Encephalartos concinnus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Endangered

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Zamiaceae

Plants superficially palmlike or fernlike, perennial , evergreen , dioecious. Stems subterranean with exposed apex or aboveground, fleshy , stout, cylindric , simple or irregularly branched. Roots with small secondary roots; coral-like roots developing at base of stem at or below soil surface. Leaves pinnately compound , spirally clustered at stem apex, leathery, petiole and rachis unarmed [with stout spines]; leaflets entire or dentate [spinose ], venation dichotomous [netted ]; resin canals absent. Cones axillary , appearing terminal , short-peduncled [sessile], disintegrating at maturity; sporophylls densely crowded, spirally arranged , often covered with indument . Pollen cones soon shed, generally smaller and more numerous than seed cones; sporophylls bearing many crowded, small microsporangia (pollen sacs ) adaxially; pollen spheric, not winged . Seed cones persistent for a year or more, 1(--2) per plant, nearly globose to ovoid , tapering sharply or blunt at apex; sporophylls peltate, thickened and laterally expanded distally, bearing 2(--3) ovules. Seeds angular, inner coat hardened, outer coat fleshy, often brightly colored ; cotyledons 2.

Genera 9, species ca. 100 (1 genus, 1 species in the flora ) : primarily tropical to warm temperate regions , North Americ, Central America, South America, Africa, Australia.[1]

Physical Description

Habitat

Biome: Terrestrial [2].

Ecology: E. concinnus occurs on dry steep-sided rocky valleys with scattered trees . They are also found among granite boulders or on steep cliffs , where they grow among grass or under small trees. The habitat is subject to frequent night and morning mists. These plants do not tolerate frost. E. concinnus occurs in Bushveld and Miombo woodlands.[2].

List of Habitats:

•     2     Savanna   
  
•     2.1     Savanna - Dry   
  
•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.5     Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     6     Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)   
[more info]

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 4-6' apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 2004

Similar Species

Members of the genus Encephalartos

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 64 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

E. aemulans (Ngotshe Cycad) · E. altensteinii (Bushmans River Cycad) · E. arenarius (Alexandria Cycad) · E. barteri (Cycad) · E. barteri barteri (West African Cycad) · E. brevifoliolatus (Escarpment Cycad) · E. bubalinus (Lake Natron Cycad) · E. caffer (Eastern Cape Dwarf Cycad) · E. cerinus (Waxen Cycad) · E. chimanimaniensis (Chimanimani Cycad) · E. concinnus (Encephalartos) · E. cupidus (Blyde River Cycad) · E. cycadifolius (Winterberg Cycad) · E. dolomiticus (Wolkberg Cycad) · E. dyerianus (Encephalartos) · E. eugene-maraisii (Waterberg Cycad) · E. ferox (Red-Coned Cycad) · E. frederici-guilielmi (Cycad) · E. friderici-guilielmi (White-Haired Cycad) · E. ghellinckii (Drakensberg Cycad) · E. gratus (Mulanje Cycad) · E. heenanii (Heenan's Cycad) · E. hildebrandtii (Mombasa Cycad) · E. hirsutus (Venda Cycad) · E. horridus (Eastern Cape Blue Cycad) · E. horridus x longifolius (Cycad) · E. humilis (Dwarf Cycad) · E. inopinus (Lydenburg Cycad) · E. ituriensis (Ituri Forest Cycad) · E. kisambo (Voi Cycad) · E. laevifolius (Kaapsehoop Cycad) · E. lanatus (Olifants River Cycad) · E. latifrons (Albany Cycad) · E. laurentianus (Kwango Giant Cycad) · E. lebomboensis (Lebombo Cycad) · E. lehmanni (Karoo Cycad (South Africa)) · E. lehmannii (Karoo Cycad) · E. longifolius (Suurberg Cycad) · E. manikensis (Gorongo Cycad) · E. marunguensis (Marungu Cycad) · E. middelburgensis (Middelburg Cycad) · E. msinganus (Msinga Cycad) · E. munchii (Munch's Cycad) · E. natalensis (Natal Cycad) · E. ngoyanus (Ngoye Cycad) · E. nubimontanus (Blue Cycad) · E. paucidentatus (Barberton Cycad) · E. poggei (Kananga Cycad) · E. princeps (Kei Cycad) · E. pterogonus (Toothed-Cone Cycad) · E. schmitzii (Schmitz's Cycad) · E. sclavoi (Sclavo's Cycad) · E. senticosus (Jozini Cycad) · E. septentrionalis (Nile Cycad) · E. tegulaneus (Encephalartos) · E. tegulaneus tegulaneus (Kenyan Giant Cycad) · E. transvenosus (Modjadji Cycad) · E. trispinosus (Bushman's River Cycad) · E. turneri (Turner's Cycad) · E. umbeluziensis (Umbeluzi Cycad) · E. villosus (Poor Man's Cycad) · E. whitelockii (Whitelocks Cycad) · E. woodii (Wood's Cycad) · E. 'Choala' (Encephalartos)

More Info

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Further Reading

• 1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants Cambridge: IUCN, World Conservation Union, 1998 url p. 31.
• Checklist of CITES Species CITES, WCMC url p. 277.
• Candolle, A. L. P. de. 1868. Cycadaceae. In: A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. de Candolle, eds. 1823--1873. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis.... Paris etc. Vol. 16, part 2, pp. 522--547.
• Johnson, L. A. S. 1959. The families of cycads and the Zamiaceae of Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 84: 64--117.
  
• Schuster, J. 1932. Cycadaceae. In: H. G. A. Engler, ed. 1900--1953. Das Pflanzenreich.... Berlin. Vol. 99[IV,1], pp. l--168.

Notes

Contributors

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3330081
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: IOP-454837
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:871774-1
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 871774-1
• IUCN ID: 207341
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 432612

Footnotes

1. Garrie P. Landry "Zamiaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Donaldson, J.S. 2010. Encephalartos concinnus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 31 January 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.