Description
Family Violaceae
Herbs annual
or perennial
, shrubs
, or subshrubs
, sometimes scandent
, rarely small trees
. Leaves simple
, usually alternate, sometimes opposite, with small or leaflike stipules, petiolate
, margin
entire, serrate, or dissected
. Flowers bisexual
or unisexual
, rarely polygamous, actinomorphic
or zygomorphic, solitary or in axillary
or terminal
, spicate
, paniculate
, or racemose inflorescences, 2-bracteolate, sometimes cleistogamous
. Sepals 5, equal or unequal, imbricate, persistent
. Petals 5, imbricate or convolute, unequal, anterior one usually larger than others, saccate
, gibbous
or spurred
at base
. Stamens 5; anthers
erect
, free
or connivent or connate
, connectives
often dilated
into membranous appendages
; filaments
very short or absent, anterior 2 stamens with spurlike nectary
at base. Ovary superior, 1-loculed, 3-5-carpelled, syncarpous
, with 3-5 parietal
placentae each with 1 to many anatropous ovules
; style simple; stigmas variously shaped. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, usually with elastic and abaxially carinate
valves
, rarely baccate
. Seeds often carunculate; testa hard, nitid
, often with oily bodies, sometimes alate
; endosperm copious
, fleshy
; embryo erect.
Twenty-two genera and 900-1000 species: worldwide, but particularly in tropical regions
; three genera and 101 species (36 endemic, three introduced
) in China.[1]
Habitat
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,936 meters (0 to 16,194 feet).[2]
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
()
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
()
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
()
- Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
()
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
()
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
()
- Brongniart, 1843
- Dicotyledons
- Subclass:
Dilleniidae
()
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder:
Violanae
()
- R. Dahlgren Ex Reveal, 1992
- Order:
Violales
()
- Perleb, 1826
- Family:
Violaceae
()
- Batsch, 1802
- Violet Family
- Subfamily:
Leonioideae
()
- Genus:
Leonia
()
- Ruiz & Pavon, 1799
- Specific epithet:
glycycarpa
- Ruiz & Pav.
- Botanical name: - Leonia glycycarpa Ruiz & Pav.
- Specific epithet:
glycycarpa
- Ruiz & Pav.
- Genus:
Leonia
(
- Subfamily:
Leonioideae
(
- Family:
Violaceae
(
- Order:
Violales
(
- Superorder:
Violanae
(
- Subclass:
Dilleniidae
(
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Similar Species
Members of the genus Leonia
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 10 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:
L. crassa · L. cymosa · L. glycicarpa · L. glycycarpa · L. glycycarpa var. racemosa · L. melinoniana · L. occidentalis · L. paniculata · L. racemosa · L. triandra
More Info
- Search for Pictures: images.google.com
- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 27.
- Flora of Peru / by J. Francis Macbride. Chicago, [Ill.]: Field Museum of Natural History, [1941] ENG url p. 57, p. 81.
- Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 213, p. 563.
- Me?moires /Socie?te? botanique de France. 1 1905 [Paris: La Socie?te?, 1905-1921. FRE url p. 22.
- Plantae Brasiliae centralis a Glaziou lectae = Liste des plantes du Brsil central recueillies en 1861-1895 / par A.-F.-M. Glaziou. [Paris: Au sige de la Socit, 1905-1913] FRE url p. 22.
- Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Digessit P. A. Saccardo. Patavii, sumptibus auctoris, 1882-1931. LAT url p. 651.
- Useful plants of the Siona and Secoya Indians of eastern Ecuador / William T. Vickers, Timothy Plowman. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1984. ENG url p. 33, p. 62, p. 8.
- Wang Chingrui. 1991. Violaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 51: i-v, 1-148.
Notes
Contributors
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 04, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 11 providers.
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 04, 2007:
- Australian National Herbarium
- , Australian National Herbarium
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
- Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
- Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
- SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
- SysTax, New York Botanical Garden
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3459987
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 15897524
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:866956-1
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 866956-1
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 749279
Footnotes
- Yousheng Chen, Qiner Yang, Hideaki Ohba & Vladimir V. Nikitin "Violaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 72, 138. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Mean = 414.830 meters (1,360.991 feet), Standard Deviation = 657.010 based on 704 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
