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Hordeum marinum

(Mediterranean Barley)

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Mediterranean Barley, Sea Barley, Seaside Barley

Description

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Family Poaceae

Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos . Flowering stems (culms ) jointed , internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks , differentiated into sheath, blade , and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins , modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate , veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , an open, contracted , or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired , or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes ) empty, subtending 1 to many florets ; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn ), glumes also sometimes awned . Flowers bisexual or unisexual ; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy ; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary , anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear .

About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.[1]

Genus Hordeum

Plants annual or perennial . Culms usually erect . Leaf sheath of cauline leaves split almost to base ; ligule membranous or leathery-membranous; auricles present or absent; leaf blade usually flat. Spike dense, usually without a terminal spikelet ; rachis short, brittle, rarely flexible . Spikelets usually 3 per node, in regular rows , with 1(or 2) florets ; lateral spikelets usually pedicellate , rarely sessile, often reduced and much smaller than central spikelet; central spikelet usually sessile, rarely pedicellate, perfect . Glumes narrow, subulate-setaceous, sometimes lanceolate dilated at base, inconspicuously 1-3-veined, not keeled . Lemma subrounded abaxially, leathery, rarely leathery-membranous, 5-veined, not keeled, awned or awnless. Palea almost equaling lemma, glabrous , scabrous , or ciliate along keels. Lodicules broadly lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate. Caryopsis usually adnate to lemma and palea, rarely free , oblong , concave furrowed on inner side, apex hairy . x = 7.

Between 30 and 40 species: temperate regions , also on subtropical mountains; ten species (one endemic, two introduced ) in China.

All species when young are used for forage .[2]

Physical Description

Habit: Graminoid

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,557 meters (0 to 14,951 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Taxonomy

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Unambiguous Synonyms

  1. Critesion marinum /i> (Huds.) 脕. L枚ve

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Fl. angl. ed. 2, 1:57. 1778

Name verified on 05-Nov-2007 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 05-Nov-2007

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Hordeum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 332 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

H. adpressum · H. adscendens · H. aegiceras · H. aestivum · H. agriocrithon · H. ambiguum · H. andicola · H. andinum · H. anglicum · H. apertum · H. arenarium · H. arizonicum (Arizona Barley) · H. asperum · H. astrachanense · H. avenaceum · H. berteroanum · H. bifarium · H. blomii · H. bogdani · H. bogdanii · H. bonariense · H. boreale · H. brachyantherum (Meadow Barley) · H. brachyantherum brachyantherum (Northern Barley) · H. brachyantherum californicum (California Barley) · H. brachyantheum · H. brachyatherum · H. bracyantherum · H. breviaristatum · H. brevisubulatum · H. brevisubulatum var. hirtellum · H. brevisubulatum var. turkestanicum · H. bulbosum (Bulbous Barley) · H. bulbosum bulbosum (Bulbous Barley) · H. caducum · H. caespitosum · H. californica · H. californicum · H. canadense · H. capense · H. caput-medusae · H. cartilagineum · H. chilense · H. chilense var. magellanicum · H. chilense var. muticum · H. ciliatum · H. coeleste · H. coleophorum · H. comosum · H. comosum var. bifidum · H. comosum var. pubiflorum · H. complanatum · H. compressum · H. cordobense · H. crinitum · H. cylindricum · H. daghestanicum · H. deficiens · H. delileanum · H. delphicum · H. depauperatum · H. depilatum · H. depressum (Dwarf Barley) · H. dilatatum · H. distichon · H. distichon var. erectum 'Belfor' · H. distichum · H. divergens · H. durum · H. elisabethpolense · H. elongatum · H. elymoides · H. erectifolium · H. euclaston · H. euclaston var. pubescens · H. europaeum · H. flexicaule · H. flexuosum · H. fragile · H. fuegianum · H. fuscum · H. geniculatum · H. giganteum · H. glabrum · H. glaucum · H. guatemalense · H. gussoneanum · H. gussonianum · H. gymnodistichum · H. halophilum · H. halophilum var. breviaristatum · H. hexaploidum · H. hexastichon · H. hexastichum · H. himalayense · H. hirsutum · H. histrix · H. hohenackeri · H. horsfordianum · H. hrasdanicum

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 29, 2007:

Identifiers

Footnotes

  1. Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  2. "Hordeum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 6, 386, 395, 443, 444. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  3. Mean = 212.220 meters (696.260 feet), Standard Deviation = 428.880 based on 1,164 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
Last Revised: 7/1/2009