Polygonum convolvulus

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Polygonaceae

Herbs, shrubs , or small trees , sometimes monoecious or dioecious. Stems erect , prostrate , twining , or scandent , often with swollen nodes, striate , grooved , or prickly. Leaves simple , alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , petiolate or subsessile ; stipules often united to a sheath (ocrea) . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , spicate , racemose, paniculate , or capitate. Pedicel occasionally articulate . Flowers small, actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual . Perianth 3-6-merous, in 1 or 2 series, herbaceous, often enlarged in fruit or inner tepals enlarged, with wings, tubercles , or spines. Stamens usually (3-) 6-9, rarely more; filaments free or united at base ; anthers 2-loculed, opening lengthwise; disk annular (often lobed ) . Ovary superior, 1-loculed; styles 2 or 3, rarely 4, free or connate at lower part. Fruit a trigonous , biconvex , or biconcave achene; seed with straight or curved embryo and copious endosperm.

About 50 genera and 1120 species: worldwide, but primarily N temperate with a few species in tropical regions ; 13 genera (two endemic) and 238 species (65 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Polygonum

Herbs, shrubs , or subshrubs , annual (perennial in P. striatulum), homophyllous or heterophyllous , sometimes heterocarpic; roots fibrous or woody. Stems prostrate to erect , glabrous , smooth or sometimes papillous-scabridulous. Leaves cauline, alternate (opposite in P. humifusum), petiolate or sessile; ocrea with distal part persistent , often hyaline , white or silvery, 2-lobed, chartaceous , glabrous, disintegrating into fibers, or disintegrating completely; petiole base articulated with ocrea or not; blade linear , lanceolate, elliptic , ovate , or subround, margins entire. Inflorescences axillary or axillary and terminal , spikelike, or flowers solitary; peduncle absent. Pedicels present or absent. Flowers bisexual , 1-7(-10) per ocreate fascicle, base not stipelike; perianth nonaccrescent, white or greenish white to pink, campanulate to urceolate , glabrous; tepals 5, connate 3-70% of their length , petaloid or sepaloid , monomorphic or, rarely, dimorphic , the inner usually flat, the outer flat or sometimes keeled and cucullate distally, sometimes of different length than the inner; stamens 3-8 (some may be reduced to staminodes) ; filaments distinct , free or adnate to perianth tube , glabrous; anthers whitish yellow, pink to purple or orange-pink, elliptic to oblong ; styles (2-) 3, mostly spreading , distinct or connate proximally; stigmas 2-3, capitate. Achenes included or exserted, yellow-green, brown, or black, unwinged, (2-) 3-gonous, glabrous. Seeds: embryo curved . x = 10.

Species ca. 65: nearly worldwide.

Two sections of Polygonum are recognized here. Section Polygonum is nearly cosmopolitan and best represented in north-temperate regions; sect. Duravia comprises species restricted to North America. K . Haraldson (1978) recognized both sections based on differences in stem morphology, petiole structure, and pollen morphology. J. C. Hickman (1984) described sect. Monticola and included in it species of sect. Duravia occurring mostly in montane habitats , with leaves articulated to the ocreae, one-veined, and not mucronate , proximal leaves lanceolate to round, and styles connate at their bases and neither hardened nor persistent. L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd (1988) and L.-P. Ronse Decraene et al. (2000) included sect. Duravia in sect. Polygonum based on floral and fruit characters.

Similarities in floral structure, fruit anatomy, and pollen morphology have been noted between Polygonella with Polygonum (L.-P. Ronse Decraene et al. 2000). Based on evidence from comparative morphological studies, Ronse Decraene et al. (2004) included Polygonella in sect. Duravia of Polygonum.

Four introduced taxa of sect. Polygonum that were collected in the flora area at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century appear not to have persisted here and are not included in the keys . Polygonum arenarium Waldstein & Kitaibel and P. bellardii Allioni were reported by B . L. Robinson (1902) from Rhode Island and Massachusetts, respectively. The former resembles P. patulum but has open flowers. Polygonum bellardii is discussed below under P. ramosissimum. Polygonum polycnemoides Jaubert & Spach and P. humifusum C. Merck ex K. Koch subsp. humifusum were reported by J. F. Brenckle (1941). The former was collected in New York City in 1894 and in Idaho in 1940. It differs from all other Polygonum species in having a tube 55-70% of the perianth length. Polygonum humifusum subsp. humifusum is discussed below under P. humifusum subsp. caurianum.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,180 meters (0 to 10,433 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Bilderdykia Convolvulus
2. Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dumort.
3. Fagopyrum Convolvulus
4. Fagopyrum convolvulus (L.) H. Gross
5. Fallopia convolvulus /i> (L.) Á. Löve
6. Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Holub
7. Helxine convolvulus (L.) Raf.
8. Reynoutria convolvulus (L.) Shinners

Notes

An accepted name in the RHS Horticultural Database.

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 1:364. 1753

Name verified on 16-May-2000 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 16-May-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Polygonum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1138 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

P. abbreviatum · P. aboriginum · P. abscissum · P. acadiense · P. acanthophyllum · P. acaule · P. acerosum · P. acetosaefolium · P. acetosellum · P. acetosum · P. acetosum elatus · P. achoreum (Leathery Knotweed) · P. acidulum · P. acidum · P. acre · P. acre breviciliatum · P. acre f. albiflorum · P. acre f. viridulum · P. acre riparium · P. acre roseum · P. acre setigerum · P. acre submuticum · P. acre var. aquatile · P. acre var. brachystachyum · P. acre var. confertiflorum · P. acre var. leptostachyum · P. acre var. majus · P. acre var. riparium · P. acuminata · P. acuminatum (Tapertip Smartweed) · P. acuminatum var. brachystemon · P. acuminatum var. glabrescens · P. acuminatum var. microstemon · P. acuminatum var. setigerum · P. acuminatum var. subcordatum · P. acuminatum var. weddellii · P. acutatum · P. acutifolium · P. adenophorum · P. adenophyllum · P. adenopodum · P. adenotrichum · P. adoense · P. adpressum · P. adpressum var. rotundifolia · P. aequale · P. aequale subsp. oedocarpum · P. aestivum · P. affine (Himalayan Fleece Flower) · P. affine D.Don 'Dimity' · P. affine 'Darjeeling Red' · P. affine 'Donald Lowndes' · P. affine elatum · P. affine 'Superbum' · P. afghanicum · P. afromontanum · P. afyonicum · P. agreste · P. agrestinum · P. ajanense · P. akakiense · P. alaskanum · P. alaskanum subsp. hultenianum · P. alatum · P. albanicum · P. aleppicum · P. alfredi · P. alismaefolium · P. allocarpum · P. alopecuroides · P. alpestre · P. alpina · P. alpinium · P. alpinum (Alaska Wild Rhubarb) · P. alpinum subsp. alaskanum · P. alpinum var. alaskanum · P. alpinum var. foliosum · P. alpinum var. lapathifolium · P. altissimum · P. ambiguum · P. amblyophyllum · P. amboanum · P. amfibium · P. amgense · P. ammannioides · P. ammannoides · P. ammophilum · P. amoenum · P. amphibium (Water Knotweed Polygonum Amphibium) · P. amphibium emersum · P. amphibium f. terrestre · P. amphibium hartwrightii · P. amphibium L. var. stipulaceum Coleman · P. amphibium laevimarginatum · P. amphibium natans · P. amphibium terrestre · P. amphibium var. aquaticum · P. amphibium var. emersum (Longroot Smartweed) · P. amphibium var. natans · P. amphibium var. stipulaceum (Swamp Smartweed)

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• Flora of Glacier National Park, Montana, by Paul C. Standley. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1921. ENG url p. 327, p. 328.
• A contribution to the knowledge of the flora of southeastern Minnesota. [Boston, Heliotype Print. Co.]1900. ENG url p. 385.
• A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- ENG url p. 384.
• A monograph of the British Uredine� and Ustilagine�, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. By Charles B. Plowright. London, K. Paul, Trench, 1889. ENG url p. 188, p. 334.
• A provisional list of the parasitic fungi of Wisconsin. [Madison, 1914] ENG url p. 958.
• Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki, Societas. ENG url p. 130, p. 170, p. 221, p. 223, p. 224, p. 258, p. 27, p. 276, p. 31, p. 39, p. 43, p. 64, p. 65, p. 76, p. 79, p. 98.
• Allgemeine botanische Zeitschrift f�r Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie etc. Karlsruhe: J.J. Reiff, 1895-1928. GER url p. 140.
• An ecological study of prairie and forest invertebrates / by Charles C. Adams. Urbana, Ill.: Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 1915. ENG url p. 227.
• Anales de la Sociedad Espa�ola de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, ENG url p. 17.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 97.
• Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Wien, Naturhistorisches Museum [etc.] GER url p. 315.
• Annales de la Soci�t� Linneenne de Maine-et-Loire. Angers. url p. 240.
• Annals and magazine of natural history: including zoology, botany and geology London. url p. 90.
• Aquila. Budapest: A Magyar Ornithologiai Knt Kiadva, 1894- HUN url p. 169, p. 170, p. 171, p. 174, p. 177, p. 178, p. 179, p. 180, p. 181, p. 182, p. 183, p. 185, p. 186, p. 187, p. 188, p. 189, p. 191, p. 192, p. 193, p. 194, p. 195, p. 196, p. 197, p. 198, p. 199, p. 201.
• Atti della Societtaliana di scienze naturali e del Museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. Milano: 1896- ITA url p. 250.
• Belgique horticole. Lige. FRE url p. 16.
• Bolet�n de la Sociedad Espa�ola de Historia Natural. Madrid: Estab. tip. de Fortenet, 1901-1937. SPA url p. 202.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ f�r das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 268, p. 284, p. 35, p. 608.
• Brigham Young University science bulletin. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, [1955-1976] ENG url p. 26.
• British fungi. Phycomycetes and Ustilagineae. By George Massee. London, L. Reeve and Co., 1891. ENG url p. 124.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 1218.
• Bulletin de gographie botanique. Le Mans: Au sige de la Socit, 1911-1919. FRE url p. 122.
• Bulletin de l'Acadmie internationale de gographie botanique. Le Mans: Impr. Edmond Monnoyer, 1899-1910. FRE url p. 347.
• Bulletin de l'Acad�mie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. Bruxelles. url p. 407.
• Bulletin de la Socit des sciences naturelles de Sane-et-Loire. Chalon-sur-Sane, E. Bertrand [etc.]. FRE url p. 90.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: The Museum, 1951-1992. ENG url p. 116.
• Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Bloomington, Ill.: The Laboratory, 1878-[1918]. ENG url p. 227.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 30 1903 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870- ENG url p. 604.
• Bulletin, Gulf Biologic Station, Baton Rouge, Louisiana State Board of Agriculture and Immigration., 1902-1910. ENG url p. 16.
• Bulletins de la Soci�t� royale de botanique de Belgique. [Bruxelles]: La Soci�t�, [1862-1866] FRE url p. 309.
• CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. The CIBA-GEIGY Weed Tables (Weed TabCIBA) [accepts].
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- ENG url p. 187, p. 236, p. 270.
• Catalog of hymenoptera in America north of Mexico / prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein [et al.]. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979- ENG url p. 1799, p. 1867.
• Chloris platensis argentina / por Crist�bal M. Hicken. Buenos Aires: J.A. Alsina, 1910. SPA url p. 84.
• Chowdhery, H. J. & B. M. Wadhwa. 1984. Flora of Himachal Pradesh. (F Himachal) [accepts].
• Contribuci�n al estudio de la flora del Tandil, por C. Spegazzini. La Plata, 1901. SPA url p. 46.
• Contributions to the botany of Vermont. Burlington, Vt.: Botanical Dept., University of Vermont, 1898-1911. ENG url p. 166.
• Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR). (L USSR)
• Den norrl�ndska florans: geografiska f�rdelning och invandringshistoria; med s�rskild h�nsyn till dess sydskandinaviskar arter / af Gunnar Andersson och Selim Birger. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1912. SWE url p. 314.
• Entomologische litteraturbl�tter, Repertorium der neuesten arbeiten auf dem gesammtgebiet der entomologie. Berlin. GER url p. 33.
• Essex naturalist: being the journal of the Essex Field Club. Buckhurst Hill, Essex, The Club. ENG url p. 115, p. 289.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. ENG url p. 1184, p. 135, p. 236, p. 456, p. 638, p. 646, p. 734, p. 976.
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America. (F NAmer)
• Fauna och flora: populr tidskrift fr biologi. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells, 1906-1967; SWE url p. 226.
• First report on the flora of Wyoming / Aven Nelson. Laramie: Wyoming Experiment Station, 1896. ENG url p. 174.
• Flora Costaricensis / William Burger, editor. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1983. ENG url p. 125.
• Flora Parisiensis, ou, Descriptions et figures des plantes qui croissent aux environs de Paris; avec les diffrens noms, classes, ordres et genres qui leur conviennent, rangs suivant la mthode sexuelle de M. Linn, leurs par Mr. Bulliard. Paris, P.F. Didot, 1776-1783. FRE url p. 18.
• Flora Petropolitana. Sistens plantas in Gubernio Petropolitano sponte crescentes, tam eas quae olim in Flora Ingrica Krascheninnikovii a Gortero enumeratae sunt, quam novas post annum 1764 hucuque a variis botanicis Petro curante Gregorio Sobolewskj. Petropoli, Typis Collegii Imperialis Medici, 1799. LAT url p. 93.
• Flora Sardoa; seu Historia plantarum in Sardinia et adjacentibus insulis vel sponte nascentium vel ad utilitatem latius excultarum, auctore Josepho Hyacintho Moris. Taurini, Ex Regio Typographeo, 1837-59. LAT url p. 421.
• Flora Veneta, seu Enumeratio plantarum circa Venetiam nascentium, secundum methodum Linnanam disposita / auctore Stephano Moricand. Vol. I. Genev: Ex Typ. J.J. Paschoud, 1820. LAT url p. 189.
• Flora des silurischen Bodens von Ehstland, Nord-Livland und Oesel. Dorpat, Druck von H. Laakmann, 1855. GER url p. 36.
• Flora of Los Angeles and vicinity / by LeRoy Abrams. Stanford University, Cal. 1917. ENG url p. 112.
• Flora of Nebraska; a list of the conifers and flowering plants of the state, with keys for their determination. [Lincoln, Neb., Printed by State Printing Co., 1912] ENG url p. 80.
• Flora of West Virginia, by Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Lawrence William Nuttall. Chicago, 1896. ENG url p. 203.
• Flora of southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho, by Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New era printing company, 1914. ENG url p. 85.
• Flora of the Black Hills of South Dakota. By P.A. Rydberg. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1896. ENG url p. 521.
• Flora of the northwest coast, including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon. By Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New Era Printing Company, 1915. ENG url p. 128, p. 129.
• Flora of the state of Washington. By Charles V. Piper. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1906. ENG url p. 226, p. 228.
• Flore de l'�le de Lesbos: plantes sauvages et cultiv�es / par C.A. Candargy. �ster-Z�rich: A. Diggelmann, 1889. FRE url p. 31.
• Florula bostoniensis. A collection of plants of Boston and its environs, with their generic and specific characters, synonyms, descriptions, places of growth, and time of flowering, and occasional remarks. Boston, Cummings and Hilliard, 1814. ENG url p. 94.
• Gartenflora. Erlangen: F. Enke, 1852-1940. GER url p. 232.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 489, p. 82.
• Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984–. Med-Checklist. (L Medit)
• Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984–. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim. (F Bhutan)
• Handbuch der vergleichenden und experimentellen entwicklungslehre der wirbeltiere, bearb. von prof. dr. Barfurth [u.a.] hrsg. von Oskar Hertwig. Jena, G. Fischer, 1906. GER url p. 393.
• Hardwicke's science-gossip: an illustrated medium of interchange and gossip for students and lovers of nature. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1866- ENG url p. 211, p. 240, p. 284.
• Harvesting ants and trap-door spiders. Notes and observations on their habits and dwellings. By J. Traherne Moggridge, F. L. S. London, L. Reeve & co., 1873. ENG url p. 28.
• Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. (Atlas WWeed) [accepts].
• Icones florae Germanicae et Helveticae, simul Pedemontanae, Tirolensis, Istriacae, Dalmaticae, Austriacae, Hungaricae, Transylvanicae, Moravicae, Borussicae, Holsaticae, Belgicae, Hollandicae, ergo Me Iconographia et supplementum ad opera Willdenowii [et Lipsiae, F. Hofmeister [etc.]1834-1912. [v. 1, 1850] LAT url p. 87.
• Introduccin al estudio de la flrula de micromicetos de Catalua / por Romualdo Gonzlez Fragoso. Barcelona: Museo Martorell, 1917. SPA url p. 186.
• Jahresbericht �ber das Gebiet der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Berlin: P. Parey, 1907-1917. GER url p. 20, p. 458, p. 79.
• Jahresbericht �ber die Neuerungen und Leistungen auf dem Gebiete des Pflanzenschutzes. Berlin: P. Parey, 1899-1902. GER url p. 285.
• Journal of economic entomology. [College Park, Md., etc.]Entomological Society of America [etc.] ENG url p. 226, p. 298.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller l�nder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 1121, p. 1274, p. 278, p. 307, p. 310, p. 598, p. 671, p. 674, p. 973.
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2) [accepts].
• Kasvistonsuhteista Pohjais-Suomen ja Ven�j�n-Karjalan rajaseuduilla / Edward Wainio. Helsingiss�: J.C. Frenckell, 1878. FIN url p. 40.
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. (F USSR) [accepts].
• Kryptogamenflora f�r Anf�nger: eine Einf�hrung in das Studium der bl�tenlosen Gew�chse f�r Studierende und Liebhaber / hrsg. von Gustav Lindau. Berlin: Springer, [1917?] GER url p. 6.
• L'Ann�e biologique. Paris, Masson. FRE url p. 54.
• La Feuille des jeunes naturalistes. Paris: A. Dollfus, 1870-1914. FRE url p. 128, p. 94.
• Le Monde des plantes. Le Mans: Impr. Edmond Monnoyer, 1891-1898. FRE url p. 118.
• Lectures on plant physiology. Authorized English translation by R.J. Harvey Gibson. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1907. ENG url p. 503.
• Meddelanden af Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsingfors[Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica] SWE url p. 116, p. 131, p. 144, p. 145, p. 146, p. 150, p. 166, p. 178, p. 32, p. 40, p. 69, p. 97.
• Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences, Agriculture, Arts et Belles-Lettres (Aix) url p. 579.
• Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. url p. 320.
• Mittheilungen des Ornithologischen Vereines in Wien. Wien, 1877-1895. GER url p. 102.
• Monitore zoologico italiano. [Siena]: Instituto anatomico della R. Universit� di Siena, [1890-1988] ENG url p. 142.
• National list of scientific plant names. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1982- ENG url p. 173, p. 57.
• Naturalist (Maund, Hall & Wood.) London. url p. 82.
• Nederlandsch kruidkundig archief. Leyden: S. en J. Luchtmans, 1846-1951. DUT url p. 78.
• Observations et M�moires sur la Physique, sur l'Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts et M�tiers, etc. Paris. url p. 322.
• Palladin's Plant physiology. Authorized ed. in English, based on the German translation of the 6th Russian ed. and on the 7th Russian ed. (1914) of the Text-book of plant physiology. By Vladimir I. Palladin. With additions and Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son, [c1926] ENG url p. 313.
• Pflanzenphysiologie; ein Handbuch der Lehre vom Stoffwechsels und Kraftwechsels in der Pflanze, von Dr. W. Pfeffer... Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1897-1904. GER url p. 407, p. 410.
• Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. ENG url p. 486.
• Plant physiology, by Vladimir I. Palladin. Authorized English ed. based on the German translation of the 6th Russian ed. and on the 7th Russian ed. (1914) Edited by Burton Edward Livingston. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son & co.[c1923] ENG url p. 311.
• Plant-life on land considered in some of its biological aspects / by F. O. Bower. Cambridge, [Eng.]University Press, [1911] ENG url p. 170, p. 73.
• Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. Indianapolis, Ind.[s.n.] ENG url p. 168, p. 182, p. 189.
• Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Sydney, Linnean Society of New South Wales. ENG url p. 856.
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica. (F Iran) [accepts].
• Schedae operis quod inscribitur Plantae Finlandiae exsiccatae e Museo Botanico Universitatis Helsingforsiensis distributae / [curavit Harald Lindberg] Helsingforsiae: J. Simelii arfvingars boktr., 1906 [i.e. 1907]-1933/1944 [i.e. 1944]. LAT url p. 243.
• Science progress. London: John Murray, 1916- ENG url p. 128.
• Seed Regulatory and Testing Branch, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. 1999. State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act. (State Noxweed Seed)
• Svensk fanerogamflora / av C.A.M. Lindman. Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt, 1918. SWE url p. 219.
• Systema plantarum Europae, exhibens characteres naturales generum, characteres essentiales generum & specierum, synonima antiquorum, phrases specificas recentiorum Halleri, Scopoli, &c. Descriptiones rariorum, nec-non floras t Curante Joan. Emman. Gilibe Coloniae-Allobrogum, Sumptibus Piestre & Delamolliere, 1785-1787. LAT url p. 87.
• The Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1892-1911. ENG url p. 185, p. 235.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 549, p. 551, p. 56.
• The Irish naturalist. Dublin: Eason & Son, Ltd., 1892- ENG url p. 61.
• The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. ENG url p. 15, p. 32.
• The Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan = Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku kiyo. Rika. Tokyo, Japan: The University, 1898-1925. ENG url p. 173, p. 49.
• The Ohio journal of science. [Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science] ENG url p. 198.
• The Ottawa naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. ENG url p. 13, p. 134.
• The Plant world. Baltimore [etc.]Plant World Association [etc.] ENG url p. 156, p. 158.
• The Popular science monthly. [New York, Popular Science Pub. Co., etc.] ENG url p. 455.
• The Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. Des moines, Iowa: The Academy, [1889-1987] ENG url p. 281, p. 436, p. 436, p. 492, p. 90.
• The Review of applied entomology. [Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc.] ENG url p. 304, p. 462, p. 624, p. 665, p. 683, p. 722, p. 791.
• The Scottish naturalist. Perth [etc.]: Cowan & Co. [etc.], ENG url p. 79.
• The University of Kansas science bulletin. [Lawrence]University of Kansas. ENG url p. 47, p. 555, p. 790, p. 790.
• The botanical looker-out among the wild flowers of England and Wales, at all seasons, and in the most interesting localities. By Edwin Lees London, Hamilton, Adams & Co., 1851. ENG url p. 294.
• The butterflies of the eastern United States and Canada: with special reference to New England / By Samuel Hubbard Scudder. Cambridge: The author, 1889. ENG url p. 1248.
• The flora of the Gulf Biologic Station. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State Board of Agriculture and Immigration, 1907. ENG url p. 16.
• The movements and habits of climbing plants. New York, D. Appleton, 1888. ENG url p. 208, p. 41.
• The natural history of Pliny. Tr., with copious notes and illustrations, by the late John Bostock and H. T. Riley. London, H. G. Bohn, 1855-57. ENG url p. 56.
• The physiology of plants; a treatise upon the metabolism and sources of energy in plants, by Dr. W. Pfeffer 2d fully rev. ed., translated and edited by Alfred J. Ewart. Oxford, Clarendon press, 1900-06. ENG url p. 38, p. 40.
• The survey of western Palestine. The fauna and flora of Palestine, by H. B. Tristram. London, The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1884. ENG url p. 402.
• Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. Wellington: J. Hughes, Printer, 1869-1934. ENG url p. 431, p. 506.
• Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: W.Y. Morgan, 1903- ENG url p. 149.
• Transactions of the Maryland Academy of Sciences. Baltimore: The Academy, 1901-[1921] ENG url p. 80.
• Transactions of the annual meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: Kansas Pub. House, 1883-1901. ENG url p. 87.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1993. Flora europaea, second edition. (F Eur ed2)
• Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Z�rich. Z�rich: F�si & Beer, GER url p. 214, p. 252, p. 405.
• V�xtgeografisk skildring af S�dra �ngermanland / af Robert Fredric Fristedt. Upsala: Wahlstr�m, 1857. SWE url p. 30.
• Wisskirchen, R. & Haeupler, H. (1998a): Standardliste der Farn- und Bl�tenpflanzen Deutschlands, Stuttgart: Ulmer
• Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition). (F ChinaEng)
• Li Anjen, Kao Tsoching, Mao Zumei & Liu Yulan. 1998. Polygonaceae. In: Li Anjen, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 25(1): 1209.
• Jones, D. M. and T. R. Mertens. 1970. A taxonomic study of genus Polygonum employing chromatographic methods. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 80: 422-430.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 17, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 33 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 19, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2646998
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-20853
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13740725
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:695590-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 29247
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 20853
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 311315-2
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: POCOS
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 57538

Footnotes

1. Anjen Li, Bojian Bao, Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Suk-pyo Hong, John McNeill, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Hideaki Ohba & Chong-wook Park "Polygonaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 277. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Mihai Costea, Fran�ois J. Tardif, Harold R. Hinds "Polygonum". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 213.530 meters (700.558 feet), Standard Deviation = 265.430 based on 6,588 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.