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Hibiscus brackenridgei mokuleianus

(Brackenridge's Rosemallow)

Overview

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Endangered
Threat status

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Brackenridge's Rosemallow, Mokulei Rosemallow, Native Yellow Hibiscus

Description

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Family Malvaceae

Herbs, shrubs , or less often trees ; indumentum usually with peltate scales or stellate hairs . Leaves alternate, stipulate , petiolate ; leaf blade usually palmately veined, entire or various lobed . Flowers solitary, less often in small cymes or clusters , axillary or subterminal , often aggregated into terminal racemes or panicles, usually conspicuous , actinomorphic , usually bisexual (unisexual in Kydia) . Epicalyx often present, forming an involucre around calyx, 3- to many lobed. Sepals 5, valvate , free or connate . Petals 5, free, contorted, or imbricate, basally adnate to base of filament tube . Stamens usually very many, filaments connate into tube; anthers 1-celled. Pollen spiny . Ovary superior, with 2-25 carpels, often separating from one another and from axis; ovules 1 to many per locule; style as many or 2 × as many as pistils, apex branched or capitate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a schizocarp, separating into individual mericarps, rarely berrylike when mature (Malvaviscus) ; carpels sometimes with an endoglossum (a crosswise projection from back wall of carpel to make it almost completely septate . Seeds often reniform , glabrous or hairy , sometimes conspicuously so.

About 100 genera and ca. 1000 species: tropical and temperate regions of N and S Hemisphere; 19 genera (four introduced ) and 81 species (24 endemic, 16 introduced) in China.

Molecular studies have shown that the members of the Bombacaceae, Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Tiliaceae form a very well-defined monophyletic group that is divided into ten also rather well-defined clades, only two of which correspond to the traditional families Bombacaceae and Malvaceae. Some of the remaining groups are included entirely within either of the remaining families but others cut across the traditional divide between the Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. A majority of authors , most notably Bayer and Kubitzki (Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 5: 225-311. 2003), has favored including everything within a greatly enlarged Malvaceae, and treating the individual clades as subfamilies. The alternative view is that the individual clades should be treated as a series of ten families: Bombacaceae (Bombacoideae), Brownlowiaceae (Brownlowioideae), Byttneriaceae (Byttnerioideae), Durionaceae (Durionoideae), Helicteraceae (Helicteroideae), Malvaceae (Malvoideae), Pentapetaceae (Dombeyoideae), Sparrmanniaceae (Grewioideae), Sterculiaceae (Sterculioideae), and Tiliaceae (Tilioideae) (Cheek in Heywood et al. , Fl. Pl. Fam. World. 201-202. 2007) . For the present treatment, we prefer to retain the familiar, traditional four families, so as to maintain continuity with the treatments in FRPS, and to await a consensus on the two alternative strategies for dealing with the very widely accepted clades.

The traditional Malvaceae coincides exactly with one of the major clades. The only possible problem is the relationship with the Bombacaceae, which also has primarily 1-loculed anthers, and some authorities have suggested that the Bombacaceae should be included within the Malvaceae.

Members of the Malvaceae are important as fiber crops (particularly cotton, Gossypium) . Young leaves of many species can be used as vegetables, and species of Abelmoschus and Hibiscus are grown as minor food crops. Many species have attractive flowers and an ever-increasing selection is grown as ornamentals . Several have been cultivated for a very long time, particularly species of Hibiscus, and some of these are not known in the wild.[1]

Genus Hibiscus

Shrubs , subshrubs , trees , or herbs. Leaf blade palmately lobed or entire, basal veins 3 or more. Flowers axillary , usually solitary, sometimes subterminal and ± congested into a terminal raceme , 5-merous, bisexual . Epicalyx lobes 5 to many, free or connate at base , rarely very short (H. schizopetalus) or absent (H. lobatus) . Calyx campanulate , rarely shallowly cup-shaped or tubular , 5-lobed or 5-dentate, persistent . Corolla usually large and showy, variously colored , often with dark center; petals adnate at base to staminal tube . Filament tube well developed, apex truncate or 5-dentate; anthers throughout or only on upper half of tube. Ovary 5-loculed or, as a result of false partitions, 10-loculed; ovules 3 to many per locule; style branches 5; stigmas capitate. Fruit a capsule, cylindrical to globose , valves 5, dehiscence loculicidal and sometimes partially septicidal or indehiscent (H. vitifolius Linnaeus) . Seeds reniform , hairy or glandular verrucose .

About 200 species: tropical and subtropical regions; 25 species (12 endemic, four introduced ) in China.

According to recent molecular studies (Pfeil et al. , Syst. Bot. 27: 333-350. 2002), Hibiscus is paraphyletic, and as more taxa are sampled and a more robust phylogeny is constructed, the genus undoubtedly will be recast. Species of other genera of Hibisceae found in China, such as Abelmoschus, Malvaviscus, and Urena, fall within a monophyletic Hibiscus clade. Decaschistia, which is currently placed in the Decaschisteae, also falls within this clade, but only a single Australian species was sampled and this may not be representative of the genus as a whole. Given the unsettled taxonomy of Hibiscus, we are choosing to be conservative, recognizing the paraphyletic nature of Abelmoschus, Malvaviscus, Urena, and possibly Decaschistia, and refraining from recognizing additional segregates of Hibiscus such as Fioria and Talipariti, which themselves may not be monophyletic.

The large colorful flowers of many species mean that the genus is of great horticultural interest.[2]

Physical Description

Foliage: Evergreen .

Landscaping

Care: Fertilize lightly and often, especially at the beginning and during the growing season . It's best to prune when the tender new growth that results won't have near-freezing temperatures to contend with. Many will prune a third to a half of a plant at a time so that they will still get some blooms from the unpruned branches. Use sharp shears and prune just above an "eye."

Habitat

Ecology: A tree of dry forest and shrubland.[3]

Biology

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Growth

Culture: Space 3.5 to 6 feet apart.

Soil: Prefers sandy soil rich in organic matter that will retain water is ideal. Mulching aids moisture retention and shields the roots from the summer sun. • Minimum pH: 6.2 • Maximum pH: 7.0

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun to part shade. Hibiscus like quantities of direct light, but should have a little shade during the heat of the day for more abundant, big blooms .

Moisture: Water Requirements: Hibiscus do not like wet feet, but neither should they be allowed to dry out -- especially in hot weather. Organic matter in the soil and mulch on top help to maintain a constant level of moisture in the summer. In pots or not, good drainage is very important!

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

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Notes

Name verified on 16-Dec-1994 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 13-Apr-2004

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Hibiscus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 9345 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

H. 'Aina Haina' · H. 'Alii Joy' · H. 'CFX' · H. 'Falcon' · H. 'Irma Kay' · H. 'Not Bad' · H. 'Pink America' · H. 'Prince Kalanianaole' · H. abelmoschus · H. abelmoschus var. genuinus · H. abutiloides · H. abyssinicus · H. acalpulcensis · H. acapulcensis · H. acerifolius · H. acetosaefolius · H. acetosella (African Rose Mallow) · H. acetosella 'Haight Ashbury' · H. acetosella 'Maple Sugar' (African Rose Mallow) · H. acetosella 'Red Shield' (African Rose Mallow) · H. acetosus · H. achanioides · H. acicularis · H. aculeatus (Pineland Hibiscus) · H. acuminatus · H. acutus · H. adenosiphon · H. adoensis · H. adscendens · H. adscensionis · H. aestuans · H. aethiopicus · H. affinis · H. africanus · H. agioxillos · H. ahlensis · H.'Albert Behnke' (Albert Behnke Hardy Hibiscus) · H. albiflorus · H. albus · H. 'Alicante' · H. allenii · H. altheaefolia · H. altheaefolius · H. altheifolius · H. altissimus · H. amaliae · H. amambayensis · H. amazonicus · H. ambelacensis · H. amblyocarpus · H. ambongoensis · H. ambovombensis · H. amoenus · H. andersonii · H. andongensis · H. anemoniflorus · H. aneuthe · H. angolensis · H. angulosus · H. angustifolia · H. angustifolius · H. anisaster · H. anisostegius · H. ankaramyensis · H. 'Ankara' · H. anomalus · H. anonimus · H. antanossarum · H. 'Antie-Di' · H. aphelus · H. apodus · H. aponeurus · H. appendiculatus · H. apricus · H. aquaticus · H. arborescens · H. arboreus · H. archboldianus · H. archeri · H. arenarius · H. arenicola · H. argentinus · H. argutus · H. aridicola · H. aridicola var. glabratus · H. aridus · H. aristaevalvis · H. aristatus · H. armatus · H. armeniacus · H. arnhemensis · H. arnottianus (Hawaiian Hibiscus ´wilder´s White´) · H. arnottianus arnottianus (Koki´o Ke´oke´o) · H. arnottianus immaculatus (Koki´o Ke´oke´o) · H. arnottianus punaluuensis (Koki´o Ke´oke´o) · H. arnottianus subsp. immaculatus (White Rosemallow) · H. arnottianus subsp. punaluuensis (Punaluu Rosemallow) · H. arnottii · H. articulatus · H. aruensis

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

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Contributors

Identifiers

Footnotes

  1. Ya Tang, Michael G. Gilbert & Laurence J. Dorr "Malvaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 240, 264,299, 302. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  2. "Hibiscus". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 264, 286,294. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  3. World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008. [back]
Last Revised: 2009-11-25