Citrus maxima (Pamplemousse, Pomelo, Pommelo, Pumello, Pummelo, Shaddock, Zabon)

Common Names

[ Back to top ]

Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Chinese:

Yu, Zhu Luan

Common Names in Dutch:

Pompelmoes

Common Names in English:

Buntan, Pamplemousse, Pomelo, Pommelo, Pumello, Pummelo, Shaddock, Yu, Zabon

Common Names in Finnish:

Pummelo

Common Names in French:

Pamplemousse, Pamplemoussier, Shadek

Common Names in German:

Adamsapfel, Pampelmuse, Pomelo, Pumelo

Common Names in Hindi:

चकोतरा, सनदाफल, Chakotra, Sadaphal

Common Names in Indonesia:

Limau

Common Names in Italian:

Pompelmo

Common Names in Japanese:

Buntan, Zabon

Common Names in Portuguese:

Jamboa

Common Names in Spanish:

Toronja

Common Names in Swedish:

Pompelmus

Description

[ Back to top ]

Family Rutaceae

The Rutaceae are herbs, shrubs , and trees with glandular punctate , commonly strongly smelling herbage comprising about 150 genera and 1,500 species that are further characterized by the common occurrence of spines and winged petioles . The leaves are alternate or opposite, simple or palmately or pinnately compound , or sometimes heathlike or reduced to spines; stipules are absent. The flowers are often sweet-scented, nearly always bisexual , and are actinomorphic or sometimes zygomorphic. The calyx consists of 3-5 distinct or basally connate sepals and the corolla consists of 3-5 distinct or sometimes connate petals or rarely the petals are lacking. The androecium consists of distinct or sometimes connate stamens that are commonly obdiplostemonous , that is in two whorls with the outer whorl opposite the petals. However, sometimes there may be (1)3-4 whorls or rarely up to 60 stamens. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of commonly 2-5 or more, often incompletely connate carpels that may be united only basally or apically, either one or an equal number of styles , and a superior ovary with usually 2-5 or more locules, each bearing 1-several axile ovules. Generally, an intrastaminal nectary disk is situated between the stamens and the ovary. The fruit is variable. -- Gerald Carr.

Genus Citrus

Evergreen , small trees or shrubs , often spiny . Leaves simple , alternate, glandular punctate , petiole winged or margined . Flowers perfect or staminate , solitary or clustered in axillary racemes . Calyx 4-5-lobed, glabrous or pubescent . Petals (4-) 5(-8). Stamens 4-10 times the petals, polyadelphous . Ovary 10-14-locular, ovules biseriate or collateral . Fruit a fleshy hesperidium , globose to mamillate-oblong to oblate , rind tight or loose , with oil glands . Seeds embedded in pulpy vesicles .

Most or all of the species are cultivated, derived from the native species of tropical and subtropical regions of SE. Asia. Because of its great economic importance, domestication , cultivation and hybridization of the species has led to many varieties and forms, thus providing taxonomic problems. The following account of the species is primarily based on the work of Tanaka & Swingle with modifications in the treatment of the varieties.

Tanaka has described over 100 species. A genus widely cultivated."Citrus". in Flora of Pakistan Page 19. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Physical Description

Species Citrus maxima

Trees . Young branches, abaxial surface of leaves, peduncles , and ovaries pilose . Branches usually purplish, flat with ridges when young. Petiole 2-4 × 0.5-3 cm or less, winged ; leaf blade broadly ovate or elliptic , 9-16 × 4-8 cm or larger, thick, dark green, base rounded , apex rounded to obtuse and sometimes mucronate . Flowers solitary or in racemes ; flower buds purplish or rarely milky white. Calyx 3-5-lobed. Petals 1.5-2 cm. Stamens 25-35, some undeveloped . Style long and thick. Fruit pale yellow and yellowish green, globose , oblate , pyriform , or broadly obconic, usually more than 10 cm in diam., with large prominent oil dots, to 200-seeded or seedless; pericarp spongy ; sarcocarp with 10-15(-19) segments, white, pink, reddish, or rarely milky yellow. Seeds irregularly shaped, with conspicuous ridges, undeveloped seeds numerous ; embryo solitary; cotyledons milky white. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Sep-Dec. 2n = 18, 36. [source]

Pomelo or shaddock includes cultivars with round to obovoid fruit much favored for festival decoration as well as eating. No truly wild plants (presumably with much smaller fruit) have been seen. Citrus maxima is a parent with C. reticulata of C. ×aurantium. [source]

Habit: Tree , Shrub

Flowers: Flower Color: near white, white

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 15-20' tall.

Habitat

Biology

[ Back to top ]

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

[ Back to top ]

Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Magnoliopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Rutanae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Rutales () - Perleb, 1826
        Suborder: Rutineae ()
        Family: Rutaceae () - Durande, 1782, Nom. Cons. - Rue Family
        Subfamily: Aurantioideae ()
        Tribe: Citreae ()
        Genus: Citrus () - Linn., Sp. Pl. 782. 1753. Gen. Pl. ed. 5341.1754 - Citrus
        Specific epithet: maxima - (Burman) Merrill, Interpr. Herb. Amboin. 296. 1917.
        Botanical name: - Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.

Unambiguous Synonyms

A. decumanum (Linnaeus) Miller
Aurantium maximum Burman in Rumphius & Burman, Herb. Amboin. Auctuar. 7: Index [16]. 1755
C. ×aurantium f. grandis (Linnaeus) Hiroe
C. ×aurantium var. decumana Linnaeus
C. ×aurantium var. grandis Linnaeus
C. costata Rafinesque
C. decumana (Linnaeus) Linnaeus
C. grandis (Linnaeus) Osbeck
C. grandis var. pyriformis (Hasskarl) Karaya
C. grandis var. sabon (Siebold ex Hayata) Hayata
C. kwangsiensis Hu
C. medica Linnaeus subf. pyriformis (Hasskarl) Hiroe
C. obovoidea Yu. Tanaka
C. pampelmos Risso
C. pompelmos Risso
C. pyriformis Hasskarl
C. sabon Siebold ex Hayata.
Citrus ×aurantium Linnaeus subsp. decumana (Linnaeus) Tanaka
Citrus decumana (L.) L.
Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck
Citrus maxima (Burm. f.) Merr.
Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merrill
Citrus maxima Burm.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Interpr. Herb. amboin. 296. 1917

Name verified on 27-Dec-1988 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 07-Oct-2005

Similar Species

[ Back to top ]

Members of the genus Citrus

There are approximately 678 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

Bibliography

[ Back to top ]

Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959–. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. (F China)
Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980–. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. (F Ceylon) [= C. grandis (L.) Osbeck].
Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13)
Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6. (Mansf Ency)
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. (Hortus 3)
Mabberley, D. J. 1997. A classification for edible Citrus (Rutaceae). Telopea 7:170.
Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2. (Food Feed Crops US)
Merrill, E. D. 1922–1926. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants. (F Philipp)
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)
Scora, R. W. & D. H. Nicolson. 1986. The correct name for the shaddock, Citrus maxima, not C. grandis (Rutaceae). Taxon 35:592.
Smith, A. C. 1979–1991. Flora vitiensis nova. (F Viti)
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946–1976. Flora of Guatemala. (F Guat)
Swingle, W. T. & P. C. Reece. 1967. The botany of Citrus and its wild relatives. (Bot Citrus) [= C. grandis].
Tanaka, T. 1954. Revisio aurantiacearum. 9:117. [= C. grandis].
Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966–. Flora of Iraq. (F Iraq) [= C. grandis].
Verheij, E. W. M. & R. E. Coronel, eds. 1991. Edible fruits and nuts. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). (Pl Res SEAs) 2:128.
Walker, E. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu Islands. (F Okin) [= C. grandis].
Yaacob, O. & S. Subhadrabandhu. 1995. The production of economic fruits in South-East Asia. (PrEcFr) [= C. grandis].

More Info

[ Back to top ]

Search for Pictures: images.google.com
Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Notes

[ Back to top ]

Contributors

"Citrus maxima". in Flora of China Vol. 11 Page 91, 93, 94, 95. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 11, 2006.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 28, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
MBLWHOI Library: Universal Biological Index and Organizer. uBio.org accessed July 17, 2008.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 27, 2008)
USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum: Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
Missouri Botanical Garden

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2666238
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-501574
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 838100
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:771977-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 10744

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 501574
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 771977-1
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: CIGR CIMA5
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 30938

Citrus maxima

Common Names

Description

Family Rutaceae

Genus Citrus

Physical Description

Species Citrus maxima

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Citrus

Bibliography

More Info

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes