Bacopa monnieri

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

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Description

Family Scrophulariaceae

Herbs, sometimes shrubs , rarely trees ; mostly autotrophic, less often hemiparasitic or parasitic. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, opposite, whorled , or basally opposite and apically alternate, simple or sometimes pinnately dissected . Inflorescences racemes , spikes, or thyrsoid panicles, determinate or indeterminate, or flowers solitary. Flowers perfect , usually zygomorphic, rarely actinomorphic . Calyx often persistent , (2-) 4- or 5-lobed or -parted, variously connate . Corolla sympetalous ; limb (3 or) 4- or 5-lobed, often 2-lipped. Stamens mostly 4, didynamous , sometimes 1 or 2 staminodes present, less often 2 or 5 stamens; anther locules 1 or 2, equal or subequal , free or confluent . Nectary often present at base of ovary, ringlike, cupular, or reduced to a gland . Ovary superior, 2-loculed, rarely apically 1-loculed; ovules numerous , rarely 2 per locule, on axile placentas, anatropous or hemitropous . Style simple; stigma capitate, 2-lobed, or 2-lamellate. Fruit a capsule, septicidal , loculicidal, or septifragal, sometimes opening by pores or irregularly dehiscent , rarely a berry. Seeds minute or rarely conspicuous , sometimes winged ; testa often reticulate ; hilum lateral or ventral; endosperm fleshy or absent; embryo straight or curved .

About 220 genera and 4500 species: cosmopolitan ; 61 genera (seven endemic) and 681 species (415 endemic) throughout China but with a greater concentration in SW China.[1]

Genus Bacopa

Herbs, erect or creeping . Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary, axillary or in terminal racemes . Bracteoles 1 or 2 or absent. Sepals (4 or) 5, entirely free , imbricate, upper 1 largest, lower 2 next large, lateral 2 innermost and narrowest. Corolla tube tubular ; limb patent , conspicuously or obscurely 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed; upper lip 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous or equal in length , very rarely 5; anther locules parallel, free. Stigma dilated , capitate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or globose , 2-grooved, 4-valved. Seeds numerous , minute.

About 60 species: tropics and subtropics, mainly in America; three species in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

By water, wet places, sandy beaches; below 1100 m [3].

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Bacopa monnieria (Linnaeus) Wettstein
2. Bramia Monniera
3. Bramia monniera (L.) Drake
4. Bramia monnieri (L.) Drake
5. Gratiola monnieri (Linnaeus) Linnaeus.
6. Lysimachia monnieri L.
7. Lysimachia monnieri Linnaeus, Cent. Pl. Ii 9. 1756

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 98:94. 1946

Name verified on 27-Nov-2006 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 27-Nov-2006

Similar Species

Members of the genus Bacopa

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 147 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

B. acuminata · B. acuminata var. brevifolia · B. acuminata var. peninsularis · B. acuta · B. albida · B. alternifolia · B. amplexicaulis · B. angulata · B. appressa · B. aquatica · B. aquatica var. multiflora · B. arenaria · B. auriculata · B. australis · B. axillaris · B. bacopoides · B. beccabunga · B. bracteolata · B. braunii · B. caespitosa · B. callitrichoides · B. calycina · B. caroliniana (Carolina Water-Hyssop) · B. chamaedryoides · B. chamaedryoides f. intermedia · B. chamaedryoides var. flagellaris · B. chamaedryoides var. microphylla · B. chamaedryoides var. peduncularis · B. ciliata · B. 'Cinderella Strawberry' · B. cladostyla · B. cochlearia · B. conferta · B. congesta · B. congesta var. hirsuta · B. connata · B. crenata (Dentated Water Hyssop) · B. curtipes · B. cv · B. cyclophylla · B. decumbens · B. depressa · B. dianthera · B. diffusa · B. diffusa 'Snowflake' · B. diffusus (Ornamental Bacopa) · B. divaricata · B. domingensis · B. dubia · B. egensis (Brazilian Water-Hyssop) · B. eiseni · B. eisenii (Gila River Water-Hyssop) · B. elongata · B. erecta · B. flagellaris · B. floribunda · B. gracilis · B. grandiflora · B. gratioloides · B. hamiltoniana · B. hamiltoniana hamiltoniana · B. hassleriana · B. hassleriana f. vestita · B. herniarioides · B. hirsuta · B. humifusa · B. humilis · B. imbricata · B. innominata (Tropical Water-Hyssop) · B. lacertosa · B. lanigera · B. lanigera var. marginata · B. lanigera var. serpyllifolia · B. laxiflora · B. laxiflora var. scabra · B. lecomtei · B. lilacina · B. limosa · B. lisowskiana · B. longipes · B. madagascariensis · B. micromonnieria · B. minuta · B. monniera · B. monnieri (Monnier´s Bacopa) · B. monnieria · B. monnieria var. cuneifolia · B. monnierioides · B. monnieri var. micromonnieria · B. monnieroides · B. monosticta · B. montevidensis · B. myriophylloides (Fine-Leaved Water Hyssop) · B. naias · B. nigrescens · B. obovata · B. occultans · B. oxycalyx · B. paraguariensis · B. paraguariensis congesta

More Info

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Further Reading

• Dassanayake, M. D. and F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980 –. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. (F Ceylon)
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. (CRC MedHerbs ed2)
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13)
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. ENG url p. 117, p. 124, p. 127, p. 226, p. 42, p. 440, p. 95.
• Fishery bulletin / U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service: ENG url p. 325.
• Fishery bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, The Service, U.S. Govt Print. Off. ENG url p. 197, p. 578.
• Flora costaricensis / William Burger, editor. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, c2000. ENG url p. 22, p. 23, p. 6, p. 69.
• Flora of Guatemala / Paul C. Standley and Louis O. Williams. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1973. ENG url p. 332.
• Flora of Peru. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1971. ENG url p. 480.
• Flora, Tehuacán Valley [by] C. Earle Smith, Jr. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Natural History Museum, 1965. ENG url p. 133.
• Howard, R. 1974 –1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles. (F LAnt)
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
• Li, H. L. et al., eds. 1975 –1979. Flora of Taiwan. (F Taiwan)
• Macbride, J. F. et al., eds. 1936 –1971. Flora of Peru.; new ser. 1980- (F Peru)
• Malezasdemexico. Malezas de México - on-line resource. (Malezas Mex)
• McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
• Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, ENG url p. 47.
• Philcox, D. 1979. Clarification of the name Bacopa monnieri (Scrophulariaceae). Kew Bull. 33:679 –680.
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)
• Standley, P. C. and J. A. Steyermark. 1946 –1976. Flora of Guatemala. (F Guat)
• The ecology of delta marshes of coastal Louisiana: a community profile / by James G. Gosselink. Washington, DC: National Coastal Ecosystems Team, Division of Biological Services, Research Development, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior: 1984. ENG url p. 38, p. 69.
• Tropical American plants, IX / Louis O. Williams. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1968. ENG url p. 1.
• Tsoong Puchiu & Yang Hanbi, eds. 1979. Scrophulariaceae (1). Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(2): 1-431. Tsoong Puchiu, ed. 1963. Scrophulariaceae (2). Fl. Reipulb. Popularis Sin. 68: 1-449.
• Tsoong Puchiu & Yang Hanbi, eds. 1979. Scrophulariaceae (1). Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(2): 1-431. Tsoong Puchiu, ed. 1963. Scrophulariaceae (2). Fl. Reipulb. Popularis Sin. 68: 1-449.

Notes

Contributors

• "Bacopa monnieri". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 21. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 21, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 28 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
• GBIF-Spain, Botánica, Universidad de León: LEB-Cormo
• GBIF-Spain, Herbario Universidad de Málaga: MGC-Cormófitos
• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• GBIF-Spain, Univ. Herbarium SALAMANCA: SALA
• GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Oviedo. Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas: FCO
• Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University Herbaria
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Israel Nature and Parks Authority
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2655555
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-33038
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13747479
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:143538-3
• GRIN Nomen Number: 102292
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 33038
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 799535-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDSCR06060
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: BAMO
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 24208

Footnotes

1. Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren & Robert R. Mill "Scrophulariaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren & Robert R. Mill "Bacopa". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 21. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Bacopa monnieri". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 21. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

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