Papaver dubium

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Papaveraceae

Herbs or subshrubs , shrubs , or small trees , annual , biennial, or perennial , scapose or caulescent , usually from taproots , sometimes from rhizomes; sap clear, white, or colored , often sticky. Stems leafy or naked, erect , spreading , or decumbent , simple or branching. Leaves basal and/or cauline, alternate to opposite or whorled , simple, without stipules, petiolate or sessile; blade unlobed or with 1-3 odd-pinnate, subpalmate, or palmate orders of lobes . Inflorescences axillary or terminal , unifloral or else multifloral and cymiform, racemose, umbelliform, corybiform, or paniculate , pedunculate or subsessile ; bracts usually present. Flowers radially symmetric , pedicellate or sessile; receptacle sometimes expanded and forming cup or ring beneath calyx (only in Eschscholzia, Meconella, and Platystemon ) ; perianth and androecium sometimes perigynous; sepals caducous , 2 or 3, distinct or connate , usually obovate ; petals distinct, usually obovate, mostly 2 times number of sepals, sometimes more or absent; stamens many or 4-15 (only in Meconella and Canbya ) ; anthers 2-locular; pistil 1, 2-18[-22]-carpellate; ovary 1-2-locular or incompletely to completely multilocular by placental intrusion; placentas 2 or more, parietal ; style 1 or absent; stigmas or stigma lobes 2-many. Fruits capsular , dehiscence valvate , poricidal , or transverse , or carpels dissociating and breaking transversely into 1-seeded segments (only in Platystemon ) . Seeds usually many, small, sometimes arillate or carunculate.

Genera 25-30 (17 genera, 63 species in the flora ) : worldwide, mainly Northern Hemisphere.

According to W. R. Ernst (1962b), Papaveraceae "may be divided conveniently into four subfamilies." His scheme is followed here, but with the subfamilies taken up in alphabetic order; they seem to be natural groups, but their phylogenetic interrelationships are not yet clear. Similarly, the evolutionary relationships within the subfamilies remain ambiguous, and the genera in each are listed alphabetically. Subfamily Chelidonioideae Ernst includes genera 1-5; subf. Eschscholzioideae Ernst, genera 6-7; subf. Papavaroideae Ernst, genera 8-14; and subf. Platostamenoideae Ernst, genera 15-17.[1]

Genus Papaver

Herbs, annual , biennial, or perennial , scapose or caulescent , from taproots ; sap white, orange, or red. Stems when present leafy. Leaves: basal rosulate, petiolate ; cauline alternate, proximal leaves petiolate, distal subsessile or sessile, sometimes clasping (in P . somniferum ) ; blade unlobed or 1-3× pinnately lobed or parted ; margins entire or toothed , scalloped, or incised. Inflorescences cymiform, with flowers disposed in 1s, 2s or 3s on long scapes or peduncles; bracts present; buds nodding [erect ]. Flowers: sepals 2(-3), distinct ; petals 4(-6) ; stamens many; pistil 3-18[-22]-carpellate; ovary 1-locular, sometimes incompletely multilocular by placental intrusion; style absent; stigmas 3-18[-22], radiating on sessile, ± lobed disc, velvety . Capsules erect, 3-18[-22]-pored or short-valved immediately beneath persistent or sometimes deciduous (in P . hybridum ) stigmatic disc. Seeds many, minutely pitted , aril absent. x = 7.

Species 70-100: temperate and arctic North America, Eurasia , n, s Africa, Australia.

Papaver is rich in alkaloids, notably opiates. The genus is quite complex cytologically; in addition to diploids, there are numerous polyploid species and some that apparently are aneuploid . Most commonly, n = 7 or a multiple , and 2 n ranges from 14 to over 100. There are published chromosome counts for almost every taxon in the flora , but for the introduced species none has been made from wild-collected North American material .

The scapose poppies in the flora are native ; the caulescent ones, except Papaver californicum, are introduced Eurasian ornamentals , crop weeds , and ballast waifs . All the scapose species are confined to arctic and alpine habitats . Plants of the introduced caulescent species, especially P . rhoeas, P . dubium, and P . somniferum, vary greatly in size, and surprisingly diminutive mature individuals are sometimes found, especially northward.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Fields , glades , dunes, stream banks, marshy areas, railroads, roadsides, and other disturbed sites; 0-900 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,026 meters (0 to 3,366 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 3-6" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 2:1196. 1753

Name verified on 11-May-1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 14-Nov-2001

Similar Species

Members of the genus Papaver

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1064 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

P. acrochaetum · P. aculeatum (South African Poppy) · P. aculeatum var. pusillum (South African Poppy) · P. aegadicum · P. agreste · P. agrivagum · P. ajanense · P. alaskanum · P. alaskanum alaskanum · P. alaskanum f. stenopetalum · P. alaskanum var. latilobum · P. alberti · P. albiflorum · P. albiflorum austromoravicum · P. albiflorum subsp. austromoravicum · P. alboroseum (Dwarf Pink Poppy) · P. album · P. album-nigrum · P. alpinum (Austrian Poppy) · P. alpinum; (Austrian Poppy) · P. alpinum album · P. alpinum alpinum (Austrian Poppy) · P. alpinum cut petal · P. alpinum ernesti-mayeri · P. alpinum 'Famecheck Double Orange' · P. alpinum 'Flore Pleno' · P. alpinum kerneri · P. alpinum lapeyrousianum · P. alpinum rhaeticum (Rhaetian Poppy) · P. alpinum sendtneri · P. alpinum suaveolens · P. alpinum subsp. lapeyrousianum · P. alpinum subsp. suaveolens · P. alpinum var. endressii (Austrian Poppy) · P. alpinum var. endressli (Austrian Poppy) · P. alpinum var. julicum (Austrian Poppy) · P. alpinum var. kamtschaticum (Austrian Poppy) · P. alpinum var. microcarpum (Austrian Poppy) · P. ambiguum · P. ameristophyllum · P. ammophilum · P. amoenum · P. amplexicaule · P. amurense (Poppy) · P. anadyrense · P. angrenicum · P. angustifolium · P. angustulum · P. anisotrichum · P. anjuicum · P. anomalum · P. anomalum 'Album' (Poppy) · P. anomalum var. chinense · P. anomalum var. hirsutum · P. anomalum var. hispidissimum · P. anthemani · P. apicigemmatum · P. apokrinomenon (Poppy) · P. arachnoideum · P. arenarium · P. arenarium var. modestum · P. argemone (Long Prickly-Headed Poppy) · P. argemone belangeri · P. argemone davisii · P. argemone f. belangeri · P. argemone f. glabrum (Long Pricklyhead Poppy) · P. argemone f. littoralis · P. argemone meiklei · P. argemone minus · P. argemone nigrotinctum · P. argemone subsp. belangeri · P. argemone subsp. davisii · P. argemone subsp. meiklei · P. argemone subsp. minus · P. argemone subsp. nigrotinctum · P. argemone var. vinoso-rubrum (Prickly Poppy) · P. argemonium · P. argemonoides · P. armeniacum · P. armeniacum microstigmum · P. armeniacum pilgerianum · P. arvatecum · P. arvaticum · P. arvense · P. ashfordense · P. atlanticum (Double Atlas Poppy) · P. atlanticum 'Flore Pleno' (Double Atlas Poppy) · P. atlanticum mesatlanticum · P. atlanticum 'Semi Plenum' (Double Atlas Poppy) · P. atlanticum subsp. mesatlanticum · P. atropurpureum · P. atrovirens · P. aurantiacum · P. baitagense · P. balanocarpum · P. balansaeanum · P. bartuschianum · P. belangeri · P. bergianum · P. 'Beyond Red'

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 15, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 32 providers.
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• "Papaver dubium". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 29, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, GEO Biodiversity Day
• Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Herbarium Willing
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• NLBIF, Limnodata
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Botany
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• University of Vienna, Institute for Botany - Herbarium WU, Herbarium WU

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645656
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-18889
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13794919
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:673489-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 26676
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18889
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 673487-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDPAP0H060
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: PADU
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 51040

Footnotes

1. Robert W. Kiger "Papaveraceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Robert W. Kiger & David F. Murray "Papaver". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Papaver dubium". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 142.160 meters (466.404 feet), Standard Deviation = 158.800 based on 6,683 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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