Overview
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Vulnerable |
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Description
Genus Ilex
Usually dioecious shrubs
or trees
. Leaves coriaceous
, often spinose
and shiny above; stipules caducous
. Flowers 4-5-merous, bisexual
or unisexual
with vestigial remains of either sex. Corolla rotate. Style absent or obsolete
, stigma lobed
. Drupe fleshy
, pyrenes 2-5, rarely more.
400 species, tropical
and subtropical
areas of both hemispheres. Represented in Pakistan by 2 species (excluding 1 cultivated species) .[1]
Physical Description
Habit: Upright shrub .
Flowers: White flowers. Blooms in mid-spring. Atrracts bees and butterflies.
Seeds: Fruit: Females produce red berries in fall and autumn if a male of the same species is within 100 feet. Many migrating birds, such as robins, will gorge on the fruit.
Foliage: Tiny, narrow, dark green, shallowly toothed , oval to ovate glossy evergreen . • Fall foliage: Green
Size/Age/Growth
Growth Rate: Slow to moderate.
Landscaping
Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Feeding should be done in early spring or late autumn with a fertilizer formulated for acid-loving broad-leaved evergreens, such as cottonseed meal , rhododendron fertilizer, Miracid®, etc. If pruning becomes necessary, do it in early spring before new growth begins, trimming towards a symmetrical shape .
Habitat
Ecology: A species of seasonally dry evergreen forest , occurring between 700 and 900 m. [2]
Biology
Growth
Culture: Space 36-48" apart. Propagate from cuttings. Plant your holly in early spring , before new growth begins and mulch with a 2- to 4-inch layer of wood chips , sawdust, pine needles , ground bark or other coarse material to keep the roots cool and moist.
Soil: Requires well-drained, slightly acid, fertile soil.
Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to partial shade. Although semi-shade is preferable in midsummer, the more light it has the more dense its foliage will be.
Moisture: Water Requirements: Keep the soil moist during the summer growing season , but allow it to dry somewhat in early fall to allow the new growth to mature enough to resist winter damage.
Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
()
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
()
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
()
- Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
()
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
()
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
()
- Brongniart, 1843
- Dicotyledons
- Subclass:
Rosidae
()
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder:
Celastranae
()
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Order:
Icacinales
()
- Van Tieghem Ex Reveal, 1993
- Family:
Aquifoliaceae
()
- Bartling, 1830, Nom. Cons.
- Genus:
Ilex
()
- Linn., Sp. Pl. 125. 1753.
- Holly
- Specific epithet:
guaiquinimae
- Steyerm.
- Botanical name: - Ilex guaiquinimae Steyerm.
- Specific epithet:
guaiquinimae
- Steyerm.
- Genus:
Ilex
(
- Family:
Aquifoliaceae
(
- Order:
Icacinales
(
- Superorder:
Celastranae
(
- Subclass:
Rosidae
(
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Notes
Publishing author : Steyerm. Publication : Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75(1): 325 (1988) 1988
Similar Species
Members of the genus Ilex
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 2039 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
I. abscondita · I. 'Accent' · I. acrodonta · I. acrodonta var. angustifolia · I. acrodonta var. latifolia · I. aculeata · I. aculeolata · I. acuminata · I. acutangula · I. acutidenticulata · I. aequatoriensis · I. aestivalis · I. affinis · I. affinis f. brachyphylla · I. affinis f. medica · I. affinis f. stenothyrsa · I. affinis var. angustifolia · I. affinis var. apollinis · I. affinis var. genuina · I. affinis var. latifolia · I. affinis var. pachypoda · I. affinis var. rivularis · I. affinis var. valida · I. aggregata · I. alainii · I. altaclarensis · I. alternifolia · I. altiplana · I. amara · I. amara f. densiserrata · I. amara f. humboldtiana · I. amara f. leucocalycoides · I. amara f. microphylla · I. amara f. nigropunctata · I. amara f. ovalifolia · I. amara var. angustifolia · I. amara var. bahiensis · I. amara var. crepitans · I. amara var. latifolia · I. amara var. longifolia · I. amara var. muenteriana · I. amara var. tijucensis · I. amazonensis · I. ambigua (Carolina Holly) · I. ambigua f. channellii (Carolina Holly) · I. ambigua f. mollis (Carolina Holly) · I. ambigua f. montana (Carolina Holly) · I. ambigua macropoda · I. ambigua montana · I. ambigua subsp. montana · I. ambigua var. condensata · I. ambigua var. coriacea · I. ambigua var. macropoda · I. amboroica · I. amelanchier (Serviceberry Holly) · I. americana · I. 'Ampfield King' · I. 'Ampfield Queen' · I. ampla · I. amplifolia · I. amygdalifolia · I. amygdalina · I. andarensis · I. andarensis f. psila · I. andersonii · I. andicola · I. andorensis · I. angulata · I. angustifolia · I. angustifolia var. ligustrifolia · I. angustissima · I. annamensis · I. anodonta · I. anomala (Hawai'i Holly) · I. anonoides · I. antonii · I. apeca · I. apicidens · I. apiculata · I. apiensis · I. apoensis · I. apollinis · I. 'Apollo' (Deciduous Holly) · I. aquifolium (Broad-Leaved Silver Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Alaska' (English Holly) · I. aquifolium L. 'Albomarginata' · I. aquifolium 'Alcicornis' · I. aquifolium 'Amber' · I. aquifolium 'Angustifolia' (Narrowleaf English Holly) · I. aquifolium 'Angustimarginata Aurea' · I. aquifolium 'Apricot' · I. aquifolium 'Argentea Longifolia' · I. aquifolium 'Argentea Marginata' · I. aquifolium L. 'Argentea Marginata Elegantissima' · I. aquifolium 'Argentea Marginata Pendula' · I. aquifolium L. 'Argentea Medio-Picta' · I. aquifolium L. 'Argentea Nana' · I. aquifolium 'Argentea Pendula' · I. aquifolium L. 'Argentea Regina' · I. aquifolium 'Argentea Variegata'
More Info
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- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- Steyermark, J.A., Berry, P.E. and Holst, B.K. 1996. Flora of the Venezuelan Guyana. Vol 2. Pteridophytes, Spermatophytes Acanthaceae - Araceae. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
Notes
Contributors
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 14, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
- Orthoptera Species File Online, 2.5, 2006.
- The Global Lepidoptera Names Index2, 12.2, 2005.
- The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
- World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 7148431
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:936312-1
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 278772-2
- IUCN ID: 38358
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 1025154
Footnotes
- "Ilex". in Flora of Pakistan Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008. [back]
