Overview
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Threatened |
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Common Names
Common Names in English:
Marungu Cycad
Description
Family Zamiaceae
Plants
superficially palmlike or fernlike, perennial
, evergreen
, dioecious. Stems subterranean
with exposed apex or aboveground, fleshy
, stout, cylindric
, simple
or irregularly branched. Roots
with small secondary roots; coral-like roots developing at base
of stem at or below soil surface. Leaves pinnately compound
, spirally clustered at stem apex, leathery, petiole
and rachis unarmed
[with stout spines]; leaflets
entire or dentate
[spinose
], venation
dichotomous [netted
]; resin canals absent. Cones axillary
, appearing terminal
, short-peduncled [sessile], disintegrating at maturity; sporophylls densely crowded, spirally arranged
, often covered with indument
. Pollen cones soon shed, generally smaller and more numerous
than seed cones; sporophylls bearing many crowded, small microsporangia (pollen sacs
) adaxially; pollen spheric, not winged
. Seed cones persistent
for a year or more, 1(--2) per plant, nearly globose
to ovoid
, tapering sharply or blunt
at apex; sporophylls peltate, thickened and laterally expanded distally, bearing 2(--3) ovules. Seeds angular, inner coat
hardened, outer coat fleshy, often brightly colored
; cotyledons 2.
Genera 9, species ca.
100 (1 genus, 1 species in the flora
) : primarily tropical
to warm temperate regions
, North Americ, Central America, South America, Africa, Australia.[1]
Habitat
Ecology: Open savanna on the Marungu Mountains in the south-east of the country.[2]
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
()
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
()
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
()
- Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
()
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
()
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class:
Cycadopsida
()
- Order:
Cycadales
()
- Dumortier, 1829
- Family:
Zamiaceae
()
- Horaninow, 1834
- Sago-palm Family
- Subfamily:
Encephalartoideae
()
- Genus:
Encephalartos
()
- Lehm.
- Specific epithet:
marunguensis
- Devred
- Botanical name: - Encephalartos marunguensis Devred
- Specific epithet:
marunguensis
- Devred
- Genus:
Encephalartos
(
- Subfamily:
Encephalartoideae
(
- Family:
Zamiaceae
(
- Order:
Cycadales
(
- Class:
Cycadopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Notes
Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: Wilson K .L.
Similar Species
Members of the genus Encephalartos
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 117 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
E. aemulans (Ngotshe Cycad (South Africa)) · E. allensteinii · E. altensteinii (Eastern Cape-Cycad (South Africa)) · E. aplanatus · E. arenarius (Alexandria Cycad (South Africa)) · E. arenarius 'Blue' · E. barteri (West African Cycad) · E. barteri allochrous · E. barteri barteri · E. barteri subsp. allochrous · E. brachyphyllus · E. brevifoliolatus (Escarpment Cycad (South Africa)) · E. bubalinus (Lake Natron Cycad) · E. caffer (Eastern Cape Dwarf Cycad) · E. caffra · E. cerinus (Waxen Palm) · E. chimanimaniensis (Chimanimani Cycad) · E. 'Choala' (Encephalartos) · E. concinnus (Encephalartos) · E. cupidus (Cycad) · E. cycadifolius (White-Haired Cycad) · E. delucanus · E. dolomiticus (Wolkberg Cycad (South Africa)) · E. dyerianus (Lillie Cycad (South Africa)) · E. elongatus · E. equatorialis · E. eugene-maraisii (Waterberg Cycad (South Africa)) · E. eugene-maraisii middelburgensis · E. ferox (Tonga Cycad (South Africa)) · E. frederici-guilielmi (Cycad) · E. friderici-guilielmi (White-Haired Cycad) · E. friderici-guilielmii · E. ghellinckii (Drakensberg Cycad (South Africa)) · E. grandis · E. graniticola · E. gratus (Encephalartos) · E. heenanii (Heenans Cycad) · E. heteropterus · E. hildebrandtii (Mombasa Cycad) · E. hirsutus (Northern Cycad (South Africa)) · E. horridus (Eastern Cape Blue Cycad) · E. horridus trispinosus · E. horridus x longifolius (Cycad) · E. humilis (Dwarf Cycad) · E. imbricans · E. inopinus (Lydenburg Cycad (South Africa)) · E. ituriensis (Ituri Forest Cycad) · E. katzeri · E. kisambo (Voi Cycad) · E. laevifolius (Kaapsehoop Cycad (South Africa)) · E. lanatus (Olifants River Cycad (South Africa)) · E. lanuginosus · E. latifolius · E. latifrons (Albany Cycad (South Africa)) · E. latifrons x altensteinii · E. laurentianus (Kwango Giant Cycad) · E. lebomboensis (Lebombo Cycad (South Africa)) · E. lehmanni (Karoo Cycad (South Africa)) · E. lehmanniana · E. lehmannii (Karoo Cycad) · E. lemarinelianus · E. longifolius (Suurberg Cycad (South Africa)) · E. macdonelli · E. mackenziei · E. macrostrobilus · E. manikensis (Gorongowe Cycad) · E. marunguensis (Marungu Cycad) · E. mauritianus · E. middelburgensis (Middelburg Giant Cycad (South Africa)) · E. middleburgensis · E. msinganus (Msinga Cycad (South Africa)) · E. munchii (Cycad) · E. nanus · E. natalensis (Giant Cycad (South Africa)) · E. natalensis x woodii · E. ngoyanus (Ngoye Cycad) · E. niveo-lanuginosus · E. nubimontanus (Cycad) · E. nubimontanus var. robustior · E. paucidentatus (Barberton Cycad (South Africa)) · E. poggei (Kananga Cycad) · E. princeps (Kei Cycad (South Africa)) · E. pruniferus · E. pterogonus (Toothed Cone Cycad) · E. pungens · E. regalis · E. relictus · E. repandus · E. revolutus · E. schaijesii · E. schmitzii (Schmitz's Cycad) · E. sclavoi (Sclavo's Cycad) · E. senticosus (Swaziland Cycad) · E. senticosus x trispinosus · E. septentrionalis (Nile Cycad) · E. sp. nov. 'kanga' · E. spinulosus · E. spiralis · E. spiralis var. spiralis · E. striatus
More Info
- Search for Pictures: images.google.com
- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- Donaldson, J.S. (ed.) 2003. Cycads. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
- Candolle, A. L. P. de. 1868. Cycadaceae. In: A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. de Candolle, eds. 1823--1873. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis.... Paris etc. Vol. 16, part 2, pp. 522--547.
- Johnson, L. A. S. 1959. The families of cycads and the Zamiaceae of Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 84: 64--117.
- Schuster, J. 1932. Cycadaceae. In: H. G. A. Engler, ed. 1900--1953. Das Pflanzenreich.... Berlin. Vol. 99[IV,1], pp. l--168.
Notes
Contributors
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Golding, J. & Hurter, J. 2003. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
- IOPI Global Plant Checklist 2005.
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3330107
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: IOP-200000-165
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13691643
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:871779-1
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 871779-1
- IUCN ID: 41936
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 432685
Footnotes
- Garrie P. Landry "Zamiaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Golding, J. & Hurter, J. 2003. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008. [back]
