Apocynum cannabinum

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Native Americans used the stalk of this perennial for fiber in the same way Europeans used their hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. Indian Hemp is superior, however, because it is stronger and lasts longer . This herb is poisonous.

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Apocynaceae

Trees , shrubs , or vines , rarely subshrubs or herbs, with latex or rarely watery juice. Leaves simple , opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, pinnately veined; stipules absent or rarely present. Inflorescences cymose , terminal or axillary , with bracteoles. Flowers bisexual , 5- [or 4]-merous, actinomorphic . Calyx 5- or rarely 4-partite, quincuncial, basal glands usually present. Corolla 5- or rarely 4-lobed, salverform , funnelform , urceolate , or rarely rotate, lobes overlapping to right or left, rarely valvate . Stamens 5 or rarely 4; filaments short; anthers mostly sagittate , free or connivent into a cone adherent to pistil head , dehiscing longitudinally, base rounded , cordate, sagittate, or prolonged into an empty spur; pollen granular ; disc ringlike or cup-shaped, 2-5-lobed, or absent. Ovaries superior, rarely half-inferior, connate or distinct , 1- or 2-locular; ovules (1 or) 2-numerous per locule. Style 1; pistil head capitate, conical , or lampshade-shaped, base stigmatic, apex 2-cleft and not stigmatic . Fruit a berry, drupe, capsule, or follicle. Seeds with or without coma; endosperm thick and often horny , scanty, sometimes absent; embryo straight or nearly so, cotyledons often large, radicle terete .

About 155 genera and 2000 species distributed primarily in the tropics and subtropics, poorly represented in the temperate regions . Of the 44 genera and 145 species present in China, one genus and 38 species are endemic, and nearly 95% of the taxa grow in the southern and southwestern portions of the country.

Fruit type is highly diversified in the family , and it is diagnostic of many genera. Genera 1-4 produce 1, 2-celled berries from a flower; genus 5 produces 2, 1-celled berries from a flower; 6 and 7 produce mostly fleshy follicles containing deeply indented seeds with ruminate endosperm; 8 has follicles and winged seeds; 9 produces follicles and seeds with 2 comas; 10-12 have follicles with globose seeds; 13-18 have drupes mostly with fleshy mesocarp; 19 has samaroid fruit; 20 has spiny capsules with seeds winged all around; and 21-44 have free or fused follicles and comose seeds. Double flowers are known only from cultivated forms of Nerium oleander, Tabernaemontana divaricata, and Wrightia religiosa.

Plants of the Apocynaceae are often poisonous and are rich in alkaloids or glycosides, especially in the seeds and latex. Some species are valuable sources of medicine, insecticides , fibers, and rubber.[1]

Genus Apocynum

Herbs perennial , sometimes shrubs , latex white. Rhizomes fibrous . Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, margin denticulate . Inflorescences thyrselike, terminal . Corolla campanulate or basin-shaped; throat wide, open; lobes overlapping to right . Stamens inserted at base of corolla tube , alternate with corona lobes; anthers adherent to pistil head ; disc scales fleshy . Ovary half-inferior; carpels 2, free ; ovules numerous in each locule. Follicles 2, slender, divaricate . Seeds numerous, apically comose ; embryo straight, cotyledons as long as radicle.

Nine species: temperate regions of North America, Europe, and Asia; two species in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,632 meters (0 to 11,916 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 24-36" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7b. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Apocynum cannabinum var. angustifolium (Woot.) N. Holmgren
2. Apocynum cannabinum var. glaberrimum A. Dc.
3. Apocynum cannabinum var. greeneanum (Bég. & Bel.) Woods.
4. Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium Gray
5. Apocynum cannabinum var. nemorale (G. S. Mill.) Fern.
6. Apocynum cannabinum var. pubescens (Mitchell Ex R. Br.) Woods.
7. Apocynum cannabinum var. suksdorfii (Greene) Bég. & Bel.
8. Apocynum hypericifolium Ait.
9. Apocynum pubescens Mitchell Ex R. Br.
10. Apocynum sibiricum Jacq.
11. Apocynum sibiricum var. cordigerum (Greene) Fern.
12. Apocynum sibiricum var. farwellii (Greene) Fern.
13. Apocynum sibiricum var. salignum (Greene) Fern.
14. Apocynum suksdorfii Greene
15. Apocynum suksdorfii var. angustifolium (Woot.) Woods.
16. Apocynum suskdorfii Greene
17. Cynopaema Cannabinum

Notes

Publishing author : Woodson. Publication : Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 17: 119 1930 Publishing author: Fernald Publication: Rhodora 37: 328 1935 Publishing author: Woodson Publication: N. Amer. Fl. 29: 192 1938 Basionym author: (Greene) Publishing author: Fernald Publication: Rhodora 37: 327 1935 Publishing author: Bég. & Belosersky. Publication: Atti Reale Accad. Lincei, Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis. 105 1913 Publishing author: A.DC. Publication: Prodr. (DC.) 8: 440 1844 [mid Mar 1844] Basionym author: (R.Br.) Publishing author: Fernald Publication: Rhodora 10: 55 1908 Publishing author: A.Gray Publication: Manual (Gray) 365 1848 Basionym author: (Aiton) Publishing author: Woodson Publication: Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 17: 132 1930 Publishing author: A.DC. Publication: Prodr. (DC.) 8: 439 1844 [mid Mar 1844] Publishing author: Aiton Publishing author: R.Br. Publication: in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. (1809) 68 Publishing author: Jacq. Publication: Hort. Vindob. iii. 37 Publishing author: Greene Publication: Pittonia v. 65. Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Sp. pl. 1:213. 1753

Name verified on 06-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 30-Mar-1995

Similar Species

Members of the genus Apocynum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 185 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. abditum · A. acouci · A. africanum · A. agglomeratum · A. album · A. alterniflorum · A. ambigens · A. andrewsii · A. androsaemifolium (Smooth Mountain Dogbane) · A. androsaemifolium androsaemifolium (Spreading Dogbane) · A. androsaemifolium androsaemifolium var. androsaemifolium (Spreading Dogbane) · A. androsaemifolium detonsum (Spreading Dogbane) · A. androsaemifolium pumilum (Spreading Dogbane) · A. androsaemifolium subsp. detonsum · A. androsaemifolium var. nevadense · A. androsaemifolius · A. angustifolium · A. arcuatum · A. arenarium · A. armenum · A. armenuma · A. austinae · A. basikurumon · A. bebbianum · A. bicolor · A. bolandri · A. breweri · A. bursiflorum · A. calophyllum · A. canariense · A. cannabinum (Clasping-Leaf Dogbane) · A. cannabinum glaberrimum · A. cannabinum hypericifolium · A. cannabinum nemorale · A. cannabinum pubescens · A. cannabinum var. album (Hemp Dogbane) · A. cannabinum var. cannabinum · A. cannabinum var. estellinum · A. cannabinum var. floribundum · A. cannabinum var. incanum · A. cannabinum var. isophyllum · A. cannabinum var. lanceolatum · A. cannabinum var. oliganthum · A. cannabinum var. palustre · A. cannabinum var. puberulum · A. cannabium · A. cannibinum · A. cardiophyllum · A. carolini · A. cercidium · A. cervinum · A. ciliolatum · A. cinereum · A. citrifolium · A. clandestinum · A. coconinum · A. compressum · A. convallarium · A. cordatum (Mangrove Rubbervine) · A. cordifolium · A. cordigerum · A. cotinifolium · A. crassifolium · A. cumanense · A. cuspidatum · A. densiflorum · A. denticulatum · A. detonsum · A. dictyotum · A. dimidiatum · A. divergens · A. diversifolium · A. ellipticum · A. elmeri · A. erectum · A. ericifolium · A. estellinum · A. eximium · A. farwelli · A. farwellii · A. filiforme · A. fimbriatum · A. floribundum (Intermediate Dogbane) · A. floristratum · A. foetidum · A. frutescens · A. glaucum · A. grandiflorum · A. greeneanum · A. griseum · A. hastatum · A. hendersonii · A. hypericifolium · A. hypericifolium var. cordigerum · A. hypericifolium var. oblongum · A. imbricatum · A. incanum · A. indicum · A. insigne · A. isophyllum

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 19, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 3 providers.
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2653327
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-30157
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13744778
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77128-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 3718
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 30157
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 16527-2
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDAPO06020
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: APSU
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 21841

Footnotes

1. Bingtao Li, Antony J. M. Leeuwenberg & David J. Middleton "Apocynaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 143. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Apocynum". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 181. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 449.640 meters (1,475.197 feet), Standard Deviation = 519.040 based on 1,082 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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