Ranunculus flammula (Greater Creeping Spearwort)

Overview

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Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Greater Creeping Spearwort, Lesser Spearwort, Spearwort, Spearwort Buttercup

Description

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Family Ranunculaceae

Herbs perennial or annual , sometimes subshrubs or herbaceous or woody vines . Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , simple or variously compound , palmately nerved, rarely penninerved , with or without stipules. Inflorescence a simple or compound monochasium, dichasium, simple or compound raceme, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual , sometimes unisexual , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals 3--6 or more, free , petaloid or sepaloid , imbricate or sometimes valvate in bud. Petals present or absent, 2--8 or more, free, usually with nectaries. Stamens numerous , rarely few, free; filaments linear or filiform ; anthers latrorse , introrse , or extrorse ; sometimes some sterile stamens becoming staminodes. Carpels numerous or few, rarely 1, free, rarely connate to various degrees ; ovary with 1 to many ovules. Fruit follicles or achenes, rarely capsules or berries . Seeds small, with abundant endosperm and minute embryo.

About 60 genera and 2500 species: worldwide, but richly represented in N temperate regions , particularly in E Asia; 38 genera (four endemic) and 921 species (604 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Ranunculus

Herbs, annual or perennial , from tuberous roots , caudices, rhizomes, stolons, or bulbous stem bases . Leaves basal, cauline, or both, simple , variously lobed or parted , or compound , all petiolate or distal leaves sessile; cauline leaves alternate (rarely a distal pair opposite in Ranunculus sect. Flammula ) . Leaf blade reniform to linear , margins entire, crenate , or toothed . Inflorescences terminal or axillary , 2-50-flowered cymes to 25 cm or solitary flowers; bracts present or absent, small or large and leaflike, not forming involucre. Flowers bisexual , radially symmetric ; sepals sometimes persistent in fruit, 3-5(-6), green or sometimes purple, yellow, or white, plane (base saccate in R . ficaria ), oblong to elliptic , ovate , or lanceolate, 1-15 mm; petals 0-22(-150), distinct , yellow, rarely white, red, or green, plane, linear to orbiculate, 1-26 mm; nectary present, usually covered by scale; stamens (5-) 10-many; filaments filiform ; staminodes absent between stamens and pistils; pistils 4-250, simple; ovule 1 per ovary; style present or absent. Fruits achenes, rarely utricles, aggregate, sessile, discoid , lenticular , globose , obovoid , or cylindric , sides sometimes veined; beak present or absent, terminal, straight or curved , 0-4.5 mm. x = 7, 8.

Species about 300: worldwide except lowland tropics.

Most Ranunculus species are poisonous to stock; when abundant, they may be troublesome to ranchers. A few species with acrid juice were formerly used as vesicatories. The genus is badly in need of biosystematic work. Apomixis and interspecific hybridization occur in several Old World groups of buttercups; some of the taxonomic complexity of the New World species probably results from these processes.

Considerable disagreement exists among authors on the proper generic and infrageneric classification of Ranunculus . Most of the subgenera accepted here have been treated as separate genera at one time or another. All recent studies have been based on local or continental floras , however, and classifications proposed for one region may not work for the plants of other regions. Like most North American workers, I have followed the generic and infrageneric classification of L. D. Benson (1948), who gave by far the most thorough and best documented study of the problem. The genus and its subdivisions should be studied on a worldwide basis.[2]

Physical Description

Species Ranunculus flammula

Stems erect to prostrate , usually rooting nodally, glabrous or sparsely strigose . Roots not thickened basally, glabrous. Proximal cauline leaf blades lanceolate to oblanceolate or filiform , 0.7-6.5 × 0.04-1 cm, base acute to filiform, margins entire or serrulate , apex acute to filiform. Inflorescences: bracts lanceolate to oblanceolate. Flowers: receptacle glabrous; sepals 5, spreading or weakly reflexed , 1.5-4 × 1-2 mm, glabrous or appressed-hispid; petals 5-6, 2.5-7 × 1-4 mm; nectary scales glabrous. Heads of achenes globose or hemispheric , 2-4 × 3-4 mm; achenes 1.2-1.6 × 1-1.4 mm, glabrous; beak lanceolate to linear , straight or curved , 0.1-0.6 mm. [source]

In Eurasia , this taxon is usually treated as two closely related species. Ranunculus flammula in the strict sense has relatively stout (0.8-3 mm thick) stems that are erect or ascending from prostrate bases, lanceolate to oblanceolate leaves 3-10 mm broad, sepals 3-4 mm, and petals 5-7 × 3-4 mm. Ranunculus reptans has slender (0.2-1 mm thick) stems that are usually prostrate except for the pedicels, leaves linear or filiform, to 2 mm broad, sepals 1-2 mm, and petals 3-5 × 1-2.5 mm. In North America, this distinction holds up relatively well east of the Great Plains , where plants with the characteristics of R. flammula in the strict sense are found in eastern Canada (Newfoundland and northern Nova Scotia) while plants with the characteristics of R. reptans are widespread. In the western part of the continent, however, the situation is much less clear. Collections from the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains resemble R. reptans in most characters, but they often have broader leaves (up to 5 mm broad). Plants from farther west are very confusing; specimens showing the typical morphology of R. flammula in the strict sense and R. reptans are found over a wide area, but most specimens from this area combine the characteristics of the two taxa in various ways. For this reason, it is not possible to separate these taxa at the species level. Three varieties are usually recognized, but further study will probably alter the varietal classification (see comments below, under R. flammula var. ovalis ). [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Gold, yellow-orange, yellow flowers in spring through summer. • Bloom Period: April, May, June. • Flower Color: gold, yellow, yellow-orange

Size/Age/Growth

Growth Rate: Moderate. • Size: 6-36" tall.

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Natural and lined garden ponds . Non-invasive.

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,647 meters (0 to 8,684 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15" apart.

Soil: Regular garden soil. • Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun a minimum of 4 hours per day.

Moisture: Water Requirements: Plant at a depth of 0-6".

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Ranunculidae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Superorder: Ranunculanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Ranunculales () - Dumortier, 1829
        Family: Ranunculaceae () - Adans., 1763, nom. cons. - boutons d'or, buttercups
        Subfamily: Ranunculoideae ()
        Tribe: Ranunculeae ()
        Genus: Ranunculus () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Buttercup, crowfoot, renoncule [Latin rana, frog, unculus, little, allusion to the wet habitats in which some species grow]
        Specific epithet: flammula - Wallr.
        Botanical name: - Ranunculus flammula Wallr.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Ranunculus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 202 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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The botanical looker-out among the wild flowers of England and Wales, at all seasons, and in the most interesting localities. By Edwin Lees. .. London, Hamilton, Adams & Co., 1851. url p. 11.
The botany of the Eastern Borders: with the popular names and uses of the plants, and of the customs and beliefs which have been associated with them / by George Johnston. London: J. Van Voorst, 1853. url p. 28.
The botany of the eastern borders, with the popular names and uses of the plants, and of the customs and beliefs which have been associated with them. London, J. Van Voorst, 1853. url .
The flora of Dumfriesshire, including part of the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, by G.F. Scott-Elliot. Assisted by J. M'Andrew [and others] DumfriesJ. Maxwell, 1896. url p. 3.
The flora of Dumfriesshire: including part of the stewartry of Kirkcudbright / by G.F. Scott-Elliot; assisted by J. M'Andrew. .. [et al.] Dumfries: J. Maxwell, 1896. url p. 3.
The gid parasite and allied species of the cestode genus Multiceps. .. By Maurice C. Hall. .. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1910. url p. 47.
The history of Glanville's Wootton, in the County of dorset, including its zoology and botany. London: Hatchards, 1878. url p. 342.
The little English flora, or, a botanical and popular account of all our common field flowers. London, Simpkin, Marshall & co., 1842. url p. 106.
The natural history & antiquities of Selborne in the county of Southampton, by Gilbert White, with illustrations in colour by George Edward Collins... London: Macmillan and co., limited, 1911. url p. 395.
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Benson, L. D. 1948. A treatise on the North American Ranunculi. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 40: 1-261.
Benson, L. D. 1954. Supplement to a treatise on the North American Ranunculi. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 52: 328-369.
Cook, C. D. K. 1966. A monographic study of Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium (DC.) A. Gray. Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 6: 47-237.
Duncan, T. 1980. A taxonomic study of the Ranunculus hispidus Michaux complex in the Western Hemisphere. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 77: 1-125.
Nesom, G. L. 1993. Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae) in Nuevo León, with comments on the R. petiolaris group. Phytologia 75: 391-398.

Notes

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Contributors

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 30, 2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 15, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 23 providers.
"Ranunculus flammula". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

GBIF-Spain, Departamento de Biolog. Veg. II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid: MAF
Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
UK National Biodiversity Network, Dorset Environmental Records Centre - Bryophyte Survey of the Poole Basin Mires - NBN South West Pilot Project Case Studies
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645434
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-194955
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5304283
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:712729-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 30824
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18604
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: RARE80 RAR
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 59529

Footnotes

Wencai Wang, Dezhi Fu, Liang-Qian Li, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, Bryan E. Dutton, Michael G. Gilbert, Yuichi Kadota, Orbélia R. Robinson, Michio Tamura, Michael J. Warnock, Guanghua Zhu & Svetlana N. Ziman "Ranunculaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 133. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Alan T. Whittemore "Ranunculus". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 141.660 meters (464.764 feet), Standard Deviation = 196.310 based on 20,000 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Ranunculus flammula

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Ranunculaceae

Genus Ranunculus

Physical Description

Species Ranunculus flammula

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Ranunculus

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes