Nephrolepis biserrata

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Polypodiaceae

Plants perennial , terrestrial , on rock, or often epiphytic, erect , arching , or occasionally pendent. Stems long- to short-creeping, branched or not, bearing scales and few to numerous roots , usually dictyostelic. Leaves monomorphic to dimorphic , circinate in bud. Petiole usually articulate at base [rarely nonarticulate , as in Loxogramme ], lacking scales or sometimes scaly , with usually 3 vascular bundles . Blade simple to often pinnatifid , pinnatisect , or pinnate, infrequently more divided ; rachis grooved or not adaxially. Veins free (and simple to several times forked ) to often anastomosing in complex systems , areoles with or without included veinlets . Indument on blade absent, or petiole, rachis, costae, and sometimes blade tissue usually bearing hairs (these often septate and with reddish crosswalls) and/or scales. Sori borne abaxially on veins, round to oblong , occasionally elongate , rarely marginal , rarely covering surface; paraphyses present or absent; sporangia with stalk of 2 or 3 rows of cells ; indusia absent. Spores usually transparent or yellowish (rarely greenish), all 1 kind, bilateral , monolete [rarely trilete, as in some Loxogramme], surface most often smooth , tuberculate , verrucose , or granulate , occasionally spiny , 64 per sporangium (spores globose and 32 per sporangium in apogamous spp. ) . Gametophytes green, aboveground, cordate or elliptic , glabrous or sometimes glandular ; archegonia and antheridia borne on lower surface, antheridia 3-celled.

Genera ca. 40, species perhaps 500 (7 genera, 25 species in the flora ) : worldwide, especially tropics and subtropics.

Genera in this family are variously circumscribed, and the New World species historically were placed in the single genus Polypodium . Many of the segregates recognized here are still placed in Polypodium in recent floristic accounts. Limits of genera in both Old World and New World are controversial and are currently under study by several workers.[1]

Genus Nephrolepis

Plants terrestrial , epiphytic, or on rock. Stems ascending to erect , bearing wiry stolons and sometimes underground tubers. Leaves monomorphic , evergreen . Petiole ca. 1/10--1/2 length of blade , base not swollen; vascular bundles more than 3, arranged in an arc, ± round in cross section . Blade narrowly elliptic to linear-lanceolate, 1-pinnate (to 4--5-pinnate in various cultivated forms), very gradually reduced distally to minute pinnatifid apex, often seemingly indeterminate with apex never expanded, herbaceous to papery . Pinnae articulate to rachis, sometimes deciduous, segment (pinna) margins entire, crenulate , or biserrate ; proximal pinnae (usually several pairs) slightly to greatly reduced, sessile, equilateral or inequilateral with basiscopic base excised and often an acroscopic basal auricle ; costae adaxially grooved , grooves not continuous from rachis to costae; indument of linear-lanceolate scales and sometimes multicellular hairs on abaxial and sometimes adaxial surfaces. Veins free , forked . Sori ± round; indusia round-reniform and with deep sinus to semicircular with broad sinus or lunate without sinus and seemingly laterally attached, persistent . Spores brownish, tuberculate to rugose . x = 41.

Species 25--30: widespread in tropical areas.

Nephrolepis often has veins ending in hydathodes and whitish lime-dots adaxially.

Cultivars of Nephrolepis occasionally are found in the wild, where they persist for some time. Numerous forms of N. exaltata cv. `Bostoniensis' and its derivatives are widely cultivated, and the following are known from Florida: N. exaltata cv. `Bostoniensis', N. exaltata cv. `Elegantissima' complex , N. exaltata cv. `Florida Ruffles', N. exaltata cv. `M. P. Mills'.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Terrestrial or less commonly epiphytic in forested, relatively wet habitats , e.g. , swamps , but occasionally thickets, roadsides, or clearings; 0 m [3].

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 24-36" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 6.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Aspidium biserratum Sw.
2. Aspidium biserratum Swartz, J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 32. 1801
3. Hypopeltis biserrata (Sw.) Bory
4. Lepidoneuron Biserratum
5. Lepidoneuron biserratum /i> (Sw.) Fée
6. Nephrodium Biserratum
7. Nephrodium biserratum (Sw.) C. Presl
8. Nephrodium biserratum (Sw.) Desv.
9. Nephrolepis Exaltata Biserrata
10. Nephrolepis exaltata Schott var. biserrata (Sw.) Baker
11. Nephrolepis hirsutula Schott var. biserrata (Sw.) Kuntze

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Gen. fil. ad t. 3. 1834

Name verified on 12-Nov-1995 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 08-May-2007

Similar Species

Members of the genus Nephrolepis

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 240 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

N. abrupta · N. acuminata · N. acuta · N. acutangula · N. acuta var. laurifolia · N. acutifolia · N. altescandens · N. amabilis · N. amerpohli · N. arida · N. arthropteroides · N. attescandens · N. auriculata · N. averyi (Avery's Swordfern) · N. barbata · N. barrowsii · N. bausei · N. biaurita · N. bidentata · N. biserata · N. biserrata (Giant Sword Fern) · N. biserrata furcans · N. biserrata 'Macho' (Macho Giant Sword Fern) · N. biserrata punctulatum · N. biserrata var. glabrata · N. biserrata var. normalis · N. biserrata var. rufescens · N. biserrata var. subintegrifolia · N. bostoniensis · N. brownii · N. cardifolia · N. caudata · N. celebica · N. cisneiriana · N. cisneiriana f. duffii · N. cisneiriana var. obtusata · N. cisneiriana var. occidentalis · N. cisneiriana var. pectinata · N. clementis · N. copelandii · N. cordifolia (Southern Sword Fern) · N. cordifolia 'Duffii' (Lemon Button Fern) · N. cordifolia f. duffii · N. cordifolia 'Kinky' · N. cordifolia 'Lucky Lemon' · N. cordifolia Lucky Lemon = 'Vp001' · N. cordifolia 'Plumosa' · N. cordifolia 'Timmii' (Timm's Petticoat Fern) · N. cordifolia var. Lemon Buttons (Button Sword Fern) · N. cordifolia var. occidentalis · N. cordifolia var. pectinata · N. cordifolia var. pendula · N. cordifolia var. pseudolauterbachii · N. cordifolia var. pumicicola · N. cordifolia var. tambourinensis · N. cordifolia var. tuberosa · N. cordifolia 'Vp001' · N. crenata · N. cristata · N. cultrifolia · N. davalliae · N. davallioides · N. davallioides var. furcans · N. dayakorum · N. delicatula · N. dentata · N. depauperata · N. dicksonioides · N. dreyeri · N. duffii · N. ensifolia · N. exaltata (Fluffy Ruffle Fern) · N. exaltata (L.) Schott 'Hillii' · N. exaltata (L.) Schott 'Roosveltii Plumosa' · N. exaltata (L.) Schott var. plumosa · N. exaltata (L.) Schott 'Whitmannii' · N. exaltata 'Ariane' · N. exaltata 'Aurea' (Golden Boston Fern) · N. exaltata 'Bostoniensis' (Boston Fern) · N. exaltata 'Bostoniensis Aureus' (Golden Boston Fern) · N. exaltata cordifolia (Boston Swordfern) · N. exaltata 'Emina' · N. exaltata f. fallax · N. exaltata f. muscosa · N. exaltata 'Fluffy Ruffles' · N. exaltata 'Fluffy Ruffles Upright' (Boston Fern) · N. exaltata 'Green Fantasy' · N. exaltata hawaiiensis · N. exaltata 'Lemon Button' · N. exaltata 'Montana' · N. exaltata 'Nevada' · N. exaltata 'Orlando' · N. exaltata 'Rooseveltii' · N. exaltata 'Ruth' (Ruth Fern) · N. exaltata 'Shadow Lace' (Boston Fern) · N. exaltata 'Smithii' · N. exaltata 'Smithii Linda' · N. exaltata subsp. hawaiiensis · N. exaltata 'Suzi Wong' (Suzi Wong Cotton Candy Fern) · N. exaltata 'Teddy Junior'

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Further Reading

• A Floral and faunal inventory of the eastern slopes of the Réserve naturelle intégrale d'Andringitra, Madagascar: with reference to elevational variation / Steven M. Goodman, editor. [Chicago, Ill.]: Field Museum of Natural History, c1996. ENG url p. 315, p. 77, p. 80.
• A contribution to the botany of the Isle of Pines, Cuba, based upon the specimens of plants from that island contained in the herbarium of the Carnegie Museum under date of October, 1916. By O.E. Jennings. [n.p., 1917] ENG url p. 29, p. 43.
• A floral and faunal inventory of the Parc national de Marojejy, Madagascar: with reference to elevational variation / Steven M. Goodman, editor. [Chicago, Ill.]: Field Museum of Natural History, c2000. ENG url p. 27.
• Annales du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg. Leiden [etc.]E.J. Brill [etc.]. ENG url p. 94.
• Annales du Muse colonial de Marseille. Marseille: Muse colonial, 1907-1954. FRE url p. 14.
• Annals of the Carnegie Museum. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901- ENG url p. 29, p. 43, p. 494.
• Arnold, T. H. & B. C. De Wet, eds. 1993. Plants of southern Africa: names and distribution. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa no. 62. (Pl SAfr)
• Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2. (L Guianas ed2)
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 107, p. 152.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: The Museum, 1951-1992. ENG url p. 145, p. 229.
• Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Andover: Intercept. ENG url p. 58, p. 66, p. 84.
• Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959–. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. (F China)
• Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana. (F Mesoamer)
• Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Wien: Aus der Kaiserlich-K©niglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1850-1918. GER url p. 26.
• Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960–. Flora zambesiaca. (F Zamb)
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. ENG url p. 463.
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America. (F NAmer)
• Ferns and fern allies of Guatemala. Robert G. Stolze; the genus Elaphoglossum by: John T. Mickel; the genus Thelypteris by: Alan R. Smith. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1981. ENG url p. 311, p. 313, p. 315.
• Flora of the Lancetilla Valley, Honduras, by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1931. ENG url p. 76.
• Flora of the southeastern United States; being descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and in Oklahom by John Kunke New York, The author, 1913. ENG url p. 23.
• Flora voor de Nederlandsch West-Indische eilanden, door I. Boldingh Amsterdam, Druk. van J. H. de Bussy, 1913. DUT url p. 441, p. 97.
• Flore de Madagascar et des Comores: plantes vasculaires / publiée sous les auspices du gouvernement général de Madagascar et sous la direction de H. Humbert. 1958 Tananarive: Paris: Imprimerie officielle;Muse?um national d'histoire naturelle, [1936?]- url p. 60.
• Honduran mosses collected by Paul C. Standley, by Edwin B. Bartram. Chicago, 1929. ENG url p. 374.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
• I. Supplement to the flora of Barro Colorado island, Panama [by] Leslie A. Kenoyer and Paul C. Standley. Chicago, 1929. ENG url p. 145.
• Jahresbericht über das Gebiet der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Berlin: P. Parey, 1907-1917. GER url p. 3, p. 453, p. 77.
• Johns, R. J. 1991. Pteridophytes of Tropical East Africa. (Ferns TE Afr)
• Journal de botanique. Paris, Bureau de journaux. FRE url p. 235, p. 65.
• Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 38 1957 Cambridge, Mass.: Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University [etc.], 1919- ENG url p. 153, p. 411, p. 7, p. 9.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 1018, p. 1283, p. 241, p. 32, p. 34, p. 40, p. 475, p. 522, p. 554, p. 794, p. 947.
• Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88:1-1054. (Ferns Mexico)
• Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Sydney, Linnean Society of New South Wales. ENG url p. 382.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 642.
• Proctor, G. R. 1989. Ferns of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 53:265.
• Pteridophyta of Peru. Rolla M. Tryon, Robert G. Stolze; with the collaboration of Blanca León. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1993. ENG url p. 51, p. 53, p. 54.
• Pteridophyta und Anthophyta / unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher Fachmñner, herausgegeben von R. v. Wettstein. Wien: K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1908. GER url p. 26.
• Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands / New York Academy of Sciences. New York, N.Y.: The Academy, 1919- url p. 484, p. 486.
• Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen, eds. 1970–. Flora of Thailand. (F Thailand)
• Some observations concerning the botanical conditions on the Galapagos Islands. [Madison, Wis., 1916] ENG url p. 276, p. 295, p. 339.
• The Bahama flora, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Charles Frederick Millspaugh. New York, The authors, 1920. ENG url p. 474, p. 474.
• The Galathea Deep Sea Expedition, 1950-1952, described by members of the expedition / edited by Anton F. Bruun [et al.], translated from the Danish by Reginald Spink. New York, : Macmillan, [1956] ENG url p. 214.
• The Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan = Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku kiyo. Rika. Tokyo, Japan: The University, 1898-1925. ENG url p. 587.
• The flora of the American Virgin Islands / N.L. Britton. New York: New York Botanical Garden, 1918. ENG url p. 101.
• The forests and flora of British Honduras / by Paul C. Standley and Samuel J. Record; in cooperation with the Conservator of Forests and the Agricultural Officer of the Colony. Chicago: [Field Museum of Natural History], 1936. ENG url p. 64.
• Tryon, R. M. & R. G. Stolze. 1989–. Pteridophyta of Peru. Parts I-. Fieldiana, Botany new ser. (Ferns Peru) 32:51–52.
• Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952–. Flora of tropical East Africa. (F TE Afr)
• Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer "Valdivia" 1898-1899. Im Auftrage des Reichsamtes des Innern hrsg. von Carl Chun [et al.] Jena, G. Fischer, 1902-40. GER url p. 431, p. 465.
• Wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Africa-Expedition, 1907-1908: unter Führung Adolf Friedrichs, herzogs zu Mecklenburg. Leipzig: Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1910- ENG url p. 6, p. 677, p. 709.
• Wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Africa-Expedition, 1910-1911, unter Führung Adolf Friedrichs. Leipzig, Klinkhardt & Biermann[1913- GER url p. 136, p. 150, p. 159, p. 51.
• Zentralblatt für allgemeine und experimentelle Biologie. Leipzig, S. Hirzel. GER url p. 248.
• Darling, T. Jr. 1982. The deletion of Nephrolepis pectinata from the flora of Florida. Amer. Fern J. 72: 63.
• Nauman, C. E. 1981. The genus Nephrolepis in Florida. Amer. Fern J. 71: 35--40.
• Nauman, C. E. 1985. A Systematic Revision of the Neotropical Species of Nephrolepis
• Schott. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Tennessee. Wherry, E. T. 1964. The Southern Fern Guide. Garden City, N.Y.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 26, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 18 providers.
• "Nephrolepis biserrata". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 26, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 26, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program
• GBIF-Spain, CUBA:Herbario del Jardín Botánico Nacional, La Habana, Cuba: HAJB-Pteridophyta
• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility, Magnoliophyta
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2644731
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-17603
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 17893290
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:102334-3
• GRIN Nomen Number: 25201
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 17603
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 17160710
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PPDAV01010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ASBI10
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 23169

Footnotes

1. Alan R. Smith "Polypodiaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Clifton E. Nauman "Nephrolepis". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Nephrolepis biserrata". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

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