Digitalis purpurea

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Genus Digitalis

Herbs, rarely basally woody. Stems simple or branched at base . Leaves alternate, large, often crowded below, margin entire or toothed . Flowers in terminal , often secund racemes . Calyx 5-lobed; lobes imbricate. Corolla oblique , tubular-campanulate, often constricted beyond ovary, somewhat ventricose ; limb slightly 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe longer than lateral lobes; upper lip lobes much reduced, emarginate . Stamens 4, didynamous , included ; anthers touching in pairs, locules divaricate , apically confluent . Style 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid , septicidal . Seeds numerous , oblong to subovoid, small, ribbed ; seed coat scrobiculate-reticulate.

About 25 species: Asia, Europe; one species cultivated in China.[1]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,936 meters (0 to 16,194 feet).[2]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Biennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: No • Propagated by Container: No • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Space 18-24" apart.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: No • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: None • Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 8.5 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Low • Minimum Precipitation: 40 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -13°F. • Minimum Frost Free Days: 190 • Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Digitalis

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 56 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

D. ciliata (Foxglove Digitalis Ciliata) · D. davisiana (Foxglove) · D. dubia (Dwarf Spanish Foxglove) · D. ferruginea (Rusty Foxglove) · D. ferruginea 'Gelber Herold' (Rusty Foxglove) · D. ferruginea 'Gigantea' (Gigantea Rusty Foxglove) · D. grandiflora (Yellow Foxglove) · D. grandiflora 'Carillon' (Yellow Foxglove) · D. laevigata (Grecian Foxglove) · D. lamarckii (Foxglove) · D. lanata (Grecian Foxglove) · D. lutea (Small Yellow Foxglove) · D. lutea Brickell's form (Straw Foxglove) · D. lutea lutea (Straw Foxglove) · D. obscura (Willow Leaf Foxglove) · D. obscura obscura (Willow-Leaf Foxglove) · D. parviflora (Foxglove) · D. purpurea (Apricot Blush Foxglove) · D. purpurea f. albiflora (White Flowered Common Foxglove Digitalis Purpurea F. Albiflora) · D. purpurea heywoodii (Foxglove) · D. purpurea heywoodii 'Silver Fox' (Foxglove) · D. purpurea mariana (Foxglove) · D. purpurea var. alba (Purple Foxglove) · D. purpurea var. purpurea (Purple Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Apricot' (Apricot Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Apricot Beauty' (Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Apricot Faerie Queen' (Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Camelot Cream' (Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Camelot Lavender' (Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Camelot Mix' (Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Camelot Rose' (Camelot Rose Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Camelot White' (Camelot White Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Excelsior Hybrids' (Excelsior Group Foxglove Digitalis Purpurea) · D. purpurea 'Excelsior Mix' (Excelsior Mix Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Foxy' (Foxy Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Foxy Mix' (Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Gelbe Lanze' (Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Giant Shirley' (Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Glittering Prizes Group' (Glittering Prizes Group Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Gloxiniflora' (Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Hyacinth Hybrids' (Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Pam's Choice' (Pam's Choice Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Pam's Split' (Foxglove 'pam's Split') · D. purpurea 'Primrose Carousel' (Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Snow Thimble' (Foxglove) · D. purpurea 'Sutton's Apricot' (Sutton's Apricot Foxglove) · D. sibirica (Siberian Foxglove) · D. stewartii (Foxglove) · D. thapsi (Dwarf Spanish Foxglove) · D. trojana (Foxglove) · D. trojana 'Helen of Troy' (Foxglove) · D. viridiflora (Green Foxglove) · D. x mertonensis (Strawberry Foxglove) · D. 'Glory of Roundway' (Foxglove) · D. 'John Innes Tetra' (Digitalis) · D. 'Waldigone' (Foxglove 'waldigone')

More Info

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Further Reading

• A biochemic basis for the study of problems of taxonomy, heredity, evolution, etc., with especial reference to the starches and tissues of parent-stock and hybrid-stocks and the starches and hemoglobi Washington, D.C.Carnegie institution of Washington1919 url p. 11, p. 14.
• A dictionary of American plant names / compiled by Willard N. Clute. Joliet, Ill.: W.N. Clute, 1923. url p. 29.
• A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, by J. C. Willis. CambridgeThe University Press, 1919 url p. 217, p. 277.
• A guide to the natural history of the Isle of Wight: a series of contributions by specialists relating to the various branches of natural history and kindred subjects / edited by Frank Morey. Newport, Isle of Wight: The County Press, 1909. url p. 165.
• A guide to the poisonous plants and weed seeds of Canada and the northern United States / by R.B. Thomson and H.B. Sifton. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1922. url p. 14, p. 147, p. 163.
• A handbook to the flora of Natal / by J. Medley Wood. Durban, Natal: Bennett & Davis, Printers, 1907. url p. 92.
• A history of gardening in England, London, J. Murray, 1910. url .
• A little book of perennials, by Alfred C. Hottes. New York, N. Y., The A. T. De La Mare1923. url p. 29, p. 38.
• A manual of forestry. LondonBradbury, Agnew1906-25 url p. 402.
• A manual of organic materia medica and pharmacognosy; an introduction to the study of the vegetable kingdom and the vegetable and animal drugs (with syllabus of inorganic remedial agents) comprising the botanical and physical characteristics, source, con Philadelphia, Blakiston[1917] url p. xvii.
• A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations, Cedar Rapids, Ia., The Torch Press, 1911. url , , , , , , .
• A manual of poisonous plants: chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations / by L. H. Pammel. 1911 Cedar Rapids, Ia.: The Torch Press, 1910-11. url fig. 429, p. 441, p. 733, p. 736, p. 737.
• A manual of weeds, with descriptions of all the most pernicious and troublesome plants in the United States and Canada, their habits of growth and distribution, with methods of control, by Ada E. Georgia. .. with 385 illustrations by F. Schuyler Mathews. .. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1916, c1914. url p. 382, p. 563, p. 577.
• A manual of weeds: with descriptions of all the most pernicious and troublesome plants in the United States and Canada, their habits of growth and distribution, with methods of control / New York: Macmillan, 1919, c1914. url .
• A new British flora: British wild flowers in their natural haunts / described by A. R. Horwood; with sixty-four plates in colour representing 350 different plants, from drawings by J. N. Fitch and many illustrations from photographs. London: Gresham, 1919. url , , p. 217, p. 79, p. 81, p. 83.
• A new British flora; British wild flowers in their natural haunts, described by A. R. Horwood, with 64 plates in col. representing 350 different plants, from drawings by J. N. Fitch and many illus. from photo. London, Gresham Pub. Co., 1919. url p. 217, p. 79, p. 83.
• A partial list of plants available for various uses in general landscape planting, comp. by Albert D. Taylor. Cleveland, A.D. Taylor, c1916 url p. 42, p. 42.
• A practical handbook of trees, shrubs, vines and herbaceous perennials, by John Kirkegaard. Boston, Williams Bookstores Co., 1916. url p. 71.
• A text book of materia medica, being an account of the more important crude drugs of vegetable and animal origin, designed for students of pharmacy and medicine. London, Churchill, 1920. url p. 53, p. 56.
• A text-book of botany and pharmacognosy: intended for the use of students of pharmacy, as a reference book for pharmacists, and a handbook for food and drug analysts / by Henry Kraemer. Philadelphia & London: J. B. Lippincott company[c1910] url p. 376, p. 407, p. 409, p. 614, p. 616, p. 865.
• A text-book of botany, by Dr. Eduard Strasburger. .. Dr. Heinrich Schenck, Ludwig Jost [and] Dr. George Karsten. LondonMacmillan1912 url p. 661, p. 665, p. 743.
• A text-book of botany, by Eduard Strasburger. .. Dr. Heinrich Schenck. .. Dr. Fritz Noll. .. [and] Dr. George Karsten. London, Macmillan and co., limited, 1908. url p. 719.
• A text-book of materia medica and pharmacy for medical students / by V.E. Henderson. Toronto: University Press, [1911] url p. 56.
• American breeders magazine / American Breeders Association. [Washington, D.C.: ]The Association, url p. 200.
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• An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] url p. 792, p. 794.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102nd meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. Addison Brown. New York: Scribner, 1913. url p. 204.
• An introduction to historical plant geography, by E. V. Wulff. .. authorized translation by Elizabeth Brissenden. Foreword by Elmer D. Merrill. Waltham, Mass., Chronica Botanica Co., 1943. url p. 158, p. 211, p. 216.
• An introduction to the chemistry of plant products by Paul Haas and T. G. Hill. London, Longmans, Green, 1928-1929. url p. 263.
• Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. url p. 626.
• Annual and biennial garden plants, their value and uses: with full instructions for their cultivation, by A.E. Speer. .. London, J. Murray, 1911. url p. 129, p. xix.
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• Book of garden plans, Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday, Page & company, 1916. url .
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• Botany for secondary schools; a guide to the knowledge of the vegetation of the neighborhood, by L. H. Bailey. New York, Macmillan, 1920. url p. 407.
• Botany of the living plant, London, Macmillan and co., limited, 1919. url , .
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• Botany of the living plant, by F.O. Bower. In the third edition he was assisted by J.M.F. Drummond, and George Bond, in this fourth edition by C.W. Wardlaw. London, Macmillan and Co., ltd., 1947. url p. 644, p. 674.
• Botany of the living plant. London, Macmillan, 1919. url p. 557.
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• Brigham Young University science bulletin. 9 1968 Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, [1955-1976] url p. 269, figs. 88-90, page 70.
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• Catalog of Ohio vascular plants, arranged according to the phyletic classification; with notes on the geographical distribution in the state, based mainly on specimens in the State Herbarium, Botanical Laboratory, the Ohio State Univ Columbus, The Ohio State University, 1914. url .
• Catalog of Ohio vascular plants: arranged according to the phyletic classification: with notes on the geographical distribution in the state, based mainly on specimens in the State Herbarium, Botanical Laboratory, the Ohio State Uni by John H. Schaffner. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1914. url p. 212.
• Catalogue of scientific papers (1800-1900) Comp. by the Royal society of London. Cambridge, C. J. Clay and sons, 1867-1902; url p. 12, p. 199, p. 211, p. 221, p. 261, p. 274, p. 327, p. 333, p. 342, p. 358, p. 372, p. 381, p. 390, p. 446, p. 446, p. 463, p. 467, p. 559, p. 602, p. 668, p. 810, p. 813, p. 823, p. 837, p. 932.
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• Early British botanists and their gardens, based on unpublished writings of Goodyer, Tradescant, and others, by R. T. Gunther. With nine plates and twenty-one other illustrations. Oxford, Printed by F. Hall for the author at the University Press, 1922. url p. 256, p. 262.
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• Flora of the northwest coast: including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon / by Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Lancaster, Pa.: Press of the New era printing company, 1915. url p. 325.
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• Strasburger's Text-book of botany. Rewritten by Dr. Hans Fitting. .. Dr. Ludwig Jost. .. Dr. Heinrich Schenck. .. Dr. George Karsten. London, Macmillan, 1921. url p. 702, p. 704, p. 775.
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• The British nature book; a complete handbook and guide to British nature study, embracing the mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, insects, plants, etc., in the United Kingdom, by S.N. Sedgwick. .. Edinburgh, T.C. & E.C. Jack, Ltd., 1922. url p. 443.
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• The biology of flowering plants, by Macgregor Skene. .. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1924. url p. 490.
• The book of hardy flowers; a simple and complete descriptive guide to the cultivation in gardens of the trees and shrubs, perennial and annual flowers, that are hardy, or are suitable for planting out-of-doors in summer in temp Ed. by H. H. Thomas. .. Beautifully illustrated with thirty-two direct color photographs by H. Essenhigh Corke and sixty-four half-tone plates. 1915 New York, Funk & Wagnalls company; [etc., etc.][1915] url p. 155.
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• The book of water gardening; giving in full detail all the practical information necessary to the selection, grouping and successful cultivation of aquatic and other plants required in the making of a water garden and its surroun by Peter Bisset. New York: A. T. De La Mare printing and Pub. Co., ltd., 1907. url , p. 149, p. 150.
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• The complete grazier and farmers' and cattlebreeders' assistant. .. originally written by William Youatt. .. considerably enlarged and mainly rewritten in 1893 and 1900 by William Fream. .. London, C. Lockwood and son, 1908. url p. 860.
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• The encyclopedia of gardening. A dictionary of cultivated plants, etc., giving in alphabetical sequence the culture and propagation of hardy and half-hardy plants, trees and shrubs, orchids, ferns, fruit, vegetables, hothouse and g London, W. H. & L. Collingridge[1908] url , , .
• The entomologist's log-book and dictionary of the life histories and food plants of the British Macro-Lepidoptera, giving many thousands of facts and data connected with the appearance of the ova, larvæ, pupæ, and imagines: methods of capture: habitats: food plants: authorities: synonyms: etc., in Latin and Englis by Alfred George Scorer. London, G. Routledge & sons, limited, 1913. url .
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• The landscape gardening book, wherein are set down the simple laws of beauty and utility which should guide the development of all grounds, by Grace Tabor. New York, R. M. McBride, 1916. url p. 27.
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• The mutation theory; experiments and observations on the origin of species in the vegetable kingdom, by Hugo de Vries. .. tr. by Prof. J. B. Farmer and A. D. Darbishire. .. Chicago, Open Court Publishing Company; [etc., etc.]1909-10. url p. 212, p. 214, p. 321, p. 323.
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• The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1009, p. 1010, p. 1467, p. 1468, p. 1476, p. 3588, p. 3620, p. 501, p. 71.
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• The weeds, poison plants, and naturalized aliens of Victoria. Melbourne, J. Kemp, Government Printer1909. url .
• Town gardening / by Mary Hampden. New York, C.Scribner's sons, 1922 url p. 20.
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• Types of British vegetation, Cambridge, University Press, 1911. url , .
• U.S. gardening guide: everything you need to know about how to make things grow / compiled by Jeffery Feinman. New York: Simon and Schuster, c1979. url p. 58.
• Vegetation of the Peak District / C. E. Moss. Cambridge: University Press, 1913. url p. 111, p. 113, p. 118, p. 56, p. 75.
• Vegetation of the Peak District. Cambridge, University Press, 1913. url , p. 111, p. 113, p. 118, p. 139, p. 141, p. 146, p. 15, p. 181, p. 56, p. 64, p. 75, p. 93.
• Veterinary materia medica and therapeutics / Chicago: American Veterinary Pub. Co., c1919. url .
• Veterinary medicines 1911 url p. 534, p. 535.
• Veterinary medicines, their actions, uses and dose, [Portland, Or.]Veterinary science association of America[c1916] url p. 88.
• Veterinary toxicology. Chicago, A. Eger, 1912. url , , .
• Weeds of farm land. London, Longmans, 1920. url p. 97.
• Weeds of the farm and garden, by L.H. Pammel. .. New York, Orange Judd, 1912. url .
• Wild flowers. London, Dodge[1916] url p. 71.
• Yard and garden; a book of practical information for the amateur gardener in city, town or suburb, Indianapolis, The Bobbs-Merrill company[c1908] url , p. 160.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
• "Digitalis purpurea". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 53. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 09, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 38 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 27, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Joint Nature Conservation Committee - Vegetation surveys of coastal shingle in Great Britain
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2655933
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-33585
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4395043
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:802077-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 13986
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 33585
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDSCR0M040
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: DIPU
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 32145

Footnotes

1. "Digitalis". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 53. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Mean = 247.010 meters (810.400 feet), Standard Deviation = 361.770 based on 4,928 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.