographischen Einleitung versehen von J. Klinge. Riga, W.F. Häcker, 1895. GER url p. 28, p. 67.
• Flora der deutschen ostseeprovinzen Esth-, Liv- und Kurland, bearbeitet von Joh. Gottlieb Fleischer. Hrsg. von Emanuel Lindemann. Mitau, G. A. Reyher, 1839. GER url p. 354.
• Flora hibernica: comprising the flowering plants, ferns, Charace, Musci, Hepatic, Lichenes and Alg of Ireland: arranged according to the natural system with a synopsis of the genera according to the Linnan system / by James Townsend Mackay. Dublin: W. Curry jun., 1836. ENG url p. 152.
• Flora melitensis nova [by] S. Sommier et A. Caruana Gatto. Firenze, Stabilimento Pellas, 1915. ITA url p. 178.
• Flora of Illinois, containing keys for the identification of the flowering plants and ferns, by George Neville Jones Notre Dame, Ind., The University Press, 1945. ENG url p. 265.
• Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. ENG url p. 989.
• Flora of Lancaster County; being descriptions of the seed- plants growing naturally in Lancaster County, Pennsylvanial. By John Kunkel Small and Joel Jackson Carter. New York, 1913. ENG url p. 308.
• Flora of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, by L. L. Dame and F. S. Collins. Malden, Middlesex Institute, 1888. ENG url p. 54.
• Flora of Pennsylvania. Edited with the addition of analytical keys by John Kunkel Small. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1903. ENG url p. 336.
• Flora of West Virginia, by Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Lawrence William Nuttall. Chicago, 1896. ENG url p. 232, p. 232.
• Flora of southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho, by Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New era printing company, 1914. ENG url p. 263.
• Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains: Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and neighboring parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and British Columbia / by P. A. Rydberg. New York: Rydberg, 1917. ENG url p. 959.
• Flora of the northwest coast, including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon. By Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New Era Printing Company, 1915. ENG url p. 380.
• Flora of the state of Washington. By Charles V. Piper. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1906. ENG url p. 585.
• Flora padovana; ossia, Prospetto floristico e fitogeografico delle piante vascolari indigene inselvatichite o largamente coltivate crescenti nella provincia di Padova; con notizie storico-bibliografiche sulle fonti d Padova, Prem. Soc. coop. tip., 1909-1914. ITA url p. 675, p. 749.
• Flora piacentina; ossia, Enumerazione sistematica delle piante della provincia di Piacenza, coll'indicazione delle loro stazioni, dei caratteri principali di ciascuna famiglia, dei nomi italiani, di quelli del dialetto Piacenza, Tip. F. Solari, 1877. ITA url p. 188.
• Flora uruguaya; enumeración y descripción breve de las plantas conocidas hasta hoy y de algunas nuevas que nacen espontaneamente y viven en la República Uruguaya. Montevideo, 1901- SPA url p. 500.
• Flora von Bern; systematische Uebersicht der in der Gegend von Bern wildwachsenden und allgemein cultivirten Phanerogamen und Gefässkryptogamen, von L. Fischer. Bern, Huber, 1888. GER url p. 283.
• Flora von Brixen a. E.; ein mit Standorts- und Höhenangaben versehenes Verzeichnis der im weiteren Gebiete von Brixen a. E. (Südtirol) beobachteten wildwachsenden höheren Sporen- und Samenpflanzen, der Nutzgewächse und Zierg Wien, Deuticke, 1911. GER url p. 282.
• Flora von Fiume. [Wien, 1879] GER url p. 363.
• Flora von Nieder-Österreich. Handbuch zur Bestimmung sämmtlicher in diesem Kronlande und den angrenzenden Gebieten wildwachsenden, häufig gebauten und verwildert vorkommenden Samenpflanzen und Führer zu weiteren botanischen Forsc Wein, C. Gerold, 1890-93. GER url p. 1153, p. 1194.
• Flora von Ober-Oesterreich, oder, Systematische Uebersicht aller in diesem Kronlande wildwachsenden oder im Freien gebauten Samenpflanzen. [Wien, 1862] GER url p. 1028.
• Flora von Pommern. Cslin, Hendess, 1828-1835. GER url p. 255.
• Flora von Schaffhausen / bearbeitet von Jakob Meister. Schaffhausen: Buchdr. von H. Meier, 1887. GER url p. 107.
• Flora von Schlesien, preussischen und österreichischen Antheils, oder, Vom oberen Oder- und Weichsel-Quellen-Gebiet. Nach natürlichen Familien, mit Hinweisung auf das Linnéische System. Breslau, F. Hirt, 1857. GER url p. 257.
• Flora von Steiermark: systematische Übersicht der in Steiermark wildwachsenden und allgemein gebauten blühenden Gewächse und Farne: mit Angabe der Standorte, der Blütezeit und Dauer / aus dem Nachlasse von Josef Karl Maly. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller, 1868. GER url p. 91.
• Flora von Tirol. Ein Verzeichniss der in Tirol und Vorarlberg wild wachsenden und häesiger gebauten Gefässpflanzen. Mit Berücksichtigung ihrer Verbreitung und örtlichen Verhältnisse verfasst und nach Koch's Synopsis d von Frz. Freih. v. Hausmann. Innsbruck, Wagner, 1851. GER url p. 1247, p. 1443, p. 456.
• Flora von Wien; eine Aufzählung der in den Umgebungen Wiens wild wachsenden oder im grossen gebauten Gefässpflanzen, nebst einer pflanzen-geografischen Uebersicht. Wien, F. Beck, 1868. GER url p. 238.
• Flore de la Côte-d'Or: avec déterminations par les parties souterraines / par Ch. Royer. Paris: F. Savy, 1881-1883. FRE url p. 360.
• Floristicka istrazivanja po jugoistocnoj hrvatskoj. U Zagrebu, Tisak Kr. Zemaljske Tiskare, 1915. SCR url p. 16, p. 39.
• Fortegnelse over Danmarks microlepidoptera / af C.S. Larsen. [København: Entomologisk forening, 1916] DAN url p. 190.
• Führer zu den wissenschaftlichen Exkursionen des II. Internationalen Botanischen Kongresses, Wien, 1905. Wien: Selbstverlage des Organisationskomitees, 1905. GER url p. 61.
• Ghafoor, A. & S. J. Ali. 2002. The genus Anthemis L. (Compositae) in Iraq: a synopsis. In: Källersjö, M., ed., Compositae newsletter. Columbus, OH [etc.]. (Comp Newsl) 38:19–20.
• Giornale Arcadico di Scienze / Lettere ed Arti. Roma. url p. 317.
• Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. (Glea Cron)
• Gray's school and field book of botany, consisting of "Lessons in botany, " and "Field, forest, and garden botany, " bound in one volume / by Asa Gray... New York: American Book co., [1887] ENG url p. 199.
• Guide du botaniste dans le canton de Fribourg: contribution à l'étude de la flore suisse / par Michel Cottet et François Castella. Fribourg: Librairie de l'Université, 1891. FRE url p. 215.
• Haandbog i den danske flora, af Joh. Lange. Kjøbenhavn, C.A. Reitzels forlag, 1856-1859. DAN url p. 552.
• Handbook of the flora of Philadelphia and vicinity, containing data relating to the plants within the following radius: eastern Pennsylvania; all of New Jersey except the northern counties; and New Castle County, Delaware, with keys for identification co Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, 1905. ENG url p. 340.
• Handbuch der systematischen botanik, mit besonderer berücksichtigung der arzneipflanzen. Bd. 1. Leipzig, H. Haessel, 1879. GER url p. 184.
• Hardwicke's science-gossip: an illustrated medium of interchange and gossip for students and lovers of nature. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1866- ENG url p. 192.
• History of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. Edinburgh. url p. 16.
• Hitchcock, C. L. et al. 1955–1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. (F Pacif NW)
• Hoffmann-Dennert botanischer Bilderatlas, nach dem naturlichen Pflanzensystem Suttgart, Schweizerbart, 1911. GER url p. 248.
• Icones florae Germanicae et Helveticae, simul Pedemontanae, Tirolensis, Istriacae, Dalmaticae, Austriacae, Hungaricae, Transylvanicae, Moravicae, Borussicae, Holsaticae, Belgicae, Hollandicae, ergo Me Iconographia et supplementum ad opera Willdenowii [et Lipsiae, F. Hofmeister [etc.]1834-1912. [v. 1, 1850] LAT url p. 61.
• Insecta Britanica: Diptera / by Francis Walker. London: Reeve and Benham, 1851-56. ENG url p. 91.
• Island life; or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates, by Alfred Russel Wallace. London, Macmillan, 1880. ENG url p. 361.
• Jahrbücher des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde. Wiesbaden: J.F. Bergmann, GER url p. 73.
• Jahresbericht der Vereinigung für Angewandte Botanik. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1907-1919. GER url p. 113.
• Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte auf dem Gesamtgebiete der Agrikultur-Chemie. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1866-1919. GER url p. 261.
• Jahreshefte des Vereins f©r vaterl©Þndische Naturkunde in W©rttemberg. Stuttgart. GER url p. 120, p. 392.
• Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. url p. 185.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. ENG url p. 127, p. 129, p. 163, p. 178, p. 19, p. 25, p. 253, p. 309, p. 35, p. 357, p. 413, p. 46, p. 49, p. 54.
• Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. London:Royal Agricultural Society of England [etc.], 1840-2002. ENG url p. 10, p. 4.
• Julii Andreae Pirona Florae forojuliensis syllabus. Utini, Typis L. Vendrame, 1855. LAT url p. 79.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 1022, p. 1073, p. 1100, p. 1102, p. 111, p. 112, p. 117, p. 118, p. 122, p. 123, p. 139, p. 163, p. 170, p. 206, p. 233, p. 256, p. 259, p. 264, p. 272, p. 294, p. 299, p. 321, p. 437, p. 441, p. 456, p. 523, p. 555, p. 555, p. 571, p. 60, p. 640, p. 646, p. 696, p. 762, p. 79, p. 85, p. 887, p. 910, p. 927.
• Katalog der Pala?arktischen dipteren von Dr. K. Kerte?sz. Budapest; Wessele?nyi, 1903. GER url p. 216, p. 262.
• Katalog der Paläarktischen dipteren / bearbeitet von Th. Becker [et al.]. Budapest; Wesselényi, 1903-1907. GER url p. 180, p. 216, p. 262.
• Key to the Rocky Mountain flora; Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and British Columbia. New York, 1919. ENG url p. 259.
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. (F USSR)
• Kútak, geológiai viszonyok, növényzet / irta Hollós László. Kecskemét: Nyomatott tóth Lászlónál, 1896. HUN url p. 81.
• Lake Superior: its physical character, vegetation, and animals, compared with those of other and similar regions. By Louis Agassiz. With a narrative of the tour, by J. Elliot Cabot. And contributions by other scientific gentlemen Boston, Gould, Kendall and Lincoln, 1850. ENG url p. 189.
• Lbeckische Flora. Lbeck, F. Aschenfeldt, 1844. GER url p. 296.
• Le isole pelagie; Lampedusa, Linosa, Lampione e la loro flora con un elenco completo delle piante di Pantelleria. Firenze, Pellas, 1908. ITA url p. 105.
• Lehrbuch der Botanik für mittlere und höhere Lehrenstalten, by Dr. K. Prantl Bearb. unter Zugrundelegung des Lehrbuches der Botanik von Jul. Sachs Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1883. GER url p. 317.
• Lehrbuch der ökologischen pflanzengeographie, von Eug. Warming und P. Graebner. Berlin, Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1902. GER url p. 421.
• Literaturberichte zur Flora, oder Allgemeinen botanischen Zeitung. Regensburg, K. Bayerische Botanische Gesellschaft. GER url p. 129, p. 3.
• Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology London. url p. 318, p. 399.
• Manuel de la flore de Belgique. Par François Crépin Bruxelles, G. Mayolez, 1884. FRE url p. 264.
• Meddelanden af Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsingfors[Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica] SWE url p. 103, p. 110, p. 126, p. 128, p. 131, p. 136, p. 158, p. 161, p. 182, p. 191, p. 26, p. 32, p. 48, p. 51, p. 63, p. 91, p. 94.
• Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. url p. 126.
• Naturalist (Maund, Hall & Wood.) London. url p. 374.
• Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands / begonnen von Dr. W.F. Erichson; forgesetzt von Prof. Dr. H. Schaum, Dr. G. Kraatz und H.V. Kiesenwetter. Berlin: Nicholaische Buchhandlung, 1848- GER url p. 193.
• Naturhistorisk tidsskrift. Kjobenhavn. url p. iv.
• Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau: wöchentliche Berichte über die Fortschritte auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Naturwissenschaften. Braunschweig: Druck und verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1886- GER url p. 63.
• Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 244, p. 263, p. 545.
• Nederlandsch kruidkundig archief. Leyden: S. en J. Luchtmans, 1846-1951. DUT url p. 107, p. 189, p. 222, p. 25, p. 250, p. 321, p. 381, p. 39, p. 51, p. 54, p. 668, p. 72.
• Neue allgemeine deutsche Garten- und Blumenzeitung. Hamburg: G. Heubel's Buch- und Kunsthandlung, 1845-1851. GER url p. 113.
• Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis. url p. 207.
• Plantas Romaniae hucusque cognitas enumerat Augustus Kanitz. Claudiopoli, Apud E. Demjén, 1879-81. LAT url p. 58.
• Plantenschat: inleiding tot de kennis der flora van Nederland / door F.J. van Uildriks en Vitus Bruinsma. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1898. DUT url p. 111, p. 161, p. 57.
• Pottier-Alapetite, G. 1979–1981. Flore de la Tunisie: Angiospermes-Dicotyledones. (F Tunis)
• Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Glasgow. Glasgow, Natural History Society of Glasgow. ENG url p. 245, p. 3, p. 80.
• Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow. url p. 214.
• Prodrom der Waldstätter Gefässpflanzen / von Jos. Rhiner. Schwyz: J. Bürgler, 1870. GER url p. 170, p. 188, p. 65.
• Prodromus der Flora der preussischen Rheinlande: erste Abtheilung, Phanerogamen / bearbeitet und herausgegeben von Ph. Wirtgen. Bonn, Henry & Cohen, 1842. GER url p. 94.
• Prodromus der Flora von Böhmen. Enthaltend die Beschreibungen und Verbreitungsangaben der wildwachsenden und im Freien kultivirten Gefässpflanzen des Königreiches Von Dr. Ladislav Celakovský. Hrsg. von dem Comité für die naturwissenschaftliche Durchfo Prag, Selbstverlag des Comité's1867-81. GER url p. 803.
• Prodromus einer Flora des Kronlandes Salzburg und dessen angränzenden Ländertheilen / entworfen von Rudolph Hinterbuber [i.e. Hinterhuber] und Julius Hinterhuber. Salzburg: Druck der Oberer'schen Buchdr., 1851. GER url p. 255, p. 291, p. 306.
• Prodromus florae Batavae. Nijmegen, F.E. MacDonald, 1901- LAT url p. 837, p. 839, p. 841.
• Prodromus florae Comitatus Nitriensis: sistens plantas phanerogamicas et cryptogamicas vasculares in Comitatu Nitriensi hucusque observatas / auctore Josepho Arminio Knapp. Vindobonae: Dispendiis auctoris, 1865. LAT url p. 36.
• Quézel, P. & S. Santa. 1962–1963. Nouvelle flore de l'Algerie. (F Alger)
• Radford, A. E. et al., eds. 1980–. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States. (F SE US)
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)
• Reliquiae Formánekianae: enumeratio critica plantarum vascularium, quas itineribus in Haemo Peninsula et Asia Minore (Bithynia) factis collegit Dr. Ed. Formánek / scripsit C. Vandas. Brunae: Comitiorum Marchionatus Moraviae, 1909. LAT url p. 285, p. 286.
• Repertorium botanices systematicae. Auctore Guilielmo Gerardo Walpers Lipsiae, Sumtibus Friderici Hofmeister, 1842-48. LAT url p. 189.
• Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis. Berlin: F. Fedde: 1910-1942. GER url p. 43.
• Report of the Michigan Academy of Science. Lansing, Mich.: The Academy, 1904-1916. ENG url p. 214.
• Report of the flora of Westchester County. Prepared for Bolton's History of the County. [New YorkRoper & Burdge, 1880?] ENG url p. 794.
• Schedae operis quod inscribitur Plantae Finlandiae exsiccatae e Museo Botanico Universitatis Helsingforsiensis distributae / [curavit Harald Lindberg] Helsingforsiae: J. Simelii arfvingars boktr., 1906 [i.e. 1907]-1933/1944 [i.e. 1944]. LAT url p. 281.
• Schilderung der deutschen Pflanzenfamilien: vom botanisch- descriptiven und physiologisch-chemischen Standpunkte / von Hermann Hoffmann. Giessen: G.F. Hener's Verlag, 1846. GER url p. 111, p. 115, p. 253.
• Schlesiens Pflanzenwelt. Eine pflanzengeographische Schilderung der Provinz. Jena, G. Fischer, 1915. GER url p. 152.
• Seances et Travaux de l'Academie de Reims. url p. 348.
• Seed Regulatory and Testing Branch, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. 1999. State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act. (State Noxweed Seed)
• Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde. GER url p. 12, p. 18.
• Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Wien: K.-K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei in Commission bei Carl Gerold's Sohn, GER url p. 496.
• Sources of the Ohio flora, by A.D. Selby and J.W.T. Duvel. [Columbus, 1899] ENG url p. 54.
• Souvenirs entomologiques Études sur l'instinct et les murs des insectes Paris, C. Delagrave[1879-1907] FRE url p. 309.
• Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. Berlin: Kommissionsverlag von Friedländer & Sohn, 1912- GER url p. 254, p. 73, p. 74, p. 86, p. 89.
• Steyermark, J. A. 1977. Flora of Missouri. (F Missouri)
• Stockholmstraktens växter: förteckning över fanerogamer och kärlkryptogamer med fyndorter och frekvensuppgifter / utgiven av Botaniska sällskapet i Stockholm genom Gunnar Andersson [et al.]. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt, 1914. SWE url p. 13.
• Sulla flora della provincia Senese e Maremma toscana / studi del dott. Attilio Tassi. Siena: Tip. nel R. Instit. dei Sordo-Muti di L. Lazzeri, 1862. ITA url p. 47.
• Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Digessit P. A. Saccardo. Patavii, sumptibus auctoris, 1882-1931. LAT url p. 106.
• Synopsis der deutschen und schweizer Flora, enthaltend die genauer bekannten phanerogamischen Gewchse, so wie die cryptogamischen Gefss-Pflanzen, welche in Deutschland, der Schweiz, in Preussen und Istrien wild wachsen und derjenigen nach d Leipzig, Gebhardt & Reisland, 1846. GER url p. 438, p. 440.
• Synopsis plantarum; seu, Enumeratio systematica plantarum plerumque adhuc cognitarum cum differentiis specificis et synonymis selectis ad modum Persoonii elaborata, auctore David Dietrich. Vimariae, B. F. Voigtii, 1839-1852. LAT url p. 1589.
• Taschenbuch der Flora Deutschlands; nach dem Linnischen Systeme geordnet. Nrnberg, J.L. Schrag, 1847. GER url p. 408.
• Taschenbuch der Flora von Trier und Luxemburg: mit Bercksichtigung der Nahe- und Glan-Gegenden / bearbeitet von M.J. Lhr. Trier: C. Troschel, 1844. GER url p. 131.
• Taschenbuch für reisende Botaniker im Kanton Luzern: auf Rigi, Pilatus und Umgegend: nach Dr. J. G. Krauer's Prodromus floræ Lucernensis: vermehrt mit mehr als 500 Pflanzenarten / hrsg. von J. Schobinger-Pfister. [Luzern: s.n.], 1866. GER url p. 186.
• The Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1892-1911. ENG url p. 105, p. 110, p. 175, p. 189, p. 224, p. 241, p. 246, p. 46.
• The English flora. London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1824-36. ENG url p. 457, p. 458, p. 473, p. 473.
• The Gardener. Edinburgh;W. Blackwood and sons, 1867-1882. ENG url p. 279.
• The Irish naturalist. Dublin: Eason & Son, Ltd., 1892- ENG url p. 63.
• The Ohio journal of science. [Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science] ENG url p. 136, p. 316, p. 85.
• The Ottawa naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. ENG url p. 157.
• The Plant world. Baltimore [etc.]Plant World Association [etc.] ENG url p. 171.
• The Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. Des moines, Iowa: The Academy, [1889-1987] ENG url p. 353, p. 362, p. 375, p. 376, p. 378, p. 380, p. 384, p. 391, p. 86.
• The Scottish naturalist. Perth [etc.]: Cowan & Co. [etc.], ENG url p. 252, p. 288, p. 371, p. 61.
• The Victorian naturalist. [Melbourne]Field Naturalists Club of Victoria. ENG url p. 145.
• The anthocyanin pigments of plants. By Muriel Wheldale. Cambridge, University Press, 1916. ENG url p. 28.
• The flora of Scott and Muscatine counties. By W.D. Barnes, Fred Reppert [and] A.A. Miller. [Davenport, Iowa, 1901] ENG url p. 233.
• The glow-worm and other beetles, by Henri Fabre; tr. by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1919. ENG url p. 91.
• The living flora of West Virginia, by C.F. Millspaugh. The fossil flora of West Virginia, by David White. [Charleston?1913] ENG url p. 455.
• Tillägg till Östgöta flora: innehållande förteckning öfver Östergötlands fanerogamer och ormbunkar jemte uppgift öfver deras växeställen / af N. Conrad Kindberg. Linköping: C. F. Ridderstad, 1868. SWE url p. 86.
• Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. Wellington: J. Hughes, Printer, 1869-1934. ENG url p. 219, p. 223, p. 384.
• Transactions of the Maryland Academy of Sciences. Baltimore: The Academy, 1901-[1921] ENG url p. 58.
• Transactions of the Natural History Society of Glasgow. Glasgow, The Society. ENG url p. 154, p. 227.
• Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Dodsworth. ENG url p. 46, p. 47, p. 48, p. 62.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. (F Eur)
• U sugarskoj dulibi, prilog k poznavanju flore Velebita. Zagreb, Dionicka Tiskara, 1911. SCR url p. 10, p. 44.
• Untersuchungen aus dem Botanischen Institut zu Tbingen. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1881-1888. GER url p. 590, p. 631.
• Utkast til svenska växternas naturhistoria: eller, Sveriges fanerogamer skildrade i korthet med deras växställen och utbredning m. m., deras egenskaper, användning och historia i allmänhet / af C. F. Nyman. Örebro: N. M. Lindh, 1867-1868. SWE url p. 9.
• Variation in animals and plants, by H.M. Vernon New York, H. Holt and company, 1902. ENG url p. 48.
• Versuch einer Aufzählung der phanerogamischen Nutzpflanzen Österreichs und ihre Verbreitung / von D. Stur. Wien: Aus der K. K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1857. GER url p. 28.
• Versuch einer systematischen Flora von Hadamar, mit einer Anleitung zur Pflanzenkenntniss fr Schulen, entworfen von J.L. Hergt. Hadamar, Im Verlage der neuen Gelehrten-Buchh., 1822. GER url p. 313.
• Verzeichnis der in der Umgegend Grünbergs wachsenden Gefässpflanzen / von Burmeister. Grünberg i. Schl.: F. Weiss Nachf., 1882. GER url p. 8.
• Vestnk Krlovsk cesk spolecnosti nùk. Trda mathematicko-prrodovedeck. Sitzungsberichte der Knigl. Bhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Praze, Nkladem Krlovsk cesk spolecnosti nùk. CZE url p. 57.
• Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich. Zürich: Fäsi & Beer, GER url p. 285.
• Vilde planter: vildtvoksende danske planter ordnede efter deres voksested i eng og mark i skov og mose / Birgitte Møller. København: Schubotheske forlog, 1900. DAN url p. 66.
• Växtgeografisk skildring af Södra Halland / af G. R. A. Theorin. Lund: Tryckt uti Berlingska Boktr., 1865. SWE url p. 1.
• Växtgeografisk skildring af Södra Ångermanland / af Robert Fredric Fristedt. Upsala: Wahlström, 1857. SWE url p. 14.
• Zoologische Jahrbücher. Jena [Germany]: G. Fischer, GER url p. 566.
• Zur Flora Tirols. Mit einem Vorworte und Anmerkungen von Fr. B. v. Hausmann. Innsbruck, Druck Wagner, 1855. GER url p. 96.
• Oberprieler, C. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships in Anthemis L. (Compositae, Anthemideae) based on nrDNA ITS sequence variation. Taxon 50: 745-762.

Notes

Contributors

• "Anthemis arvensis". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 535, 538. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 24, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Botany
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2657791
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-36331
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13838352
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:177158-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 103870
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 36331
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAST0J021
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ANARA2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 19658

Footnotes

1. Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother "Asteraceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 70. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Linda E. Watson "Anthemis". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 14, 487, 537, 547, 548. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Anthemis arvensis". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 535, 538. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 160.080 meters (525.197 feet), Standard Deviation = 215.170 based on 3,661 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.