Panicum virgatum

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Poaceae

Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos . Flowering stems (culms ) jointed , internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks , differentiated into sheath, blade , and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins , modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate , veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , an open, contracted , or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired , or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes ) empty, subtending 1 to many florets ; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn ), glumes also sometimes awned . Flowers bisexual or unisexual ; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy ; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary , anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear .

About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.[1]

Genus Panicum

Annuals or perennials . Culms erect , geniculately ascending or decumbent . Leaves basal or cauline; leaf blades filiform or linear to lanceolate or ovate , usually flat. Inflorescence usually a terminal open panicle, variously condensed or occasionally spicate rarely racemose. Spikelets usually symmetrical and dorsally compressed , disarticulating below the glumes ; 2-flowered, the lower floret staminate or barren, the upper bisexual . Glumes herbaceous to membranous, ovate or oblong , obtuse to acute, acuminate or cuspidate ; lower usually shorter than the spikelet, rarely equal, an internode between the glumes sometimes present, upper glume as long as spikelet, or slightly shorter; lower lemma similar to upper glume, with or without a palea; upper floret coriaceous, bony or cartilaginous , the margins of the lemma inrolled and clasping the palea, apex obtuse to acute or apiculate , crested or excavated . Hilum rounded to oval . x = 9, 10.

About 500 species:pantropical, extending into temperate regions of North America; 21 species (four introduced ) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,998 meters (0 to 9,836 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 36-48" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 4.6 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Chasea virgata (Linnaeus) Nieuwland
2. Milium virgatum (Linnaeus) Lunell
3. P. glaberri-mum Steudel
4. P. purinisum Bernhardi Ex Trinius.
5. Panicum giganteum Scheele
6. Panicum lagascae var. virgatum (L.) Kuntze, 1898
7. Paspalum lagascae Roem. & Schult. var. virgatum (L.) Kuntze

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 1:59. 1753

Name verified on 11-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 21-Nov-1994

Similar Species

Members of the genus Panicum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 2345 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

P. abludens · P. abortivum · P. abscissum (Cutthroat Grass) · P. abyssinicum · P. acariferum · P. accrescens · P. aciculare · P. aciculare var. aciculare · P. aciculare var. ovinum · P. acicularifolium · P. acostia · P. acroanthum · P. acromelaenum · P. acrotrichum · P. aculeatum · P. acuminatifolium · P. acuminatissimum · P. acuminatum · P. acuminatum var. acuminatum · P. acutatum · P. acutiflorum · P. acutifolium · P. acutiglumum · P. acutissimum · P. acutum · P. addisonii · P. adenense · P. adenophorum · P. adenophyllum · P. adenorhachis · P. adhaerens · P. adoense · P. adpressum · P. adscendens · P. adspersum · P. adspersum var. exile · P. adspersum var. neesii · P. adtenuatum · P. adustum · P. adustum var. leianthum · P. aegyptiacum · P. aegyptium · P. aemulum · P. aequabile · P. aequatum · P. aequiglume · P. aequinerve · P. aequivaginatum · P. affine · P. africanum · P. afrum · P. afzelii · P. agglutinans · P. agrioides · P. agrostideum · P. agrostidiforme · P. agrostis · P. agrostoides · P. agrostoides elongatum · P. airoides · P. akoense · P. alabamense · P. alatum (Winged Panicgrass) · P. alatum var. alatum (Winged Panicgrass) · P. alatum var. longiflorum (Winged Panicgrass) · P. alatum var. minus (Winged Panicgrass) · P. albemarlense · P. albens · P. albertense · P. albicomum · P. albidulum · P. albidum · P. albo-marginatum · P. albociliatum · P. albomaculatum · P. albomarginatum · P. albospiculatum · P. albovellereum · P. album · P. alcobense · P. aldabrense · P. alectromerum · P. alleizettei · P. almadense · P. alopecuroides · P. alopecuroideum · P. alopecuros · P. alopecurus · P. alsinoides · P. alsophilum · P. altissimum · P. altum · P. amabile · P. amadryadum · P. amaroides · P. amarulum · P. amarum (Smaller Sea-Beach Pea) · P. amarum amarulum · P. amarum amarulum var. amarulum (Coastal Panic Grass) · P. amarum 'Dewey Blue' (Bitter Panic Grass)

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 6, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 22, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 17 providers.
• "Panicum virgatum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 505, 508. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 22, 2007:

• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
• The New York Botanical Garden, Vascular Plant Type Specimens
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, MEXU/Plantas Vasculares
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2661084
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-40913
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13794919
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:413539-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 26657
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 40913
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMPOA4K2D0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: PAVIO PAVI
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 53340

Footnotes

1. Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Shou-liang Chen & Stephen A. Renvoize "Panicum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 500, 504, 510, 512, 513. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 347.770 meters (1,140.978 feet), Standard Deviation = 467.980 based on 1,113 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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