Broussonetia papyrifera

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Shrub or small tree , native to E. Asia. The bark was converted into the finest bark cloth (tapa or kapa) for skirts , capes , loin cloths, sandals, bed clothes, etc. Widely used by Pacific cultures .

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Moraceae

Trees , shrubs , vines , or rarely herbs, frequently with milky or watery latex, sometimes spiny . Stipules present, frequently caducous . Leaves alternate, rarely opposite; petiole often present and well-defined; leaf blade simple , sometimes with cystoliths , margin entire or palmately lobed , venation pinnate or palmate. Inflorescences axillary , frequently paired , racemose, spicate , capitate, or rarely cymose , sometimes a fig or syconium with flowers completely enclosed within a hollow receptacle. Flowers unisexual (plants monoecious or dioecious), small to very small. Calyx lobes (1 or) 2-4(-8), free or connate , imbricate or valvate . Corolla absent. Male flowers: stamens as many as and opposite to calyx lobes (except in Artocarpus), straight or inflexed in bud; anthers 1- or 2-loculed, crescent-shaped to top-shaped; pistillode (rudimentary sterile pistil) often present. Female flowers: calyx lobes usually 4; ovary superior, semi-inferior, or inferior, 1(or 2) -loculed; ovules 1 per locule, anatropous or campylotropous; style branches 1 or 2; stigmas usually filiform . Fruit usually a drupe, rarely an achene, enveloped by an enlarged calyx and/or immersed in a fleshy receptacle, often joined into a syncarp. Seed solitary; endosperm present or absent.

Between 37 and 43 genera and 1100–1400 species: widespread in tropical and subtropical areas, less common in temperate areas; nine genera and 144 species (26 endemic, five introduced ) in China.

Economically, the most important species are those of Morus and Maclura associated with the production of silk . Some species in Broussonetia, Maclura, and Morus are important for paper making; some species in Artocarpus, Ficus, and Morus have edible fruit; and some species of Artocarpus and Broussonetia are used for furniture or timber.[1]

Genus Broussonetia

Trees , deciduous; sap milky . Terminal buds surrounded by bud scales. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled ; stipules caducous , free . Leaf blade ovate , lobed or entire, margins dentate ; venation appearing palmate or weakly 3-veined from base . Staminate inflorescences pedunculate , cylindric spikes; pistillate inflorescences short-pedunculate, globose capitula. Flowers: staminate and pistillate on different plants . Staminate flowers : sepals 4, connate at base; stamens 4, inflexed . Pistillate flowers: sepals 4, connate, forming tube ; ovary superior, stipitate , 1-locular; style unbranched. Fruits globose; each drupelet partly protruding from its enlarged calyx. x = 13.

Species 7-8: North America, Asia, and Pacific Islands (Polynesia).[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Flowering spring . Disturbed thickets; 0-600 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,919 meters (0 to 6,296 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 30-40' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Broussonetia papyrifera /i> (L.) L'Hér. Ex Vent.
2. Morus papyrifera L.
3. Morus papyrifera Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 986. 1753
4. Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Kuntze
5. Papyrius papyrifera (Linnaeus) Kuntze
6. Papyrius papyriferus (L.) Kuntze

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Tabl. regn. veg. 3:547. 1799

Name verified on 03-Mar-2004 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 08-May-2006

Similar Species

Members of the genus Broussonetia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 37 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

B. billardii · B. brasiliensis · B. cordata · B. cucullata · B. dissecta · B. elegans · B. greveana · B. harmandii · B. kaempferi · B. kazi · B. kazinoki (Japanese Paper Mulberry) · B. kazinoki var. ruyangensis · B. kurzii · B. lusoniensis · B. luzonica · B. maculata · B. monoica · B. navifolia · B. papirifera · B. papyrifera (Thai Paper Mulberry) · B. papyrifera 'Billardii' · B. papyrifera 'Cucullata' · B. papyrifera 'Golden Shadow' (Paper Mulberry) · B. papyrifera 'Laciniata' · B. papyrifera 'Leucocarpa' · B. papyrifera 'Macrophylla' · B. papyrifera 'Variegata' · B. plumerii · B. rupicola · B. secundiflora · B. sieboldii · B. spathulata · B. tertiaria · B. tinctoria (Indian Mulberry) · B. tricolor · B. xanthoxylon · B. zeylanica

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A provisional host-index of the fungi of the United States, by W.G. Farlow and A.B. Seymour. Cambridge, 1888-91. ENG url p. 97.
• Adansonia; recueil d'observations botaniques / rdig par le Dr. H. Baillon. Paris, France: H. Baillon et F. Savy. FRE url p. 374, p. 375.
• Agroforestry.net. The traditional tree initiative: species profiles for Pacific Island agroforestry - on-line resource. (Trad Tree Init)
• Allgemeine botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie etc. Karlsruhe: J.J. Reiff, 1895-1928. GER url p. 56.
• An introduction to the natural system of botany: or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the art by J London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1830. ENG url p. 349, p. 96.
• Anales de la Sociedad Cientfica Argentina. Buenos Aires. SPA url p. 167.
• Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Wien, Naturhistorisches Museum [etc.] GER url p. 92.
• Annales botanices systematicae. Auctore Guilielmo Gerardo Walpers. Lipsiae, Sumtibus F. Hofmeister, 1848-68. LAT url p. 528.
• Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultives les plus intressantes des possessions nerlandaises aux Indes orientales, en Amriq Leide [i.e. Leiden, Netherlands]: A.W. Sythoff [Sijthoff], 1858-1862. FRE url p. 28.
• Annales des sciences naturelles. Paris: Fortin, Masson, 1834-1937. FRE url p. 127, p. 128.
• Annali di botanica. Roma, Tipografia F. Failli [etc.] ITA url p. 436, p. 444, p. 449, p. 453.
• Annals and magazine of natural history: including zoology, botany and geology London. url p. 216.
• Annals of natural history. London, R. and J.E. Taylor, ENG url p. 216.
• Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. ENG url p. 281.
• Annuaire du Conservatoire et du jardin botaniques de Genve. Genve: Georg & Cie, 1897-1919/1922. FRE url p. 297.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. ENG url p. 658, p. 658.
• Annual report of the Director to the Board of Trustees for the year / Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, U.S.A.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1907-1943. ENG url p. 466.
• Annual report of the State Horticultural Society of Missouri. Jefferson City, Mo.: The Society, 1894-[1907] ENG url p. 368.
• Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Wien: Der Akademie, 1864-1914. ENG url p. 217.
• Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 107, p. 19.
• Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale. Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique [etc.] FRE url p. 197, p. 295.
• Atti / Istituto botanico della Universit [e] Laboratorio crittogamico, Pavia. Pavia [etc.]: Tip. Fusi [etc.] ITA url p. 15.
• Atti del museo civico di storia naturale di Trieste. Trieste: Il Museo, 1884- ITA url p. 100.
• Atti della Accademia gioenia di scienze naturali in Catania. Catania [Italy]: L' Accademia, Zuccarello [etc.], 1824- ITA url p. 3.
• Aus der Frühlings-Flora und Fauna Illyriens. [Wien, 1872] GER url p. 613.
• Aus der Heimath. Glogau: C. Flemming, GER url p. 391.
• Barker, Ch. (2002): Broussonetia papyrifera. Moraceae - Curtis's botanical magazine 203, pp. 8-18
• Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft. Berlin: Gebrder Borntrger, 1883-1987. GER url p. 304.
• Biblioteca Italiana. Milan. url p. 77.
• Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias. Cordoba [etc.]Academia Nacional de Ciencias. SPA url p. 540.
• Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Madrid: Estab. tip. de Fortenet, 1901-1937. SPA url p. 404, p. 532.
• Bollettino della Società dei naturalisti in Napoli. Napoli, Giannini [etc.] ITA url p. 128, p. 148.
• Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University. 30 1984-1986 Cambridge, Mass.: Botanical Museum, Harvard University, 1932- ENG url p. 58.
• Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. 2 1881 Stuttgart [etc.] Schweizerbart [etc.] GER url p. 221.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 110, p. 112, p. 116, p. 189, p. 198, p. 217, p. 228, p. 235, p. 243, p. 273, p. 327, p. 369, p. 517, p. 91.
• Boutelje, J. B. 1980. Encyclopedia of world timbers, names and technical literature. (Ency WTimber)
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 468, p. 624.
• Bulletin biologique de la France et de la Belgique. Montreuil [etc.]Gauther-Villars [etc.] FRE url p. 236, p. 242, p. 70.
• Bulletin de gographie botanique. Le Mans: Au sige de la Socit, 1911-1919. FRE url p. 87.
• Bulletin de l'Institut océanographique. Monaco, L'Institut. MUL url p. 20.
• Bulletin de la Société linnéenne de Normandie. Lons-le-Saunier [etc.]The Society. FRE url p. 165, p. 166, p. 173, p. 210.
• Bulletin de la Société royale de botanique de Belgique. [Bruxelles]: La Société, [1866]-1989. FRE url p. 212, p. 299.
• Bulletin de la Société vaudoise des sciences naturelles. Lausanne. url p. 96.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 29 1902 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870- ENG url p. 204, p. 448.
• Bullettino del Laboratorio ed Orto botanico. Siena: L. Lazzeri, 1898-1906. ITA url p. 175.
• Bullettino. Florence. ITA url p. 224.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- ENG url p. 330.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 574.
• Compendio della flora italiana; ossia, Manuale per la determinazione delle piante che trovansi selvatiche od inselvatichite nell'Italia e nelle isole adiacenti. Torino, E. Loescher, 1882. ITA url p. 602.
• Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s©ances de l'Acad©mie des sciences. Paris: publi©s avec le concours du Centre national de la recherche scientifique par MM. les secr©taires perp©tuels: -1965. FRE url p. 1461, p. 530, p. 702.
• Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences. Paris: publiés avec le concours du Centre national de la recherche scientifique par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels: -1965. FRE url p. 1611, p. 2094, p. 223, p. 242, p. 243, p. 27, p. 471, p. 530, p. 602.
• Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Wien: Aus der Kaiserlich-K©niglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1850-1918. GER url p. 103, p. 184, p. 213, p. 218, p. 341, p. 609, p. 623, p. 628.
• Der Tropenpflanzer; zeitschrift fr tropische landwirtschaft. Berlin. GER url p. 253.
• Descriptive catalogue of the Formosan fungi / by Kaneyoshi Sawoda. Taihoku, Formosa: Agricultural Experiment Station, 1919- ENG url p. 199, p. 249.
• Die Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Su?dsee /von Karl Schumann und Karl Lauterbach. 1901 Leipzig: verlag von Gebru?der Borntraeger, 1901 [i.e. 1900] GER url p. 266.
• Die Gartenkunst. Wrzburg [etc.]Selbstverlag der Deutschen Gesellschaft fr Gartenkunst [etc.]. GER url p. 108.
• Die Gartenwelt. Berlin: G. Schmidt, [1897- GER url p. 115, p. 191, p. 321, p. 371, p. 578, p. 602, p. 641, p. 88.
• Die Lehre von der Pflanzenzelle / von Wilh. Hofmeister. Leipzig: Engelmann, 1867. GER url p. 527, p. 644.
• Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs: versuch einer Technischen Rohstofflehre des Pflanzenreiches / Unter Mitwirkung von Max Bemberger, von Julius von Wiesner. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1914. GER url p. 264, p. 273, p. 370, p. 384, p. 385, p. 386, p. 403, p. 747.
• Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz Leipzig: E. Kummer, 1884-1966. GER url p. 182, p. 197, p. 30, p. 350, p. 949.
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. (CRC MedHerbs ed2)
• Enumeratio plantarum anno 1890 in Caucaso lectarum: additis nonnullis speciebus a claris viris H. Lojka, G. Radde, N. Seidlitz et fratr. Brotherus in eadem ditione lectis / S. Sommier et E. Levier, cum tabulis lithographicis XLIX ab E. Levier et C. Cuisi Petropoli: Typ. Imp. akademii nauk, 1900. FRE url p. 411, p. 552.
• Excursionsflora für Oesterreich, mit Ausschluss von Galizien, Bukowina und Dalmatien. Mit theilseiser Benützung des "Botanischen Excursionsbuches" von G. Lorinser, verfasst von Karl Fritsch. Wien, C. Gerold's Sohn, 1897. GER url p. 167.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. ENG url p. 110, p. 409, p. 508, p. 651.
• Flora balearica, étude phytogéographique sur les íles Baléares, par Herman Knoche. [Montpellier, France, Imp. Roumégous et Déhan]1921-1923. FRE url p. 50.
• Flora del Modenese e del Reggiano / dei Professori G. Gibelli e R. Pirotta. Modena: Tip. di G.T. Vincenzi, 1882. ITA url p. 25.
• Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore: an annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of the peninsula of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. [Wilmington]: Society of Natural History of Delaware, 1946. ENG url p. 103.
• Flora of Illinois, containing keys for identification of flowering plants and ferns. Notre Dame, Ind., University of Notre Dame Press, 1963. ENG url p. 158.
• Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. ENG url p. 1041, p. 1175.
• Flora of Pennsylvania. Edited with the addition of analytical keys by John Kunkel Small. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1903. ENG url p. 111.
• Flora of West Virginia, by Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Lawrence William Nuttall. Chicago, 1896. ENG url p. 202.
• Flora of the southeastern United States; being descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and in Oklahom by John Kunke New York, The author, 1913. ENG url p. 362.
• Flora of the southern United States: containing an abridged description of the flowering plants and ferns of Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida: arranged according to the natural system. The ferns by Prof. Dani New York, Ivison, Blakeman, 1889 [c1883] ENG url p. 415.
• Flora padovana; ossia, Prospetto floristico e fitogeografico delle piante vascolari indigene inselvatichite o largamente coltivate crescenti nella provincia di Padova; con notizie storico-bibliografiche sulle fonti d Padova, Prem. Soc. coop. tip., 1909-1914. ITA url p. 247.
• Flora von Brixen a. E.; ein mit Standorts- und Höhenangaben versehenes Verzeichnis der im weiteren Gebiete von Brixen a. E. (Südtirol) beobachteten wildwachsenden höheren Sporen- und Samenpflanzen, der Nutzgewächse und Zierg Wien, Deuticke, 1911. GER url p. 89.
• Flora von Nieder-Österreich. Handbuch zur Bestimmung sämmtlicher in diesem Kronlande und den angrenzenden Gebieten wildwachsenden, häufig gebauten und verwildert vorkommenden Samenpflanzen und Führer zu weiteren botanischen Forsc Wein, C. Gerold, 1890-93. GER url p. 311, p. 68.
• Flora von Tirol. Ein Verzeichniss der in Tirol und Vorarlberg wild wachsenden und häesiger gebauten Gefässpflanzen. Mit Berücksichtigung ihrer Verbreitung und örtlichen Verhältnisse verfasst und nach Koch's Synopsis d von Frz. Freih. v. Hausmann. Innsbruck, Wagner, 1851. GER url p. 1557.
• Flore analytique & descriptive des provinces de Namur et de Luxembourg (plantes indigènes et cultivées) Accompagnée d'une carte botanique, des étymologies des noms, des propriétés des plantes, etc. Ouvrage illustré de 341 figures. Namur, Ad. Wesmael-Charlier, 1902. FRE url p. 173.
• Flore des serres et des jardins de l'Europe, ou Descriptions et figures des plantes les plus rares et les plus meritantes / rdige par M. Ch. Lemaire, M. Schweidweller, M. L. van Houtte. Gand: Louis van Houtte, 1845-1880. FRE url p. 27.
• Gartenflora. Erlangen: F. Enke, 1852-1940. GER url p. 189, p. 322, p. 34, p. 384, p. 418, p. 454, p. 518, p. 657.
• Hamburger Garten- und Blumenzeitung. Hamburg: R. Kittler, 1852-1890. GER url p. 109, p. 251, p. 363, p. 367, p. 520.
• Handbook of the flora of Philadelphia and vicinity, containing data relating to the plants within the following radius: eastern Pennsylvania; all of New Jersey except the northern counties; and New Castle County, Delaware, with keys for identification co Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, 1905. ENG url p. 125.
• Handbuch der systematischen botanik, mit besonderer berücksichtigung der arzneipflanzen. Bd. 1. Leipzig, H. Haessel, 1879. GER url p. 523.
• Handwörterbuch der naturwissenschaften / hrsg. von prof. dr. E. Korschelt (zoologie) prof. dr. G. Linck (mineralogie und geologie) prof. dr. F. Oltmanns (botanik) prof. dr. K. Schaum (chemie) prof. dr. H. Th. Simon (physi Jena: G. Fischer, 1912-1915. GER url p. 386, p. 821.
• Horticulture. Boston, Mass.: Horticulture Pub. Co., c1904- ENG url p. 304.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard) [lists as B. papyrifera (L.) L'Hér.].
• International catalogue of scientific literature. London: Published for the International Council by the Royal Society of London, 1902-1919. ENG url p. 429.
• Introduccin al estudio de la flrula de micromicetos de Catalua / por Romualdo Gonzlez Fragoso. Barcelona: Museo Martorell, 1917. SPA url p. 146.
• Inventory of seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1914-1924. ENG url p. 23.
• Irish gardening. [Dublin: Pub. Office, 1906-1922] ENG url p. 139.
• Jahrbuch für Gartenkunde und Botanik. Bonn: E. Strauss., 1884-1890. GER url p. 236, p. 466.
• Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Botanik. Berlin:G. Borntraeger, 1858-1944. GER url p. 168, p. 56, p. 57, p. 69.
• Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte auf dem Gesamtgebiete der Agrikultur-Chemie. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1866-1919. GER url p. 184, p. 379.
• Journal de botanique. Paris, Bureau de journaux. FRE url p. 182.
• Journal de la Société nationale d'horticulture de France. Paris: Au siége de la Société, 1886-1927. FRE url p. 29.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. ENG url p. 135.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 1002, p. 104, p. 1081, p. 1092, p. 123, p. 124, p. 127, p. 1301, p. 1307, p. 1364, p. 1381, p. 143, p. 177, p. 185, p. 191, p. 199, p. 206, p. 234, p. 274, p. 288, p. 292, p. 312, p. 332, p. 336, p. 343, p. 362, p. 372, p. 373, p. 377, p. 393, p. 396, p. 398, p. 440, p. 445, p. 454, p. 470, p. 500, p. 508, p. 510, p. 521, p. 533, p. 548, p. 557, p. 578, p. 605, p. 619, p. 645, p. 648, p. 652, p. 697, p. 715, p. 719, p. 731, p. 772, p. 774, p. 775, p. 80, p. 865, p. 948, p. 956.
• L'Année biologique. Paris, Masson. FRE url p. 438.
• L'Illustration horticole; journal international populaire de l'horticulture dans toutes ses branches. Ghent; FRE url p. 74.
• La flora di Parenzo, del Dr. Carlo Marchesetti. [Trieste, 1890] ITA url p. 100.
• Le Jardin. Paris: Librairie horticole du Jardin, 1887-1921. FRE url p. 296.
• Le Monde des plantes. Le Mans: Impr. Edmond Monnoyer, 1891-1898. FRE url p. 196.
• Lehrbuch der Botanik für mittlere und höhere Lehrenstalten, by Dr. K. Prantl Bearb. unter Zugrundelegung des Lehrbuches der Botanik von Jul. Sachs Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1883. GER url p. 256.
• Lyon-horticole. Lyon: Impr. du Salut public, FRE url p. 336.
• Manual of vascular plants of the lower Yangtze Valley, China. Corvallis, Oregon State College[1958] ENG url p. 88.
• McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
• Me?moires /Socie?te? botanique de France. 1907-1912 [Paris: La Socie?te?, 1905-1921. FRE url p. 21, p. 24, p. 7, p. 8.
• Medical mycology; fungous diseases of men and other mammals, by Carroll William Dodge St. Louis, The C.V. Mosby company, 1935. ENG url p. 872.
• Memoires de la Société Imperiale des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg. url p. 298.
• Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History. Honolulu: The Museum, 1899-1949. ENG url p. 608.
• Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales de Madrid. url p. 47.
• Memorie di matematica e di fisica della Societ`a italiana delle Scienze Verona; Società Italiana delle Scienze. ITA url p. 213.
• Meyer, F. G. et al. 1994. A catalog of cultivated woody plants of the southeastern United States. (L CultWPl SE US)
• Mikrochemie der Pflanze. Jena, G. Fischer, 1921. GER url p. 170.
• Monografia delle cocciniglie italiane. Opera postuma. Ed. curata e accresciuta di un'appendice dal prof. F. Silvestri. Portici, Stab. tip. E. Della Torre, 1920. ITA url p. 204.
• Mémoires de la Société Royale (Nationale) Académique de Cherbourg. Cherbourg: Société Royale (Nationale) Académique de Cherbourg. FRE url p. 212.
• Nachtra?ge zur Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Su?dsee: mit Ausschluss Samoa's und der Karolinen /von Karl Schumann und Karl Lauterbach. 1905 Leipzig: Gebru?der Borntraeger, 1905. GER url p. 409.
• National list of scientific plant names. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1982- ENG url p. 296.
• Natur und Museum. Frankfurt am Main. MUL url p. 128.
• Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau: wöchentliche Berichte über die Fortschritte auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Naturwissenschaften. Braunschweig: Druck und verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1886- GER url p. 364, p. 528, p. 532.
• Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 191, p. 204, p. 238, p. 321.
• Neue allgemeine deutsche Garten- und Blumenzeitung. Hamburg: G. Heubel's Buch- und Kunsthandlung, 1845-1851. GER url p. 372.
• Nomenclature of plants; a text for the application by the case method of the International code of botanical nomenclature. New York, Ronald Press Co.[1958] ENG url p. 127, p. 135.
• North American trees (exclusive of Mexico and tropical United States) A handbook designed for field use, with plates and distribution maps. Ames, Iowa State University Press[1961] ENG url p. 227, p. 385.
• Notulae systematicae. Paris: Laboratoire de phanrogamie du Musum national d'histoire naturelle, 1909-1960. FRE url p. 108, p. 392, p. 392.
• Nuova flora analitica d'Italia, contenente la descrizione delle piante vascolari indigene inselvatichite e largamente coltivate in Italia, del dott. Adriano Fiori. Firenze, Tipografia di M. Ricci, 1923-29. ITA url p. 371, p. 374.
• Occasional papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press, 1898-84. ENG url p. 21.
• Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.). (F JapanOhwi) 384.
• Plant growth substances, edited by Folke Skoog. [Madison]University of Wisconsin Press, 1951. ENG url p. 290.
• Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. ENG url p. 476.
• Plantae diaphoricae florae Argentinae, ó, Revista sistemática de las plantas medicinales, alimenticias ó de alguna otra utilidad y de las venenosas, qùe son indígenas de la República Argentina Buenos Aires, G. Kraft, 1882. SPA url p. 346.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 509, p. 667, p. 827.
• Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. Indianapolis, Ind.[s.n.] ENG url p. 141.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 738.
• Prodrome de la flore corse: comprenant les résultats botaniques de six voyages exécutés en Corse sous les auspices de M. Emile Burnat / par John Briquet. Genève: Georg, 1910-1955. FRE url p. 419.
• Reliquiae Formánekianae: enumeratio critica plantarum vascularium, quas itineribus in Haemo Peninsula et Asia Minore (Bithynia) factis collegit Dr. Ed. Formánek / scripsit C. Vandas. Brunae: Comitiorum Marchionatus Moraviae, 1909. LAT url p. 529.
• Schilderung der deutschen Pflanzenfamilien: vom botanisch- descriptiven und physiologisch-chemischen Standpunkte / von Hermann Hoffmann. Giessen: G.F. Hener's Verlag, 1846. GER url p. 87.
• Sino-Iranica; Chinese contributions to the history of civilization in ancient Iran, with special reference to the history of cultivated plants and products / by Berthold Laufer -- Chicago, 1919. ENG url p. 558, p. 617.
• Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Wien: K.-K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei in Commission bei F. Tempsky, GER url p. 256, p. 564, p. 584, p. 585.
• Sitzungsberichte. Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Wien: K.-K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei in Kommission bei A. H©lder, GER url p. 487, p. 488, p. 489.
• Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Digessit P. A. Saccardo. Patavii, sumptibus auctoris, 1882-1931. LAT url p. 210, p. 211.
• Symbolae sinicae: botanische Ergebnisse der Expedition der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wein nach Su?dwest-China, 1914-1918 /herausgegeben von Heinrich Handel-Mazzetti; unter mitarbeit von Viktor Brotherus [et al.]. 7 1929 Wien: J. Springer, 1929-1937. GER url p. 91.
• Synopsis mycologiae Venetae secundum matrices, digesserunt J. Cuboni et V. Mancini. Patavii, Typis Seminarii, 1886. LAT url p. 194.
• Taschenbuch für den schweizerischen Botaniker / bearbeitet von J.C. Ducommun. Solothurn: Selbstverlag des Verfassers, 1869. GER url p. 672.
• Textbook of theoretical botany, by R. C. McLean and W. R. Ivimey-Cook. London, Longmans, Green[1951- ENG url p. 1750, p. 2187, p. 962.
• The Farmer's magazine. London, Rogerson and Tuxford [etc.]. ENG url p. 327.
• The Floral world and garden guide. London, Groombridge and Sons, 1858-1880. ENG url p. 157.
• The Gardener's monthly and horticulturist. Philadelphia, Pa.: Charles H. Marot, 1876-1888. ENG url p. 180, p. 249.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 298.
• The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. ENG url p. 122, p. 238, p. 5.
• The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay: The Society, ENG url p. 704.
• The Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan = Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku kiyo. Rika. Tokyo, Japan: The University, 1898-1925. ENG url p. 193, p. 373, p. 423, p. 527.
• The Ohio journal of science. [Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science] ENG url p. 187, p. 414, p. 418, p. 459, p. 473.
• The Popular science monthly. [New York, Popular Science Pub. Co., etc.] ENG url p. 303.
• The Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. Des moines, Iowa: The Academy, [1889-1987] ENG url p. 73.
• The Review of applied entomology. [Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc.] ENG url p. 168, p. 579.
• The Tennessee flora; with special reference to the flora of Nashville. Phaenogams and vascular cryptogams, by August Gattinger. Nashville, Tenn.The author, 1887. ENG url p. 79.
• The identification of trees & shrubs; how to recognize, without previous knowledge of botany, wild or garden trees and shrubs native to the north temperate zone, with 2, 500 diagrams made by the author. New York, Dutton[1937] ENG url p. 269.
• The journal of the Horticultural Society of London. London, [England]: Published for the Society, by Longman and Co., 1846-1855. ENG url p. 219.
• The trees of America; native and foreign, pictorially and botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described, illustrated by numerous engravings. By D. J. Browne. New York, Harper & brothers, 1857. ENG url p. 113, p. 461.
• The tropical agriculturist. Colombo, Ceylon: A.M. & J. Ferguson, 1882- ENG url p. 178, p. 195.
• The vegetable kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system / by John Lindley. London: Bradbury and Evans, 1846. ENG url p. 268.
• Tidsskrift for Populære Fremstillinger af Naturvidenskaben Kjøbenhavn. DAN url p. 430.
• Traité élémentaire d'entomologie comprenant l'histoire des espèces utiles et de leurs produits des espèces nuisibles et des moyens de les détruire, l'étude des métamorphoses et des moeurs, les procédés de chasse et de conservation / par Maurice Girard. Paris: Librairie J. B. Baillière et fils, 1873-85. FRE url p. 393.
• Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. Wellington: J. Hughes, Printer, 1869-1934. ENG url p. 377.
• Walker, E. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu Islands. (F Okin)
• Wochenschrift des Vereines zur Befrderung des Gartenbaues in den Kniglich Preussischen Staaten fr Grtnerei und Pflanzenkunde. Berlin, Wiegandt & Hempel [etc.] GER url p. 299.
• Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition). (F ChinaEng) [lists as B. papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent.].
• Zeitschrift fr wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und fr mikroskopische Technik. Stuttgart [etc.]S. Hirzel [etc.] GER url p. 411.
• Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und mikroskopische Technik. Stuttgart [etc.]S. Hirzel [etc.] GER url p. 411.
• Chang Siushih, Wu Chengyih & Cao Ziyu. 1998. Moroideae. In: Chang Siushih & Wu Chengyih, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 23(1): 1219.
• Chang Siushih, Wu Chengyih & Cao Ziyu. 1998. Moroideae. In: Chang Siushih & Wu Chengyih, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 23(1): 1219.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• "Broussonetia papyrifera". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 12, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 15 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, Herbarium Specimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref., Japan
• Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility, Magnoliophyta
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645819
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-19107
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13731245
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:850861-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 7900
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 19107
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 850861-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDMOR03010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: BRPA4
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 26067

Footnotes

1. Zhengyi Wu, Zhe-Kun Zhou & Michael G. Gilbert "Moraceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 21. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Broussonetia". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Broussonetia papyrifera". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 161.920 meters (531.234 feet), Standard Deviation = 229.840 based on 396 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.