Interesting Facts
- Eschscholzia californica is the state flower of California. Although it is toxic to humans, its roots are relished by gophers. Widely planted in North America and elsewhere as an ornamental , roadside, and reclamation plant, with many color forms in the horticultural trade, it often escapes but usually does not persist. [source]
- Native Americans used Eschscholzia californica (no varieties specified) to treat lice , to induce sleep in children, as a poison, for consumption , for toothaches, and as an emetic (D. E. Moerman 1986). [source]
Common Names
Click on the language to view common names.
Common Names in Dutch:
Knipmutsje, Slaapmutsje
Common Names in English:
California Goldenpoppy, California Poppy, California-Poppy
Description
Genus Eschscholzia
Herbs, annual
or perennial
, scapose
or caulescent
, from taproots
; sap
colorless or clear orange. Stems leafy. Leaves alternate, basal and sometimes cauline, petiolate
; blade
1-4× pinnately deeply lobed
, lobes
of each order
usually 3; ultimate
lobes narrow. Inflorescences terminal
, cymose
with bracts present, or 1-flowered. Flowers: receptacle dilated
, forming cup
beneath
calyx, sometimes with free
rim
; perianth and androecium perigynous; sepals 2, connate
, calyptrate
, deciduous as unit
; petals 4, rarely more (doubled flowers), obovate
to obcuneate
, with satin sheen from microscopic linear
grooves
; stamens 12-many; pistil 2-carpellate; ovary 1-locular; style absent; stigmas 4-8, spreading
, linear. Fruits capsular
, cylindric
, 2-valved, dehiscing from base
along placentas, often explosively. Seeds many, tan, brown, or black, spheric to ovoid
, reticulate
, ridged
and burlike, or pitted
, aril absent. x
= 6, 7.
Species 12: w North America (United
States), nw Mexico.
Eschscholzia species are introduced
from cultivation elsewhere in warm-temperate regions worldwide.[1]
Physical Description
Species Eschscholzia californica
Plants
, perennial
or annual
, caulescent
, erect
or spreading
, 5-60
cm, glabrous
, sometimes glaucous; taproot
heavy in perennial forms.
Leaves basal and cauline; blade
with ultimate
lobes
obtuse
or acute.
Inflorescences cymose
or 1-flowered; buds erect. Flowers: receptacle
obconic, cup
with spreading free rim
; calyx acute to acuminate, glabrous,
sometimes glaucous; petals yellow to orange, usually with orange
spot at base
, 20-60 mm.
Capsules 3-9 cm. Seeds brown to black, spheric
to ellipsoid
, 1.5-1.8 mm, reticulate
. [source]
This species is highly variable (more than 90 infraspecific
taxa
have been described), not only among different plants and locations
but also within individual plants over the course
of the growing
season
, especially in petal size and color (see W. L. Jepson 1909-1943,
vol.
1, part 7, pp. 564-569). [source]
Habit: Forb/herb
Flowers: Bloom Period: April, May, June, July, August. • Flower Color: orange, yellow
Size/Age/Growth
Size: 6-12" tall.
Habitat
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 5,107 meters (0 to 16,755 feet).[2]
Biome: Terrestrial ; Freshwater
Biology
Reproduction
Duration: Annual , Perennial
Growth
Culture: Space 6-9" apart.
Soil: Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 7.5
Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .
Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High
Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)
Taxonomy
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
)
- Plants
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
()
- Vascular Plants
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
()
- Dicotyledons
- Order:
Papaverales
()
- Family:
Noctuoidea
()
- Subfamily:
Eschscholzioideae
()
- Tribe:
Calluneae
()
- Genus:
Eschscholzia
()
- Chamisso in C. G. D. Nees, Horae Phys. Berol. 73. 1820
- [For Johann F. G. von Eschscholtz, 1831, Estonian physician and biologist who traveled with Chamisso on the Romanzoff (or Kotzebue) Expedition to the Pacific Coast]
- Specific epithet:
californica
- Chamisso in C. G. D. Nees, Horae Phys. Berol. 73, plate 15. 1820.
- Botanical name: - Eschscholzia californica Cham.
- Specific epithet:
californica
- Chamisso in C. G. D. Nees, Horae Phys. Berol. 73, plate 15. 1820.
- Genus:
Eschscholzia
(
- Tribe:
Calluneae
(
- Subfamily:
Eschscholzioideae
(
- Family:
Noctuoidea
(
- Order:
Papaverales
(
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
Notes
Publishing author
: Greene Publication
: Pittonia v. 241. Publishing author: Jeps.An accepted name
in the RHS Horticultural Database.
Publishing author: Greene Publication: in Bull
. Calif. Acad. i. n. III. (1885) 69 Publishing author: Jeps. Publication: Fl.
W. Calif. 207 1901 Basionym
author: (Benth.) Publishing author: Jeps. Publishing author: Munz Publication: Man. S. Calif. Bot. 181 1935
Name
Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic
scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000
Place of publication: C.
G. D. Nees von Esenbeck, Horae phys. berol. 73-74. 1820
Name verified on 07-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 24-Oct-2005
Similar Species
Members of the genus Eschscholzia
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 152 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
E. absinthiifolia · E. alcicornis · E. aliena · E. angularis · E. apiculata · E. arizonica · E. arvensis · E. asprella · E. austinae · E. australis · E. bakeri · E. benedicta · E. bernadina · E. bicornuta · E. biolettii · E. biternata · E. brandegei · E. caespitosa (Collarless California Poppy) · E. caespitosa 'Sundew' (Collarless California Poppy) · E. caespitosa var. rhombipetala · E. californica (California Goldenpoppy) · E. californica 'Alba' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Apricot Chiffon' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Apricot Flambeau' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Aurantiaca Orange' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Ballerina' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Buttermilk' · E. californica 'Carmine King' · E. californica 'Champagne and Roses' · E. californica 'Creamsicle' · E. californica 'Dali' · E. californica 'Fruit Crush' · E. californica 'Golden King' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Golden West' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Inferno' · E. californica 'Ivory Castle' · E. californica 'Jelly Beans' · E. californica 'Jersey Cream' (California Poppy) · E. californica mexicana (California Goldenpoppy) · E. californica mexicana 'Sun Shades' · E. californica 'Mikado' (California Poppy Red) · E. californica 'Mission Bells' (California Poppy) · E. californica Cham. 'Purple' · E. californica 'Purple Gleam' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Red Chief' (Red California Poppy) · E. californica 'Rose Chiffon' (California Poppy) · E. californica Cham. 'Schlafmutzchen' · E. californica 'Strawberry Fields' (California Poppy) · E. californica subsp. mexicana (Mexican Goldenpoppy) · E. californica 'Summer Sorbet' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Sunset Mix' · E. californica 'Tequila Sunrise' · E. californica Cham. 'Thaisilk Appleblossom' · E. californica 'Thai Silk Fire Bush' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Thai Silk Lemon Bush' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Thai Silk Mix' · E. californica 'Thai Silk Pink Champagne' · E. californica 'Thai Silk Rose Bush' (California Poppy) · E. californica Thai Silk Series · E. californica var. luxurians (California-Poppy) · E. californica 'White Chiffon' · E. californica 'White Linen' (California Poppy) · E. californica 'Wrinkled Rose' · E. caruifolia · E. chartacea · E. ciliata (Ciliate Poppy) · E. clevelandi · E. columbiana · E. compacta · E. confinis · E. crassula · E. crocea · E. crossophylla · E. cruciata · E. cucullata · E. cyathifera · E. debilis · E. diversiloba · E. dolichocarpa · E. douglasii · E. dumetorum · E. eastwoodiae · E. elegans · E. elmeri · E. exilis · E. eximia · E. flaccida · E. floribunda · E. foeniculacea · E. formosa · E. frutescens · E. fumariifolia · E. gigas · E. glauca · E. glyptosperma (Desert Goldenpoppy) · E. granulata · E. helleriana · E. humilis · E. hypecoides (San Benito Poppy) · E. inflata
More Info
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Further Reading
- Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen. Bremen: Im Selbstverlag des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins, 1866- GER url p. 137.
- An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] ENG url p. 227, p. 229.
- CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) (Weed CIBA)
- Catalog of hymenoptera in America north of Mexico / prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein [et al.]. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979- ENG url p. 1778, p. 1819, p. 1891, p. 1930, p. 2117, p. 2125.
- Clark, C. 1978. Systematic studies of Eschscholzia (Papaveraceae). I. The origin and affinities of E. mexicana. Syst. Bot. 3: 374-385.
- Darwin and modern science; essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of the Origin of species. Ed. for the Cambridge philosophical society and the syndics of the University p Cambridge, University press, 1909. ENG url p. 417, p. 586.
- FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America. (F NAmer)
- FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. ENG url p. 25.
- Flora of the northwest coast, including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon. By Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New Era Printing Company, 1915. ENG url p. 165.
- Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 451.
- Grey-Wilson, C. 1993. Poppies: The poppy family in the wild and in cultivation. (Poppies) 57.
- Hickman, J. C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. (F CalifJep)
- Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
- Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 369, p. 937.
- Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. (Hortus 3)
- London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. London. url p. 77.
- Manual of vascular plants of the lower Yangtze Valley, China. Corvallis, Oregon State College[1958] ENG url p. 593.
- McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
- Taschenbuch für reisende Botaniker im Kanton Luzern: auf Rigi, Pilatus und Umgegend: nach Dr. J. G. Krauer's Prodromus floræ Lucernensis: vermehrt mit mehr als 500 Pflanzenarten / hrsg. von J. Schobinger-Pfister. [Luzern: s.n.], 1866. GER url p. 110.
- Clark, C. and J. A. Jernstedt. 1978. Systematic studies of Eschscholzia (Papaveraceae). II. Seed coat microsculpturing. Syst. Bot. 3: 386-402.
- Ernst, W. R. 1964b. The genus Eschscholzia in the south Coast Ranges of California. Madroño 17: 281-294.
- Greene, E. L. 1905b. Revision of Eschscholtzia. Pittonia 5: 205-308.
- Lewis, H. and R. Snow. 1951. A cytotaxonomic approach to Eschscholzia. Madroño 11: 141-143.
Notes
Contributors
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 24, 2007.
- "Eschscholzia californica". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 28, 2006. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
- The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
- USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 27, 2008)
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 14, 2007:
- Australian National Herbarium
- , Australian National Herbarium
- Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
- Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
- Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
- Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
- GBIF-Spain, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
- GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Oviedo. Departamento de BiologÃa de Organismos y Sistemas: FCO
- Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Israel Nature and Parks Authority
- Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
- Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
- The Swedish Museum of Natural History
- , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
- The Swedish Museum of Natural History
- , Plants
- UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
- USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
- University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
- University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
- University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
- Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database
- Utah Valley State College
- , Utah Valley State College Herbarium
- inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645706
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-18956
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13731574
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:90934-3
- GRIN Nomen Number: 15817
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18956
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 30043364
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDPAP0A020
- U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ESCAP ESCA
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 38525
Footnotes
- Curtis Clark "Eschscholzia". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Mean = 219.140 meters (718.963 feet), Standard Deviation = 396.930 based on 7,477 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
