Lolium temulentum

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Poaceae

Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos . Flowering stems (culms ) jointed , internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks , differentiated into sheath, blade , and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins , modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate , veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , an open, contracted , or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired , or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes ) empty, subtending 1 to many florets ; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn ), glumes also sometimes awned . Flowers bisexual or unisexual ; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy ; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary , anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear .

About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.[1]

Physical Description

Habitat

Fields of cereals, introduced .[2].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Bromus temulentus (L.) Bernh.
2. Craepalia temulenta (L.) Schrank
3. Lolium arvense With.
4. Lolium temulentum var. arvense (With.) Lilja
5. Lolium temulentum var. leptochaeton A. Braun
6. Lolium temulentum var. macrochaeton A. Braun

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 1:83. 1753

Name verified on 08-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 20-Nov-2007

Similar Species

Members of the genus Lolium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 132 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

L. aechicum · L. aegyptiacum · L. agreste · L. album · L. ambiguum · L. annuum · L. appenninum · L. arenarium · L. aristatum · L. arundinaceum (Lolium Arundinaceum) · L. arvense · L. aschersoniana · L. asperum · L. berteronianum · L. boucheanum · L. brasilianum · L. bromoides · L. canadense · L. canariense (Canary Islands Ryegrass) · L. cechicum · L. coelorachis · L. complanatum · L. compositum · L. compressum · L. crassiculme · L. cristatum · L. cuneatum · L. cylindricum · L. decipiens · L. distachyum · L. dorei · L. edwardii · L. elegans · L. elongatum · L. felix · L. festuca · L. festucaceum · L. festucoides · L. flagellare · L. gaudini · L. giganteum (Giant Fescue) · L. glumosum · L. gmelini · L. gracile · L. grandispicum · L. gussonei · L. halleri · L. hubbardii · L. humile · L. husnoti · L. hybrid · L. hybridum (Short-Rotation Ryegrass) · L. 'Hymer' · L. infelix · L. italicum · L. italicum var. muticum · L. jechelianum · L. latum · L. lepturoide · L. lepturoides · L. lesdaini · L. linicola · L. linicolum · L. loliaceum · L. longiglume · L. lowei · L. lucidum · L. macilentum · L. marschallii · L. maximum · L. mazzettianum · L. multiflorum · L. multiflorum italicum · L. multiflorus · L. oechicum · L. osiridis · L. parabolicae · L. parenne · L. perene · L. perenne (Perennial Rye Grass) · L. perennem · L. perenne aristatum · L. perenne cristatum · L. perenne 'Literra' · L. perenne multiflorum (Perennial Rye Grass) · L. perenne rigidum · L. perenne perenne · L. perenne var. brasilianum · L. perenne var. italicum · L. perenne var. perenne · L. perenne x · L. persicum (Persian Rye Grass) · L. phoenice · L. phoenix · L. pratense (Meadow Ryegrass) · L. pratensis · L. remotum · L. remotum schrank · L. repens · L. rigidium

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Further Reading

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• Lu Sheng-lian, Sun Yong-hua, Liu Shang-wu, Yang Yong-chang, Wu Zhen-lan, Kuo Pen-chao, Yang Hsi-ling, Wang Chao-pin & Tsui Nai-ran. 1987. Gramineae (3). In: Kuo Pen-chao, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 9(3): 1329
• Wang Zhengping, Ye Guanghan, Yang Yaling, Yu Zehua, Hu Chenhua, Geng Bojie, Feng Xuelin, Jia Liangzhi, Xia Nianhe, Li Dezhu, Zhang Weiping, Xue Jiru, Zhu Zhengde, Zhao Qiseng, Chen Shouliang, Sheng Guoying, Chen Shaoyun, Yao Changyu, Lu Jionglin, Sun Jiliang, Lin Wantao, Yi Tongpei, Zhao Huiru, Wen Taihui & Dai Qihui. 1996. Gramineae (Poaceae) (1).

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 15, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 30 providers.
• "Lolium temulentum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 243. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 29, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), EURISCO
• International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), The System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Botany
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2661079
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-40900
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14013169
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:407518-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 22502
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 40900
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMPOA3U060
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: LOTEM
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 47612

Footnotes

1. Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Lolium temulentum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 243. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 177.910 meters (583.694 feet), Standard Deviation = 298.050 based on 2,262 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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