Lepidium latifolium

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Brassicaceae

Herbs annual , biennial, or perennial , sometimes subshrubs or shrubs , with a pungent , watery juice. Eglandular trichomes unicellular, simple , stalked or sessile, 2- to many forked , stellate , dendritic , or malpighiaceous (medifixed , bifid, appressed ), rarely peltate and scalelike; glandular trichomes multicellular, with uniseriate or multiseriate stalk . Stems erect , ascending , or prostrate , sometimes absent. Leaves exstipulate , simple, entire or variously pinnately dissected , rarely trifoliolate or pinnately, palmately, or bipinnately compound ; basal leaf rosette present or absent; cauline leaves almost always alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , petiolate or sessile, sometimes absent. Inflorescence bracteate or ebracteate racemes , corymbs, or panicles, sometimes flowers solitary on long pedicels originating from axils of rosette leaves . Flowers hypogynous, mostly actinomorphic . Sepals 4, in 2 decussate pairs, free or rarely united , not saccate or lateral (inner) pair saccate. Petals 4, alternate with sepals, arranged in the form of a cross (cruciform ; hence the earlier family name Cruciferae), rarely rudimentary or absent. Stamens 6, in 2 whorls, tetradynamous (lateral (outer) pair shorter than median (inner) 2 pairs), rarely equal or in 3 pairs of unequal length , sometimes stamens 2 or 4, very rarely 8-24; filaments slender, winged , or appendaged, median pairs free or rarely united; anthers dithecal , dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Pollen grains 3-colpate, trinucleate . Nectar glands receptacular , highly diversified in number, shape , size, and disposition around base of filaments, always present opposite bases of lateral filaments, median glands present or absent. Pistil 2-carpelled; ovary superior, sessile or borne on a distinct gynophore , mostly 2-locular and with a false septum connecting 2 placentae; placentation parietal , rarely apical; ovules anatropous or campylotropous, bitegmic, 1 to many per locule. Fruit typically a 2-valved capsule, generally termed silique (siliqua) when length 3 × or more than width , or silicle (silicula) when length less than 3 × width, dehiscent or indehiscent, sometimes schizocarpic, nutletlike, lomentaceous , or samaroid , segmented or not, terete , angled , or flattened parallel to septum (latiseptate ) or at a right angle to septum (angustiseptate) ; valves 2(or 3-6) ; replum (persistent placenta) rounded , rarely flattened or winged; septum complete, perforated, reduced to a rim , or lacking; style 1, distinct, obsolete , or absent; stigma capitate or conical , entire or 2-lobed, sometimes lobes decurrent and free or connate . Seeds without endosperm, uniseriately or biseriately arranged in each locule, aseriate when 1, winged or wingless, mucilaginous or not when wetted; cotyledons incumbent (embryo notorrhizal: radicle lying along back of 1 cotyledon), accumbent (embryo pleurorrhizal: radicle applied to margins of both cotyledons), or conduplicate (embryo orthoplocal: cotyledons folded longitudinally around radicle), rarely spirally coiled (embryo spirolobal) . Germination epigeal.

About 330 genera and 3500 species: all continents except Antarctica, mainly in temperate areas, with highest diversity in Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean, and W North American regions; 102 genera (eight endemic) and 412 species (115 endemic) in China.

Because of lack of a comprehensive classification based on phylogenetic relationships among genera, and in order to facilitate direct comparison between the accounts in FOC and FRPS, the sequence of genera follows Schulz (Nat. Pflanzenfam. 17b: 227-658. 1936) . However, it should be emphasized that his system is largely artificial because he placed closely related genera in different tribes and remotely related genera in the same tribe. For example, Arabis, Aubrieta, Draba, and Macropodium, which are very closely related on the basis of recent molecular studies, were placed by Schulz in four different tribes, whereas the unrelated Capsella, Lepidium, and Thlaspi were placed in one tribe. The delimitation of genera is often difficult, and mature fruits are needed for reliable identification.

The Brassicaceae include many important crop plants that are grown as vegetables (Brassica, Nasturtium, Raphanus) and sources of vegetable oils (Brassica) and condiments (Armoracia, Brassica, Eutrema, Sinapis) . Oils of Brassica probably rank first in terms of tonnage of the world's production of edible oils. The family includes many ornamentals in the genera Erysimum, Iberis Linnaeus, Lobularia, Malcolmia, and Matthiola. Of these, only Lobularia maritima has become naturalized in China. The family also includes more than 120 species of weeds . Arabidopsis thaliana, which is naturalized in China, has become the model organism in many fields of experimental biology .

The delimitation of genera in the Brassicaceae is often difficult because of the frequent independent evolution of what appear to be similar character states , the variability of a given character in one genus and its fixture in another, and the inadequate sampling of material by most authors . Fruit characters are essential in the identification of genera. However, a key emphasizing flowering material is given in addition to the one emphasizing fruit. The most reliable determination of genera can be achieved when the material has both fruit and flowers and when both keys are successfully used to reach the same genus.

The types of cotyledonary position, which in reality is the position of the radicle in relation to the cotyledons (e.g. , radicle accumbent, incumbent, or conduplicate, though radicle referred to as "cotyledon" throughout) are important in the separation of many genera, and a cross section of the seed provides the easiest and simplest way of determining that position. The exact number of ovules per ovary can easily be determined from the fruit because aborted ovules persist through fruit dehiscence. However, it is more laborious to determine the ovule number from pistils and young fruit.[1]

Genus Lepidium

Herbs annual , biennial, or perennial , sometimes subshrubs , rarely shrubs or climbers . Trichomes absent or simple . Stems erect or ascending , sometimes creeping , simple or branched basally and/or apically. Basal leaves rosulate or not, simple, entire or pinnately dissected . Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, base cuneate, attenuate, auriculate , sagittate , or amplexicaul , margin entire, dentate , or dissected. Racemes ebracteate , corymbose , elongated or not in fruit. Fruiting pedicels terete , flattened, or winged , erect or divaricate . Sepals ovate or oblong , rarely orbicular , base of lateral pair not saccate . Petals white, yellow, or pink, erect or spreading , sometimes rudimentary or absent; blade obovate , spatulate , oblong, oblanceolate , orbicular, linear , or filiform , apex obtuse , rounded , or emarginate ; claw absent or distinct . Stamens 2 and median , sometimes 6 and tetradynamous or subequal in length , rarely 4 and all median or 2 median and 2 lateral; anthers ovate or oblong. Nectar glands 4 or 6, distinct; median glands always present. Ovules 2 per ovary; placentation apical. Fruit dehiscent silicles , oblong, ovate, obovate, cordate, obcordate , elliptic , or orbicular, strongly angustiseptate; valves veinless or prominently veined, keeled or not, apically winged or wingless; replum rounded; septum complete or perforated, membranous; style absent, obsolete , or distinct, included or exserted from apical notch of fruit; stigma capitate, entire or rarely 2-lobed. Seeds 1 per locule, winged, margined , or wingless, oblong or ovate, plump or flattened; seed coat smooth , minutely reticulate , or papillate , usually copiously mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons incumbent , rarely accumbent or diplecolobal.

About 180 species: all continents except Antarctica; 16 species (two endemic, two introduced ) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Fields , roadsides, slopes , saline meadows; 100-4300 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 5,271 meters (0 to 17,293 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Cardaria draba chalapensis (L.) O. E. Schulz
2. Cardaria draba var. repens (Schrenk) O. E. Schulz
3. L. latifolium affine (Ledebour) Kitagawa
4. L. latifolium sibiricum Thellung
5. L. latifolium var. affine (Ledebour) C. A. Meyer
6. L. sibiricum Schweigger (1812), Not Pallas (1776).
7. Lepidium affine Ledebour
8. Lepidium lasiocarpum latifolium L. , 1859
9. Lepidium repens (Schrenk) Boiss.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 2:644. 1753

Name verified on 08-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 23-Aug-1994

Similar Species

Members of the genus Lepidium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 544 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

L. abrotanifolium · L. abyssinicum · L. acutidens · L. acutidens microcarpum · L. affine · L. africanum (African Pepperwort) · L. africanum subsp. divaricatum · L. alashanicum · L. albiflorum · L. aletes · L. aletes var. integrifolium · L. alluaudii · L. alpigenum · L. alpinum · L. alyssoides (Southern Pepperweed) · L. alyssoides Gray var. alyssoides Gray (Mesa Pepperwort) · L. alyssoides Gray var. eastwoodiae (Woot.) Rollins (Eastwood's Pepperweed) · L. alyssoides Gray var. junceum Rollins (Mesa Pepperwort) · L. alyssoides var. alyssoides (Mesa Pepperwort) · L. alyssoides var. angustifolium (Lepidium Alyssoides Var. Angus) · L. alyssoides var. eastwoodiae (Eastwood's Pepperweed) · L. alyssoides var. junceum (Mesa Pepperwort) · L. alyssoides var. mexicanum · L. alyssoides var. stenocarpum · L. ambiguum · L. amelum · L. amplexicaule · L. anglicum · L. angolense · L. angulosum · L. angustifolium (Lepidium Alyssoides Var. Angus) · L. angustissimum · L. apetalum · L. appelianum (Globe-Podded Hoary Cress) · L. araucanum · L. arbuscula (Waianae Range Pepperwort) · L. argentinum · L. armoracia · L. armoracium · L. arvense · L. aschersonii · L. atlanticum · L. aucheri (Aucher's Pepper-Grass) · L. auriculatum · L. australe · L. austrinum (Southern Peppergrass) · L. austrinum var. orbiculare · L. banksii · L. barnebyanum (Barneby Pepper Grass) · L. barneoudianum · L. basuticum · L. beamanii · L. beckii · L. bernardinum · L. bidentatum (Double-Tooth Pepper-Grass) · L. aucheri (Kunana Pepperwort) · L. bidentatum Morton var. remyi (Drake) Fosberg (Remy's Pepperweed) · L. bidentatum var. o-waihiense · L. bidentatum var. owaihiense (Kunana Pepperwort) · L. bidentatum var. remyi (Remy's Pepperweed) · L. bipinnatifidum · L. bipinnatum · L. biplicatum · L. boelckeanum · L. boelckei · L. boissieri · L. bonannianum · L. bonariense (Argentine Pepperweed) · L. bonariense f. subsagittulatum · L. bonariense var. gracile · L. bonariense var. pseudo-virginicum · L. bonariense var. stenocarpum · L. bonariense var. stuckertianum · L. bonariense var. suborbiculatum · L. borysthenicum · L. bourgeauanum · L. bourgeaunum · L. brachybotryum · L. brachyotum · L. brevicaule · L. bupleuroides · L. burkartii · L. bursa-pastoris · L. buschianum · L. caespitosum · L. californicum · L. calycinum · L. calycinum var. gracile · L. calycinum var. macrocarpum · L. calycotrichum · L. calycotrichum subsp. anticarium · L. calycotricum · L. campestre (Cream-Anther Field Pepperwort) · L. capense · L. capitatum · L. cardamine · L. cardamines · L. carrerasii · L. cartilagineum · L. catapycnon

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki, Societas. ENG url p. 386, p. 408.
• Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Upsaliensis. url p. 456, p. 484.
• Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. 1976–. Flora of Libya. (F Libya)
• Allgemeine botanische Zeitschrift f�r Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie etc. Karlsruhe: J.J. Reiff, 1895-1928. GER url p. 138.
• An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] ENG url p. 258.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1913. ENG url p. 164.
• Anales de la Sociedad Espa�ola de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, ENG url p. 16, p. 165, p. 199, p. 213, p. 63, p. 65.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 468.
• Annalen des K.K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Wien: Alfred Hlder, 1886-1917. GER url p. 54.
• Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Wien, Naturhistorisches Museum [etc.] GER url p. 54.
• Annales de la Soci�t� Linneenne de Maine-et-Loire. Angers. url p. 255.
• Annales de la Station limnologique de Besse. Clermont-Ferrand: La Station, 1909- FRE url p. 87.
• Annali di botanica. Roma, Tipografia F. Failli [etc.] ITA url p. 659.
• Annals and magazine of natural history: including zoology, botany and geology London. url p. 175, p. 342.
• Antonii Gouan Flora Monspeliaca, sistens plantas no. 1850 ad sua genera relatas, et hybrida methodo digestas; adjectis nominibus specificis, trivialibusque, synonymis selectis, habitationibus plurium in agro Monspeliensi nuper detect Lugduni, Sumptibus B. Duplain, 1765. LAT url p. 158.
• Aper�u de la v�g�tation et des plantes cultiv�es de la Su�de / par N. J. Andersson. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt, 1867. FRE url p. 24.
• Archiv f�r Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 424.
• Aufz�hlung der in Ungarn und Slavonien bisher beobachteten Gef�sspflanzen: nebst einer pflanzengeografischen Uebersicht / von August Neilreich. Wien: W. Braum�ller, 1866. GER url p. 73, p. 84.
• Biblioteca Italiana. Milan. url p. 282.
• Biologisches Zentralblatt. Leipzig [etc.]VEB Georg Thieme [etc.] GER url p. 66, p. 66, p. 891, p. 891.
• Botanische Ergebnisse einer im Auftrage der Hohen Kaiserl Akademie der Wissenschaften unternommenen Forschungsreise in Griechenland. Wien, In Commission bei F. Tempsky, 1894. GER url p. 13.
• Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. 10 1889 Stuttgart [etc.] Schweizerbart [etc.] GER url p. 57, p. 61.
• Botanische Reisestudien auf einer Fr�lingsfahrt durch Korsika / M. Rikli. Z�rich: F�si & Beer, 1903. GER url p. 59.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ f�r das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 114, p. 149, p. 256, p. 261, p. 262, p. 43, p. 44, p. 523, p. 71, p. 94.
• Botanisk tidsskrift / utgivet af den Botaniske forening i K�benhavn. K�benhavn: H. Hagerups Forlag, ENG url p. 467.
• Brot�ria: revista de sciencias naturaes do Collegio de S. Fiel. Lisboa: La B�carre, POR url p. 204, p. 73.
• Bulletin de gographie botanique. Le Mans: Au sige de la Socit, 1911-1919. FRE url p. 74.
• Bulletin de l'Acadmie internationale de gographie botanique. Le Mans: Impr. Edmond Monnoyer, 1899-1910. FRE url p. 10, p. 107.
• Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France. 26 1879 Paris: La Société, 1854-1978. FRE url p.
• Bulletin de la Socit des sciences naturelles de Sane-et-Loire. Chalon-sur-Sane, E. Bertrand [etc.]. FRE url p. 9.
• Bulletin de la Soci�t� des sciences naturelles de l'Ouest de la France. Nantes, Soci�t� des sciences naturelles de l'Ouest de la France [etc.] FRE url p. 171, p. 305.
• Bulletin de la Soci�t� royale de botanique de Belgique. [Bruxelles]: La Soci�t�, [1866]-1989. FRE url p. 311.
• Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de Geologie. Paris. url p. 355.
• Bulletins de la Soci�t� royale de botanique de Belgique. [Bruxelles]: La Soci�t�, [1862-1866] FRE url p. 21, p. 24, p. 29.
• Bullettino. Florence. ITA url p. 128, p. 238, p. 7, p. 77, p. 95.
• Catalogue des plantes vasculaires indig�nes, ou g�n�ralement cultiv�es en Corse suivant l'ordre adopt� dans la flore de France de mm. Grenier et Godron avec l'indication des stations et des �poques de floraison, par L.J.A. de C. de Marsilly, avec le conco Paris, G. Masson, 1872. FRE url p. 22.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 159.
• Centuriae tres Prodromo florae Romanae addendae / auctore Petro Sanguinetti. Romae: Ex Typographia Contedini, 1837. LAT url p. 90.
• Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959–. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. (F China)
• Coleoptera Neerlandica: de schildvleugelige insecten van Nederland en het aangrenzend gebied / door �d. Everts. s'Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1898-1922. DUT url p. 699.
• Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s�ances de l'Acad�mie des sciences. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. FRE url p. 259, p. 831.
• Conant, P. et al. 1997. Appendix. Selected plant species interfering with resource management goals in North American natural areas. In J. O. Luken & J. W. Thieret, eds., Assessment and management of plant invasions. (Pl Invasion)
• Conspectul florei Rom�niei. Plantele vasculare indigene si cele naturalizate ce se gasesc pe teritoriul Rom�niei, considerate subt punctul de vedere sistematic si geografic, de D. Grecescu. Bucuresti, Tip. Dreptatea, 1898. RUM url p. 768.
• Conspectus flor� Afric�, ou �num�ration des plantes d'Afrique, par Th. Durand et Hans Schinz Bruxelles, Jardin botanique de l'�tat; [etc., etc.]1895-98. FRE url p. 137.
• Cronquist, A. et al. 1972–. Intermountain flora. (Intermt F)
• Dansk exkursions-flora: eller, n�gle til bestemmelsen af de danske blomsterplanter og karsporeplanter / C. Raunkiaer. Kj�benhavn: Gyldendal, 1890. DAN url p. 114.
• Dansk plantevaekst / af Eug. Warming. K�benhavn og Kristiania: Gyldendal, 1906-1909. DAN url p. 223, p. 224, p. 282, p. 284, p. 294, p. 308.
• Das Pflanzenleben der Schweiz, von H. Christ. Z�rich, F. Schulhess, 1882. GER url p. 441.
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. (F Turk)
• Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Wien: Aus der Kaiserlich-K�niglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1850-1918. GER url p. 170, p. 489, p. 497.
• Die Flora der Bodenseegegend mit vergleichender Betrachtung der Nachbarfloren / von M.A. H�fle. Erlangen: F. Enke, 1850. GER url p. 17, p. 20, p. 26, p. 59.
• Die Pflanzendecke �sterreich-Ungarns. Auf Grund fremder und eigener Forschungen geschildert, von Dr. August Edler von Hayek. Hrsg. mit einem Druckkostenbeitrag der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Leipzig, F. Deuticke, 1916- [i.e. 1914] GER url p. 508.
• Die Pflanzenwelt Norwegens. Ein Beitrag zur Natur- und Culturgeschichte Nord-Europas, von F.C. Sch�beler. Christiania, A.W. Br�gger, 1873-1875. GER url p. 297, p. 42, p. 456.
• Die bisher bekannten Pflanzen Galiziens und der Bukowina, von Josef Armin Knapp. Wien, W. Braum�ller, 1872. GER url p. 316.
• Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz Leipzig: E. Kummer, 1884-1966. GER url p. 803, p. 810.
• Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. url p. 249.
• Entomological news. [Philadelphia]American Entomological Society, 1925- ENG url p. 92, p. 93.
• Enumeratio stirpium florae Helveticae: secundum ordines naturales disposita / auctore Th. Wegelin. Turici: Typis O. Fuesslini, 1838. LAT url p. 47.
• Essex naturalist: being the journal of the Essex Field Club. Buckhurst Hill, Essex, The Club. ENG url p. 223, p. 63.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. ENG url p. 245.
• Facciola, S. 1990. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants. (Cornucopia)
• Flora Altaica; scripsit Carolus Fridericus a Ledebour, adiutoribus Car. Ant. Meyer et Al. a Bunge. Berolini, G. Reimeri, 1829-33. LAT url p. 189.
• Flora Atlantica, sive, Historia plantarum quae in Atlante, agro Tunetano et Algeriensi crescunt / auctore Renato Desfontaines. Parisiis: Apud Blanchon, 1800. LAT url p. 66.
• Flora Baicalensi-Dahurica, seu, Descriptio plantarum in regionibus Cis- et Transbaicalensibus atque in Dahuria sponte nascentium / auctore Nicolao Turczaninow. Mosquae: A. Semen, 1842-1856. LAT url p. 171, p. 9.
• Flora Italica; sistens plantas in Italia et in insulis circumstantibus sponte nascentes. Bononiae, R. Masi, 1833-1854. LAT url p. 579, p. 598.
• Flora Sardoa; seu Historia plantarum in Sardinia et adjacentibus insulis vel sponte nascentium vel ad utilitatem latius excultarum, auctore Josepho Hyacintho Moris. Taurini, Ex Regio Typographeo, 1837-59. LAT url p. 129.
• Flora balearica, �tude phytog�ographique sur les �les Bal�ares, par Herman Knoche. [Montpellier, France, Imp. Roum�gous et D�han]1921-1923. FRE url p. 64.
• Flora britannica / auctore Jacobo Edvardo Smith. Londini: Typis J. Davis, Veneunt apud J. White, 1800-1804. LAT url p. 682.
• Flora de las islas Baleares, seguida de un diccionario de los nombres baleares, castellanos y bot�nicos, de las plantas espont�neas y de las cultivadas. Palma, Estab. tip. de P.J. Gelabert, 1870-1881. SPA url p. 620.
• Flora del Modenese e del Reggiano / dei Professori G. Gibelli e R. Pirotta. Modena: Tip. di G.T. Vincenzi, 1882. ITA url p. 23.
• Flora des silurischen Bodens von Ehstland, Nord-Livland und Oesel. Dorpat, Druck von H. Laakmann, 1855. GER url p. 35, p. 38.
• Flora hibernica: comprising the flowering plants, ferns, Charace, Musci, Hepatic, Lichenes and Alg of Ireland: arranged according to the natural system with a synopsis of the genera according to the Linnan system / by James Townsend Mackay. Dublin: W. Curry jun., 1836. ENG url p. 26.
• Flora of Bermuda by Nathaniel Lord Britton New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1918. ENG url p. 146.
• Flora von Nieder-�sterreich. Handbuch zur Bestimmung s�mmtlicher in diesem Kronlande und den angrenzenden Gebieten wildwachsenden, h�ufig gebauten und verwildert vorkommenden Samenpflanzen und F�hrer zu weiteren botanischen Forsc Wein, C. Gerold, 1890-93. GER url p. 32, p. 494.
• Flora von Nieder�sterreich. Zum Gebrauche auf Excursionen und zum Selbstunterricht bearbeitet von Eugen von Hal�csy. Prag, F. Tempsky, 1896. GER url p. 69.
• Flora von Schaffhausen / bearbeitet von Jakob Meister. Schaffhausen: Buchdr. von H. Meier, 1887. GER url p. 59.
• Flora von Schlesien, preussischen und �sterreichischen Antheils, oder, Vom oberen Oder- und Weichsel-Quellen-Gebiet. Nach nat�rlichen Familien, mit Hinweisung auf das Linn�ische System. Breslau, F. Hirt, 1857. GER url p. 524.
• Flora von Tirol. Ein Verzeichniss der in Tirol und Vorarlberg wild wachsenden und h�esiger gebauten Gef�sspflanzen. Mit Ber�cksichtigung ihrer Verbreitung und �rtlichen Verh�ltnisse verfasst und nach Koch's Synopsis d von Frz. Freih. v. Hausmann. Innsbruck, Wagner, 1851. GER url p. 1214, p. 1326.
• Giornale Arcadico di Scienze / Lettere ed Arti. Roma. url p. 282.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 270.
• Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984–. Med-Checklist. (L Medit)
• Guide du botaniste dans le canton de Fribourg: contribution � l'�tude de la flore suisse / par Michel Cottet et Fran�ois Castella. Fribourg: Librairie de l'Universit�, 1891. FRE url p. 22.
• Haandbog i den danske flora, af Joh. Lange. Kj�benhavn, C.A. Reitzels forlag, 1856-1859. DAN url p. 430.
• Handbok i Skandinaviens flora: innefattande sveriges och norges v�xter, till och med mossorna / af C.J. Hartman. Stockholm: Z. Haeggstr�m, 1864. SWE url p. 95.
• Hardwicke's science-gossip: an illustrated medium of interchange and gossip for students and lovers of nature. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1866- ENG url p. 165, p. 19, p. 39.
• Hewson, H. J. 1981. The genus Lepidium L. (Brassicaceae) in Australia. Brunonia 4:225.
• History of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. Edinburgh. url p. 79.
• International catalogue of scientific literature. London: Published for the International Council by the Royal Society of London, 1902-1919. ENG url p. 245.
• Introduction to the mammal survey of the 1965 Street Expedition to Afghanistan [by] Jerry D. Hassinger. [Chicago]Field Museum of Natural History, 1968. ENG url p. 36, p. 40.
• Jahresbericht der K�nigl. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften �ber die Fortschritte der Botanik Breslau:Konigl. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1838-1847. GER url p. 183.
• Jahreshefte des Vereins f�r vaterl��ndische Naturkunde in W�rttemberg. Stuttgart. GER url p. 516.
• Journal d'agriculture pratique. Paris: Dusacq, Librairie agricole de la Maison rustique, [1853-1936] FRE url p. 147.
• Journal de botanique. Paris, Bureau de journaux. FRE url p. 232, p. 326, p. 353.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. ENG url p. 113, p. 247, p. 31.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller l�nder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 1129, p. 114, p. 1200, p. 1233, p. 1245, p. 1512, p. 156, p. 173, p. 223, p. 260, p. 262, p. 303, p. 321, p. 328, p. 374, p. 383, p. 435, p. 438, p. 453, p. 547, p. 559, p. 565, p. 573, p. 580, p. 589, p. 602, p. 634, p. 640.
• Kitagawa, M. 1979. Neo-lineamenta florae Manshuricae. (F Manshur)
• La Feuille des jeunes naturalistes. Paris: A. Dollfus, 1870-1914. FRE url p. 23, p. 61.
• Landmarks of botanical history; a study of certain epochs in the development of the science of botany. Part I.--Prior to 1562 A. D. By Edward Lee Greene. Washington, Smithsonian institution, 1909. ENG url p. 247.
• Las estepas de Espa�a y su vegetaci�n, por el Dr. Eduardo Reyes Pr�sper (Esta obra se pub. � espensas de la Casa real) Madrid, Est. tip. "Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, "1915. SPA url p. 172, p. 289.
• Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia. (Econ Pl Aust)
• Le Monde des plantes. Le Mans: Impr. Edmond Monnoyer, 1891-1898. FRE url p. 115, p. 80.
• Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology London. url p. 126.
• Malezasdemexico. Malezas de México - on-line resource. (Malezas Mex)
• Mansfeld, R. 1959. Die Kulturpflanze, Beiheft 2. (Mansfeld)
• Manuel classique et �l�mentaire de botanique, d'anatomie et de physiologie v�g�tale / Par m. Louis Clerc Paris: Audin, libraire, 1836. FRE url p. 98.
• McGregor, R. L. et al. (The Great Plains Flora Association). 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. (F GPlains)
• McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
• Memoires de la Soci�t� (Royale) des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts � Lille. Lille: Soci�t� (Royale) des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts � Lille FRE url p. 219.
• Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. url p. 32.
• Mouterde, P. 1966–. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. (F Liban)
• Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora. (F CalifMunz)
• M�langes de Philosophie et de Math�matique de la Soci�t� Royale de Turin. url p. 5.
• Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan. (F Pak)
• Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau: w�chentliche Berichte �ber die Fortschritte auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Naturwissenschaften. Braunschweig: Druck und verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1886- GER url p. 128.
• Nederlandsch kruidkundig archief. Leyden: S. en J. Luchtmans, 1846-1951. DUT url p. 319, p. 321, p. 450, p. 682.
• Neue allgemeine deutsche Garten- und Blumenzeitung. Hamburg: G. Heubel's Buch- und Kunsthandlung, 1845-1851. GER url p. 269.
• Nuova flora analitica d'Italia, contenente la descrizione delle piante vascolari indigene inselvatichite e largamente coltivate in Italia, del dott. Adriano Fiori. Firenze, Tipografia di M. Ricci, 1923-29. ITA url p. 553.
• Plantas Romaniae hucusque cognitas enumerat Augustus Kanitz. Claudiopoli, Apud E. Demj�n, 1879-81. LAT url p. 179.
• Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) - on-line resource. (Pl Names)
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 106.
• Prodrome de la flore belge / �. de Wildeman et Th. Durand. Bruxelles: A. Castaigne, 1898-1907. FRE url p. 331, p. 911.
• Prodromus florae Batavae. Nijmegen, F.E. MacDonald, 1901- LAT url p. 169.
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica. (F Iran)
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)
• Reliquiae Form�nekianae: enumeratio critica plantarum vascularium, quas itineribus in Haemo Peninsula et Asia Minore (Bithynia) factis collegit Dr. Ed. Form�nek / scripsit C. Vandas. Brunae: Comitiorum Marchionatus Moraviae, 1909. LAT url p. 21, p. 42.
• Repertorium florae Ligusticae, auctore Josepho de Notaris. Taurini, Ex Regio Typographeo, 1844-[1848] LAT url p. 32.
• Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands / New York Academy of Sciences. New York, N.Y.: The Academy, 1919- url p. 326.
• Scoggan, H. J. 1978–1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol. (F Canada)
• Seed Regulatory and Testing Branch, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. 1999. State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act. (State Noxweed Seed)
• Supplement zur Flora von Wrttemberg / von Willibald Lechler. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchh., 1844. GER url p. 44.
• Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Digessit P. A. Saccardo. Patavii, sumptibus auctoris, 1882-1931. LAT url p. 653.
• Syst�me des plantes: contenant les classes, ordres, genres et esp�ces; les caract�res naturels et essentiels des genres; les phrases charact�ristiques des esp�ces; la citation des meilleures figures; le climat et le lieu extrait et traduit des ouvrages Lyon, : Chez Bruyset a�n� et Buynand, 1804-1805. FRE url p. 156.
• The Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1892-1911. ENG url p. 42, p. 98.
• The Bahama flora, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Charles Frederick Millspaugh. New York, The authors, 1920. ENG url p. 146.
• The English flora. London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, [1828-30] ENG url p. 165, p. 165.
• The Entomologist's monthly magazine. Oxford [etc.]Entomologist's Monthly Magazine Ltd. [etc.] ENG url p. 169.
• The Gardener's monthly and horticulturist. Philadelphia, Pa.: Charles H. Marot, 1876-1888. ENG url p. 14.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 41.
• The anthropology of Iraq. The Upper Euphrates / by Henry Field, Curator of Physical Anthropology. Chicago:Field Museum, 1940 ENG url p. 179, p. 192.
• The botanical looker-out among the wild flowers of England and Wales, at all seasons, and in the most interesting localities. By Edwin Lees London, Hamilton, Adams & Co., 1851. ENG url p. 221.
• The survey of western Palestine. The fauna and flora of Palestine, by H. B. Tristram. London, The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1884. ENG url p. 229.
• Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966–. Flora of Iraq. (F Iraq)
• Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Dodsworth. ENG url p. 27, p. 28.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1993. Flora europaea, second edition. (F Eur ed2)
• Utkast til svenska v�xternas naturhistoria: eller, Sveriges fanerogamer skildrade i korthet med deras v�xst�llen och utbredning m. m., deras egenskaper, anv�ndning och historia i allm�nhet / af C. F. Nyman. �rebro: N. M. Lindh, 1867-1868. SWE url p. 341, p. 342.
• VI.
• Verzamelde geschriften van M. W. Beijerinck ter gelegenheid van zijn 70sten verjaardag, met medewerking der Nederlandsche regeering uitgegeven door zijne vrienden en vereerders. Delft: [s. n.], 1921- DUT url p. 49.
• Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Z�rich. Z�rich: F�si & Beer, GER url p. 227, p. 303.
• Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds. (Invasive Pl Spec)
• Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966–. Flora palaestina. (F Palest)
• Cheo Tai-yien, Guo Rong-lin, Lan Young-zhen, Lou Lian-li, Kuan Ke-chien & An Zheng-xi. 1987. Cruciferae. In: Cheo Tai-yien, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 33: 1-483.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 18, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 40 providers.
• "Lepidium latifolium". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 30. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 18, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• European Environment Agency, EUNIS
• GBIF-Spain, Aranzadi Zientzi Elkartea
• GBIF-Spain, CIBIO, Alicante:ABH-GBIF
• GBIF-Spain, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
• GBIF-Spain, Herbario Universidad de Málaga: MGC-Cormófitos
• GBIF-Spain, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• GBIF-Spain, Univ. Herbarium SALAMANCA: SALA
• GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Oviedo. Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas: FCO
• GBIF-Spain, Universidad del País Vasco/EHU, Bilbao: Herbario BIO
• GBIF-Spain, Universitat de Girona: HGI-Cormophyta
• Herbario SANT, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, SANT herbarium vascular plant collection
• Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Israel Nature and Parks Authority
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium
• inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2667781
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-503379
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13726156
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:286262-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 21765
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 503379
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDBRA1M0J0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: LELA2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 27861

Footnotes

1. Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz & Vladimir Dorofeev "Brassicaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Lepidium". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 28. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Lepidium latifolium". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 30. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 229.730 meters (753.707 feet), Standard Deviation = 481.650 based on 2,063 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.