Overview
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Threatened |
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Common Names
Common Names in English:
Olifants River Cycad (South Africa), Woolly Cycad
Description
Family Zamiaceae
Plants
superficially palmlike or fernlike, perennial
, evergreen
, dioecious. Stems subterranean
with exposed apex or aboveground, fleshy
, stout, cylindric
, simple
or irregularly branched. Roots
with small secondary roots; coral-like roots developing at base
of stem at or below soil surface. Leaves pinnately compound
, spirally clustered at stem apex, leathery, petiole
and rachis unarmed
[with stout spines]; leaflets
entire or dentate
[spinose
], venation
dichotomous [netted
]; resin canals absent. Cones axillary
, appearing terminal
, short-peduncled [sessile], disintegrating at maturity; sporophylls densely crowded, spirally arranged
, often covered with indument
. Pollen cones soon shed, generally smaller and more numerous
than seed cones; sporophylls bearing many crowded, small microsporangia (pollen sacs
) adaxially; pollen spheric, not winged
. Seed cones persistent
for a year or more, 1(--2) per plant, nearly globose
to ovoid
, tapering sharply or blunt
at apex; sporophylls peltate, thickened and laterally expanded distally, bearing 2(--3) ovules. Seeds angular, inner coat
hardened, outer coat fleshy, often brightly colored
; cotyledons 2.
Genera 9, species ca.
100 (1 genus, 1 species in the flora
) : primarily tropical
to warm temperate regions
, North Americ, Central America, South America, Africa, Australia.[1]
Physical Description
Habit: Evergreen .
Size/Age/Growth
Size: 24-36" tall.
Habitat
Ecology: Usually found on the slopes of sheltered wooded kloofs and sandstone ridges where it occurs as an element of open to sometimes rather closed woodland communities. Sites are usually gentle to steep sloping, associated with scattered sandstone boulders and well drained soils. It occurs at altitudes ranging from 1,200–1,500 m. The species shows a definite preference for semi-exposed, steep sloping sites with a southern aspect .[2]
Biology
Growth
Culture: Space 36-48" apart.
Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .
Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High
Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
()
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
()
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
()
- Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
()
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
()
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class:
Cycadopsida
()
- Order:
Cycadales
()
- Dumortier, 1829
- Family:
Zamiaceae
()
- Horaninow, 1834
- Sago-palm Family
- Subfamily:
Encephalartoideae
()
- Genus:
Encephalartos
()
- Lehm.
- Specific epithet:
lanatus
- Stapf & Burtt Davy
- Botanical name: - Encephalartos lanatus
- Specific epithet:
lanatus
- Stapf & Burtt Davy
- Genus:
Encephalartos
(
- Subfamily:
Encephalartoideae
(
- Family:
Zamiaceae
(
- Order:
Cycadales
(
- Class:
Cycadopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Notes
Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: Wilson K .L.
Similar Species
Members of the genus Encephalartos
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 117 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
E. aemulans (Ngotshe Cycad (South Africa)) · E. allensteinii · E. altensteinii (Eastern Cape-Cycad (South Africa)) · E. aplanatus · E. arenarius (Alexandria Cycad (South Africa)) · E. arenarius 'Blue' · E. barteri (West African Cycad) · E. barteri allochrous · E. barteri barteri · E. barteri subsp. allochrous · E. brachyphyllus · E. brevifoliolatus (Escarpment Cycad (South Africa)) · E. bubalinus (Lake Natron Cycad) · E. caffer (Eastern Cape Dwarf Cycad) · E. caffra · E. cerinus (Waxen Palm) · E. chimanimaniensis (Chimanimani Cycad) · E. 'Choala' (Encephalartos) · E. concinnus (Encephalartos) · E. cupidus (Cycad) · E. cycadifolius (White-Haired Cycad) · E. delucanus · E. dolomiticus (Wolkberg Cycad (South Africa)) · E. dyerianus (Lillie Cycad (South Africa)) · E. elongatus · E. equatorialis · E. eugene-maraisii (Waterberg Cycad (South Africa)) · E. eugene-maraisii middelburgensis · E. ferox (Tonga Cycad (South Africa)) · E. frederici-guilielmi (Cycad) · E. friderici-guilielmi (White-Haired Cycad) · E. friderici-guilielmii · E. ghellinckii (Drakensberg Cycad (South Africa)) · E. grandis · E. graniticola · E. gratus (Encephalartos) · E. heenanii (Heenans Cycad) · E. heteropterus · E. hildebrandtii (Mombasa Cycad) · E. hirsutus (Northern Cycad (South Africa)) · E. horridus (Eastern Cape Blue Cycad) · E. horridus trispinosus · E. horridus x longifolius (Cycad) · E. humilis (Dwarf Cycad) · E. imbricans · E. inopinus (Lydenburg Cycad (South Africa)) · E. ituriensis (Ituri Forest Cycad) · E. katzeri · E. kisambo (Voi Cycad) · E. laevifolius (Kaapsehoop Cycad (South Africa)) · E. lanatus (Olifants River Cycad (South Africa)) · E. lanuginosus · E. latifolius · E. latifrons (Albany Cycad (South Africa)) · E. latifrons x altensteinii · E. laurentianus (Kwango Giant Cycad) · E. lebomboensis (Lebombo Cycad (South Africa)) · E. lehmanni (Karoo Cycad (South Africa)) · E. lehmanniana · E. lehmannii (Karoo Cycad) · E. lemarinelianus · E. longifolius (Suurberg Cycad (South Africa)) · E. macdonelli · E. mackenziei · E. macrostrobilus · E. manikensis (Gorongowe Cycad) · E. marunguensis (Marungu Cycad) · E. mauritianus · E. middelburgensis (Middelburg Giant Cycad (South Africa)) · E. middleburgensis · E. msinganus (Msinga Cycad (South Africa)) · E. munchii (Cycad) · E. nanus · E. natalensis (Giant Cycad (South Africa)) · E. natalensis x woodii · E. ngoyanus (Ngoye Cycad) · E. niveo-lanuginosus · E. nubimontanus (Cycad) · E. nubimontanus var. robustior · E. paucidentatus (Barberton Cycad (South Africa)) · E. poggei (Kananga Cycad) · E. princeps (Kei Cycad (South Africa)) · E. pruniferus · E. pterogonus (Toothed Cone Cycad) · E. pungens · E. regalis · E. relictus · E. repandus · E. revolutus · E. schaijesii · E. schmitzii (Schmitz's Cycad) · E. sclavoi (Sclavo's Cycad) · E. senticosus (Swaziland Cycad) · E. senticosus x trispinosus · E. septentrionalis (Nile Cycad) · E. sp. nov. 'kanga' · E. spinulosus · E. spiralis · E. spiralis var. spiralis · E. striatus
More Info
- Search for Pictures: images.google.com
- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- Donaldson, J.S. (ed.) 2003. Cycads. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
- Fourie, S.P. 1984. Flora Conservation Plan: Encephalartos lanatus. Transvaal Nature Conservation Division. Internal report.
- Goode, D. 1993. Cycads of Africa. Struik, Winchester.
- Candolle, A. L. P. de. 1868. Cycadaceae. In: A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. de Candolle, eds. 1823--1873. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis.... Paris etc. Vol. 16, part 2, pp. 522--547.
- Johnson, L. A. S. 1959. The families of cycads and the Zamiaceae of Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 84: 64--117.
- Schuster, J. 1932. Cycadaceae. In: H. G. A. Engler, ed. 1900--1953. Das Pflanzenreich.... Berlin. Vol. 99[IV,1], pp. l--168.
Notes
Contributors
- African Regional Workshop (Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees, Zimbabwe) 1998. Pericopsis elata. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
- Barneby RC & Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
- Barneby RC & Grimes JW (Monograph 1996/97), 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
- Barneby RC and Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/]. Access date: Nov 23, 2005
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 21, 2007.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed September 17, 2007.
- Carr, Gerald
- Chappill J, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
- Cristofolini G, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
- Donaldson, J.S. 2003. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
- Fautin, Daphne G. (from Hexacorallians of the World).
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 27, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
- Nghia, N.H. 1998. Dalbergia entadoides. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
- Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 8, 2007.
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3330099
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: IOP-200000-268
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:297099-1
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 297099-1
- IUCN ID: 41933
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 432540
Footnotes
- Garrie P. Landry "Zamiaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Donaldson, J.S. 2003. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008. [back]
