Overview
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Critically Endangered |
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Common Names
Common Names in English:
Coyote Ceanothus, Coyote Valley California-Lilac
Description
Family Rhamnaceae
Deciduous or evergreen
, often thorny trees
, shrubs
, woody climbers
, or lianas, rarely herbs. Leaves simple
, petiolate
, alternate or opposite, pinnately veined or 3-5-veined, entire
to serrate, sometimes much reduced; stipules small, caducous
or persistent
, sometimes transformed into spines. Flowers yellowish to greenish, rarely brightly colored
, small, bisexual
or unisexual
, rarely polygamous, (4 or) 5-merous, hypogynous to epigynous
, in mostly axillary
, sessile or pedunculate
cymes, or reduced to few in fascicles. Calyx tube
patelliform or hemispherical to tubular
, sometimes absent, at rim
with calyx, corolla, and stamens; sepals 4 or 5, valvate
in bud, triangular, erect
or ± recurved during anthesis
, adaxially often distinctly keeled
, alternate with petals. Petals 4 or 5, rarely absent, usually smaller than sepals, concave
or hooded
, rarely nearly flat, often shortly clawed. Stamens 4 or 5, antepetalous
and often ± enclosed by petals; filaments
thin, adnate
to bases
of petals; anthers
minute, versatile or not, 2(or 4) -celled, dehiscing by longitudinal
slits, usually introrse
. Disk intrastaminal
, nectariferous
, thin to ± fleshy
, entire or lobed
, glabrous
or rarely pubescent
, free
from ovary or tightly surrounding it, or adnate to calyx tube. Ovary superior to inferior, (1 or) 2-4-loculed, with 1(or 2) ovules per locule; ovules anatropous
, basal and erect; styles
simple or ± deeply 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Fruit either an indehiscent, rarely explosively dehiscent
, sometimes winged
, schizocarpic capsule, or a ± fleshy drupe with 1-4 indehiscent, rarely dehiscent, pyrenes (stones
) . Seeds with thin, oily albumen, sometimes exalbuminous
; embryo large, oily, straight or rarely bent.
About 50 genera and more than 900 species: almost cosmopolitan
, mainly in subtropical
to tropical
areas; 13 genera and 137 species (82 endemic, one introduced
) in China.
Former classifications usually placed Rhamnaceae in the Rhamnales, together with Vitaceae and Leeaceae (Suessenguth in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 20d. 1953), or together with Elaeagnaceae (Thorne, Bot. Rev. 58: 225-348. 1992) . Orders
such as Celastrales, Urticales, and Euphorbiales have often been considered as closely related groups. Recent analyses of DNA sequences strongly supported including the family
in the Rosales, beside the closest relatives Barbeyaceae and Dirachmaceae (see Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 141: 399-436. 2003) . Suessenguth (loc. cit.
) grouped the family into five tribes
, mainly characterized by fruit characters. Richardson et al.
(Kew Bull
. 55: 311-340. 2000; Amer. J. Bot. 87: 1309-1324. 2000) revised this tribal classification on the basis of a phylogenetic
analysis using rbcL and trnL-F sequences of the plastid genome. Now 11 tribes are recognized, of which four are represented in the Flora
area.
The bark
, leaves, and fruit of several species of Rhamnus have been used as laxatives
, notably R. cathartica and R. frangula. Diverse
Old World species of Rhamnus provide yellow and green dyes as well as drugs. Timber of Alphitonia, Colubrina, Hovenia, and Ziziphus species is used for construction, fine furniture, carving, lathework, and musical instruments. Many Ziziphus species yield edible fruit; among them, Z. jujuba (Chinese jujube) and Z. mauritiana (Indian jujube) are cultivated on a commercial
scale. Hovenia dulcis is also grown for its edible, fleshy inflorescence stalks
. Species of Hovenia, Paliurus, and Rhamnus are cultivated as ornamentals
.[1]
Physical Description
Habit: Shrub
Biology
Reproduction
Duration: Perennial
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
()
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
()
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Magnoliophyta
()
- Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Flowering Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
()
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
()
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
()
- Brongniart, 1843
- Dicotyledons
- Subclass:
Rosidae
()
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder:
Rhamnanae
()
- Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
- Order:
Rhamnales
()
- Dumortier, 1829
- Family:
Rhamnaceae
()
- Durande, 1782, Nom. Cons.
- Buckthorn Family
- Family:
Rhamnaceae
(
- Order:
Rhamnales
(
- Superorder:
Rhamnanae
(
- Subclass:
Rosidae
(
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Magnoliophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
. Latest taxonomic
scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000
Place of publication
: Madroño 2:89. 1933 "ferrisae"
Name verified on 23-Oct-1999 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 25-Feb-2002
Similar Species
Members of the genus Ceanothus
There are approximately 423 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
C. 'A.T. Johnson' · C. 'A. T. Johnson' (California Lilac) · C. africanus · C. alamani · C. americanus (Jersey-Tea Ceanothus) · C. americanus 'Fincham' · C. americanus intermedius · C. andersonii · C. arborescens · C. arboreus (Catalina Mountain-Lilac) · C. arboreus hybrid · C. arboreus 'Mist' · C. arboreus 'Owlswood Blue' · C. arboreus 'Thundercloud' · C. arboreus 'Trewithen Blue' (Island Mountain Lilac) · C. arboreus var. glaber · C. arcuatus (Arching Ceanothus) · C. asiaticus · C. atropurpureus · C. australis · C. austro-mantanus · C. austro-montanus · C. austromontanus · C. 'Autumnal Blue' (California Lilac) · C. axillaris · C. azurea · C. azureus · C. azureus 'Concha' · C. azureus parvifolius · C. azureus var. parvifolius · C. bakeri (Baker's Ceanothus) · C. 'Basil Fox' · C. baumannianus · C. bertini · C. bicolor · C. 'Blue Boy' · C. 'Blue Buttons' · C. 'Blue Carpet' · C. 'Blue Cascade' (California Lilac) · C. 'Blue Cushion' · C. 'Blue Diamond' · C. 'Blue Dreams' · C. 'Blue Jeans' (California Lilac) · C. 'Blue Mist' · C. 'Blue Moon' · C. 'Blue Mound' (California Lilac) · C. 'Blue Sapphire' · C. 'Blue Star' · C. bolensis · C. 'Bright Eyes' · C. burfordiensis · C. burkwoodii · C. 'Burkwoodii' (California Lilac) · C. burmannianus · C. 'Burtonensis' · C. buxifolius · C. caeruleus · C. californicus · C. candolleanus · C. capensis · C. capsularis · C. 'Cascade' (California Lilac) · C. celtidifolius · C. 'Centennial' · C. 'Chelsea Blue' · C. chloroxylon · C. circumscissus · C. coeruleus (Azure Ceanothus) · C. collinus · C. colubrinus · C. 'Comtesse de Paris' · C. 'Concha' (California Lilac) · C. confusus (Rincon Ridge Ceanothus) · C. connivens (Trailing Whitethorn) · C. cordulatus (Whitethorn Ceanothus) · C. crassifolius (Hoary-Leaf Whitethorn) · C. crassifolius 'Plenus' · C. cubensis · C. cuneatus (Sedge-Leaf Whitethorn) · C. cuneatus 'Nipomo Mesa' · C. cuneatus var. cuneatus (Coast Whitethorn) · C. cuneatus var. fascicularis (Buck Brush Ceanothus) · C. cuneatus var. macrocarpus · C. cuneatus var. ramulosus (Buckbrush Ceanothus) · C. cuneatus var. rigidus (Monterey Ceanothus) · C. cuneatus var. rigidus 'Albus' · C. cuneatus var. rigidus 'Pallens' · C. cuneatus var. rigidus 'Snowball' · C. cyaneus (San Diego Mountain Lilac) · C. 'Cynthia Postan' (California Lilac) · C. 'Dark Star' (California Lilac) · C. decumbens · C. 'Delight' (California Lilac) · C. delilianus · C. dentatus (Sandscrub Ceanothus) · C. dentatus 'Microphyllus' · C. dentatus 'Prostratus' · C. dentatus var. dentatus · C. dentatus var. papillosus · C. depressus
More Info
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Further Reading
- Hickman, J. C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. (F CalifJep) ["ferrisae"].
- Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2)
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Species Information: threatened and endangered animals and plants - on-line resource. (US Fish & Wildl List)
- Chen Yi-ling and Chou Pan-kai. 1982. Rhamnaceae. In: Chen Yi-ling, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 48(1): i-vi, 1-169.
Notes
Contributors
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 02, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 3 providers.
- USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 02, 2008:
- Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
- USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2652061
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-28468
- GRIN Nomen Number: 415196
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 28468
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDRHA041N0
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CEFE2
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 26589
Footnotes
- Yilin Chen & Carsten Schirarend "Rhamnaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 115,355. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
