Fraxinus velutina

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Oleaceae

Trees or erect or scandent shrubs . Branches and branchlets lenticellate . Leaves opposite, rarely alternate or whorled , simple , trifoliolate , or pinnately compound , without stipules; venation pinnate or palmate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary , in cymes, panicles, racemes , umbels, or fascicles. Flowers actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual or polygamous and plants monoecious, dioecious, or polygamodioecious. Calyx 4(-16) -lobed or -parted, rarely absent. Corolla 4(-16) -lobed, sometimes almost free to base , rarely absent; lobes sometimes united in pairs at base or into a very short tube . Stamens 2(-4), inserted on corolla tube or hypogynous; anthers dehiscing longitudinally; pollen 3-colpate or 3-colporate. Ovary superior, 2-loculed; ovules 2 in each locule, sometimes 1 or numerous . Style 1 or absent; stigma 2-lobed or capitate. Fruit a drupe, berry, capsule, or samara. Seeds with straight embryo, with or without endosperm; radicle curved upward or downward.

About 28 genera and over 400 species: tropical , subtropical , and temperate regions of world, but mainly in Asia. China has 10 genera and 160 species (95 endemic) and is the center of diversity for the genera Forsythia, Syringa, Osmanthus, and Ligustrum.

Many genera are important economically: Fraxinus and Forsythia (medicinal, ornamental ) ; Jasminum, Osmanthus, and Syringa (spice, ornamental) ; Olea (oil ) ; and Fraxinus (timber) .[1]

Genus Fraxinus

Trees or rarely shrubs , deciduous or rarely evergreen . Leaves odd-pinnate, opposite or rarely whorled at branch apices; petiole and petiolule often basally thickened. Inflorescences terminal or axillary toward end of branches, or lateral on branches of previous year, paniculate ; bracts linear to lanceolate, caducous or absent. Flowers small, unisexual , bisexual , or polygamous. Calyx 4-toothed or irregularly lobed , sometimes absent. Corolla white to yellowish, 4-lobed, divided to base or absent. Stamens 2, inserted at base of corolla lobes ; filaments short, exserted at anthesis . Ovules 2 in each locule, pendulous. Style short; stigma ± 2-cleft. Fruit a samara with apically elongated wing. Seeds usually 1, ovate-oblong; endosperm fleshy ; radicle erect .

About 60 species: mostly in temperate regions and subtropics of the Northern Hemisphere; 22 species in China.

Some species are widely used in China for commercial timber and the bark for medicinal drugs.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,647 meters (0 to 8,684 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 20-30' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Fraxinus pennsylvanica velutina (Torr.) G. N. Mill.
2. Fraxinus velutina var. coriacea (S. Wats.) Rehd.
3. Fraxinus velutina var. glabra Rehd.
4. Fraxinus velutina var. toumeyi (Britt.) Rehd.

Notes

Publishing author : Rehder Publication : Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 53: 204 1917 Publishing author: Rehder Publication: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 53: 207 1917 Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: W. H. Emory, Not. milit. reconn. 149. 1848

Name verified on 02-Dec-1999 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 02-Dec-1999

Similar Species

Members of the genus Fraxinus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 442 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

F. acuminata · F. acutifolia · F. agassiziana · F. alba · F. albicans · F. amarissima · F. americana (Autumn Purple White Ash) · F. americana L. 'Acuminata' · F. americana 'Autumn Applause' · F. americana 'Autumn Purple' · F. americana biltmoreana · F. americana 'Champaign County' · F. americana curtissii · F. americana 'Empire' (Empire White Ash) · F. americana 'Greenspire' (Greenspire® White Ash) · F. americana L. var. juglandifolia (Lam.) D.J.Browne · F. americana 'Junginger' (Autumn Purple® White Ash) · F. americana 'Longifolia' · F. americana pennsylvanica · F. americana profunda · F. americana 'Rosehill' (Rosehill White Ash) · F. americana 'Skycole' (Skyline® White Ash) · F. americana subsp. biltmoreana · F. americana subsp. novae-angliae · F. americana subsp. oregana · F. americana subsp. pennsylvanica · F. americana texensis (White Ash) · F. americana var. acuminata · F. americana var. alba · F. americana var. ascidiata · F. americana var. profunda · F. americana var. subcoriacea (American Ash) · F. americana var. uhdei · F. angustata · F. angustifolia · F. angustifolia angustifolia · F. angustifolia 'Elegantissima' · F. angustifolia 'Flame' · F. angustifolia Vahl 'Lentiscifolia' · F. angustifolia 'Monophylla' · F. angustifolia oxycarpa · F. angustifolia oxycarpa 'Golden Desert' · F. angustifolia pannonica · F. angustifolia 'Pendula' · F. angustifolia 'Raywood' (Raywood Ash) · F. angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa · F. angustifolia subsp. pannonica · F. angustifolia subsp. persica · F. angustifolia subsp. syriaca · F. angustifolia var. australis · F. angustifolia var. lentiscifolia · F. angustifolia 'Variegata' · F. angustifolia Vahl 'Wollastonii' · F. anomala (Single-Leaf Ash) · F. anomala Torr. ex S.Watson var. anomala Torr. ex S.Watson (Single-Leaf Ash) · F. anomala lowellii · F. anomala subsp. lowellii · F. anomala var. anomala (Singleleaf Ash) · F. anomala var. lowellii (Single-Leaf Ash) · F. anumola · F. apertisquamifera · F. apetala · F. ararica · F. arbutifolia · F. argentea · F. atra · F. atrovirens · F. attenuata · F. aucubaefolia · F. aucubifolia · F. aurea · F. australis · F. baroniana · F. berlanderiana · F. berlandierana · F. berlandieriana (Berlandier Ash) · F. berlanieriana · F. bicolor · F. biloba · F. biltmoreana · F. biltmoriana · F. borealis · F. bornmuelleri · F. bracteata · F. brevidentata · F. bumelia · F. bungeana · F. burgalensis · F. calabrica · F. californica · F. campestris · F. canadensis · F. cappadocica · F. carolinensis · F. caroliniana (Carolina Ash) · F. caroliniana cubensis · F. caroliniana subsp. cubensis · F. cataubiensis · F. catawbiensis · F. caudata

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- ENG url p. 79, p. 80.
• An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] ENG url p. 347, p. 348.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 49.
• Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States, by Donovan S. Correll and Helen B. Correll. [Washington]Environmental Protection Agency; [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.]1972. ENG url p. 1303, p. 1305.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 123.
• Brigham Young University science bulletin. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, [1955-1976] ENG url p. 26, p. 27.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 100, p. 101, p. 103, p. 105, p. 108, p. 111, p. 136, p. 290, p. 469, p. 68, p. 91, p. 95, p. 96, p. 97.
• Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. (F Tex)
• Cronquist, A. et al. 1972–. Intermountain flora. (Intermt F)
• Flora of New Mexico / by E.O. Wooton and Paul C. Standley. Washington: G.P.O., 1915. ENG url p. 496.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 118.
• Hickman, J. C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. (F CalifJep)
• Jahresbericht über das Gebiet der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Berlin: P. Parey, 1907-1917. GER url p. 381.
• Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 40 1959 Cambridge, Mass.: Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University [etc.], 1919- ENG url p. 375.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 117, p. 174, p. 232, p. 639, p. 88.
• Kearney, T. H. & R. H. Peebles. 1969. Arizona flora, ed. 2. (F Ariz)
• Little, E. L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees, Agric. Handb. 541. (Trees US)
• Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico). With six hundred and forty-four illustrations from drawings by Charles Edward Faxon. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1905. ENG url p. 774.
• Martin, W. C. & C. R. Hutchins. 1980. A flora of New Mexico. (F New Mex) [= F. pennsylvanica subsp. velutina (Torr.) G. N. Mill.].
• North American trees (exclusive of Mexico and tropical United States) A handbook designed for field use, with plates and distribution maps. Ames, Iowa State University Press[1961] ENG url p. 355.
• Occasional papers - San Diego Society of Natural History. San Diego, The Society. ENG url p. 106, p. 106.
• Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, ENG url p. 9.
• Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston: Metcalf and Co., 1846-1958 ENG url p. 199, p. 202, p. 204, p. 209.
• Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands / New York Academy of Sciences. New York, N.Y.: The Academy, 1919- url p. 558.
• Shreve, F. & I. L. Wiggins. 1964. Vegetation and flora of the Sonoran desert. (F SonorDes)
• Standley, P. C. 1920. Trees and shrubs of Mexico. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23:1-1721. (TreesS Mex)
• Synoptical flora of North America: the Gamopetalae, a second edition of vol. I, pt. II, and vol. II, pt. I / collected by Asa Gray. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1888. ENG url p. 74.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 160, p. 199, p. 34, p. 49, p. 516, p. 517, p. 521, p. 522, p. 523, p. 525, p. 526, p. 92.
• Welsh, S. L. et al. 1993. A Utah flora. (F Utah ed2)
• Wiggins, I. L. 1980. Flora of Baja California. (F Baja)
• Chang Mei-chen, Miao Bo-mao, Lu Rui-ling, & Qiu Lian-qing in: Chang Mei-chen & Qiu Lian-qing, eds. 1992. Oleaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 61: 1-222.
• Chang Mei-chen, Miao Bo-mao, Lu Rui-ling, & Qiu Lian-qing in: Chang Mei-chen & Qiu Lian-qing, eds. 1992. Oleaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 61: 1-222.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 21, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 11 providers.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 28, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2655473
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-32936
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13746797
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:609265-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 319
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 32936
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 609265-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDOLE040H0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: FRVEG
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 39850

Footnotes

1. Mei-chen Chang, Lien-ching Chiu, Zhi Wei & Peter S. Green "Oleaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 15 Page 272. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Wei Zhi, Peter S. Green "Fraxinus". in Flora of China Vol. 15 Page 273. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 1,265.150 meters (4,150.755 feet), Standard Deviation = 489.670 based on 220 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.