Description
Family Connaraceae
Trees
small, shrubs
, or vines
, erect
or scandent
, evergreen
or deciduous. Leaves alternate, exstipulate
, petiolate
; leaf blade
odd-pinnate, 3-foliolate, or 1-foliolate; leaflets
subopposite or alternate, usually leathery, margin
entire, rarely lobulate
. Inflorescences terminal
, pseudoterminal, or axillary
, paniculate
or racemose, bracteate
. Flowers bisexual
, rarely unisexual
, actinomorphic
, small. Sepals (4 or) 5, free
or united
at very base
only, imbricate or valvate
, persistent
and clasping
base of fruit. Petals (4 or) 5, free, rarely slightly connate
at middle
, imbricate or valvate, rarely circinate
. Stamens 5–10, hypogynous or perigynous, in 2 whorls alternately longer
and shorter, those opposite petals often shorter and abortive
; filaments
free or shortly connate at base; anthers
didymous
, dorsifixed
in proximal
1/2, introrse
, short, dehiscing longitudinally. Disk thin or absent, surrounded by base of stamens. Carpels (1–) 5(–8), free, 1-celled, hirsute
. Style subulate
or filiform
; stigma subcapitate
, simple
or 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each carpel (1 sometimes sterile
), collateral
, erect. Fruit a usually solitary follicle, sessile or stipitate
, dehiscing usually along adaxial
suture, sometimes along abaxial
one, very rarely circumscissile at base, sometimes indehiscent. Seed 1(or 2), erect, usually arillate
, rarely exarillate
; testa thick; aril colored
, fleshy
; endosperm present or absent; embryo straight; cotyledons thick and fleshy in exalbuminous
seeds, thin in albuminous
ones.
Between 12 and 24 genera and 180–390 species: mainly in Africa and tropical
Asia, some species in the subtropics, only a few species in the New World; six genera and nine species (one endemic) in China.[1]
Genus Ellipanthus
Shrubs
or small trees
. Leaves 1-foliolate; petiole
articulate
; leaf blade
entire at margin
. Inflorescences axillary
, paniculate
to glomerulate-racemose, small; bracts lanceolate, small, soon falling. Flowers bisexual
(when protandrous) or unisexual
(when plants
dioecious), 4-or 5-merous. Sepals 4 or 5, valvate
in bud, densely hairy
abaxially, persistent
but not enlarged after anthesis
. Petals 4 or 5, free
, imbricate in bud, longer
than sepals. Stamens 2 × as many as petals, those opposite sepals well developed, those opposite petals much smaller and staminodal; filaments
connate
at base
into a tube
. Carpel 1, somewhat laterally inserted
; ovary obliquely ovoid
, flattened, hairy; ovules 2, erect
, collateral
. Style slender, hairy; stigma disk-shaped to 2-lobed, large. Follicle yellowish to brownish when mature
, ovoid, tomentose
abaxially, slightly to strongly abaxially geniculate, basal part narrowed into a short to long stipe, fertile
part dehiscing by a longitudinal
slit, with persistent calyx; pericarp woody. Seed 1, ellipsoid
, obtuse
at both ends; testa mostly black and glossy, basal part covered with a yellowish to orange, thin aril; endosperm ca.
1 mm thick, hard.
Between seven and 13 species: mainly in SE Asia, also in tropical
E Africa and Madagascar; one species (endemic) in China.[2]
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
)
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
)
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
)
- Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
)
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
)
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
(
)
- Brongniart, 1843
- Dicotyledons
- Subclass:
Rosidae
(
)
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder:
Rutanae
(
)
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Order:
Connarales
(
)
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Family:
Connaraceae
(
)
- R. Brown, 1818
- Connarus Family
- Genus:
Ellipanthus
(
)
- J. D. Hooker in Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Gen. Pl. 1: 431, 434. 1862.
- Specific epithet:
madagascariensis
- (G.Schellenb.) Capuron in Keraudr.
- Botanical name: - Ellipanthus madagascariensis (G.Schellenb.) Capuron in Keraudr.
- Specific epithet:
madagascariensis
- (G.Schellenb.) Capuron in Keraudr.
- Genus:
Ellipanthus
(
- Family:
Connaraceae
(
- Order:
Connarales
(
- Superorder:
Rutanae
(
- Subclass:
Rosidae
(
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Notes
Publishing author : Capuron in Keraudr. Publication : in Fl. Madag., Fam. 97, 2 (1958) Basionym author: (G.Schellenb.)
Similar Species
Members of the genus Ellipanthus
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 23 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:
E. beccarii · E. beccari var. beccarii · E. burebidensis · E. calophyllus · E. cinereus · E. curtisii · E. gibbosus · E. glabrifolius (Ellipanthus) · E. griffithii · E. helferi · E. hemandradenioides · E. kingii · E. longifolius · E. luzoniensis (Ellipanthus) · E. madagascariensis · E. mindanaensis · E. monophyllus · E. neglectus · E. peltatus · E. sarawakensis · E. sterculiaefolius (Ellipanthus) · E. tomentosus (Ellipanthus) · E. vidalii (Ellipanthus)
More Info
- Search for Pictures: images.google.com
- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- Breteler, F.J. 1989. The Connaraceae. A taxonomic study with emphasis on Africa. Wageningen Agricultural University.
- Chen Shao-xing. 1986. Connaraceae. In: Yü Te-tsun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 38: 133150.
Notes
Contributors
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 28, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
- The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
- World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Ellipanthus madagascariensis. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:
- Missouri Botanical Garden
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 7146646
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:264574-1
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 264574-1
- IUCN ID: 36410
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 1023835
Footnotes
- Lingdi Lu & Nicholas J. Turland "Connaraceae". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 435. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- "Ellipanthus". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 439. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
