Sagittaria latifolia

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Alismataceae

Herbs, annual or perennial , rhizomatous , stoloniferous , or cormose, caulescent , glabrous to stellate-pubescent; sap milky . Roots septate or not septate. Leaves basal, submersed , floating, or emersed , sessile or petiolate , sheathing proximally; blade with translucent markings of dots or lines present or absent, basal lobes present or absent; venation reticulate , primary veins parallel from base of blade to apex, secondary veins reticulate. Inflorescences scapose racemes or panicles, rarely umbels, erect , rarely floating or decumbent , whorled (forming racemes) or whorls branching (forming panicles), bracteolate . Flowers bisexual or unisexual , if unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same or different plants , hypogynous, subsessile to long-pedicellate; sepals persistent , 3; petals deciduous, 3, delicate; stamens 0, 6, 9, or to 30, distinct ; anthers 2-loculed, dehiscing longitudinally; pistils 0 or 6--1500 or more, distinct or coherent proximally, 1-loculed; placentation basal; ovules1--2. Fruits achenes or follicles. Seeds: embryo U-shaped; endosperm absent in mature seed.

Genera 12, species ca. 80 (4 genera, 34 species in the flora ) : nearly worldwide, primarily tropical and subtropical regions.[1]

Genus Sagittaria

Plants perennial , rarely annual , submersed , floating-leaved, or emersed , glabrous to sparsely pubescent ; rhizomes often present, occasionally terminated by tubers; stolons often present; corms absent; tubers white to brown, smooth . Roots septate . Leaves sessile or petiolate ; petiole terete to triangular; blade with translucent markings absent, linear to obovate , base attenuate to hastate or sagittate , margins entire, apex round to acute. Inflorescences racemes , panicles, rarely umbels, of 1--17 whorls, erect , emersed or floating, rarely submersed; bracts coarse or delicate, apex obtuse to acute, smooth or papillose proximally to distally. Flowers unisexual , the proximal rarely with ring of sterile stamens; staminate flowers pedicellate , distal to pistillate flowers; pistillate flowers mostly pedicellate, rarely sessile; bracts subtending pedicels, lanceolate, shorter than pedicels, apex obtuse to acute; pedicels ascending to recurved; receptacle convex ; sepals recurved in staminate flowers, recurved to erect in pistillate flowers, often sculptured , herbaceous to leathery; petals white, rarely with pink spot or tinge, entire; stamens 7--30; filaments linear to dilated , glabrous to pubescent; pistils to 1500 or more, spirally arranged , not radiating in starlike pattern , distinct ; ovules 1; styles terminal . Fruits without longitudinal ribs , compressed , abaxially keeled or not, abaxial wings often present, lateral wing often present, 1, curved , glands present. x = 11.

Species ca. 30: mostly Western Hemisphere; Europe; Asia.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Wet ditches, pools , and margins of streams and lakes ; 0--1500 m (Ref. 102873).

Arrowheads are found in shallow water around the edges of swamps and marshes throughout much of North America.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,018 meters (0 to 9,902 feet).[3]

Ecology: The starchy tubers that grow along their roots are relished by ducks and geese, giving them the common name "Duck Potato." Native Americans also used the tubers as a food source, grinding them into coarse flour .

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: 3-5 hours full sun recommended.

Moisture: Water Requirements: 0-6" water depth.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Sagitta latifolia (Willd.) Nieuwl. • Sagittaria chinensis Pursh • Sagittaria engelmanniana longirostra (Micheli) Bogin • Sagittaria esculenta T. J. Howell • Sagittaria latifolia var. latifolia Willd. • Sagittaria latifolia var. obtusa (Engelm.) Wieg. • Sagittaria latifolia var. obtusa (Muhlenberg) Wiegand • Sagittaria latifolia var. pubescens (Muhl. Ex Nutt.) J. G. Sm. • Sagittaria longirostra (Micheli) J. G. Sm. • Sagittaria obtusa Muhl. Ex Willd. • Sagittaria ornithorhyncha Small • Sagittaria planipes Fernald • Sagittaria pubescens Muhl. Ex Nutt. • Sagittaria pubescens Muhlenberg • Sagittaria sagittifolia L. fo. latifolia (Willd.) Britton • Sagittaria Sagittifolia Latifolia • Sagittaria variabilis Engelm. ex A.Gray var. latifolia (Willd.) Engelm. • Sagittaria variabilis var. obtusa Engelm. • Sagittaria viscosa C. Mohr

Notes

Publishing author : Willd. Publication : Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(1): 409 1805

Similar Species

Members of the genus Sagittaria

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 39 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

S. ambigua (Kansas Arrowhead) · S. australis (Appalachian Arrowhead) · S. brevirostra (Midwestern Arrowhead) · S. calycina (Hooded Arrowhead) · S. calycina var. calycina (Hooded Arrowhead) · S. calycina var. spongiosa (Spongy Arrow-Head) · S. calycina var. spongiosa Engelm. (Spongy Arrow-Head) · S. cordifolia (Creeping Burrhead) · S. cristata (Crested Arrowhead) · S. cuneata (Arrowhead) · S. engelmanniana (Acid-Water Arrowhead) · S. fasciculata (Bunched Arrowhead) · S. filiformis (Awl-Leaf Arrowhead) · S. graminea (Grass-Leaf Arrowhead) · S. graminea var. chapmanii (Chapman's Arrowhead) · S. graminea var. graminea (Grassy Arrowhead) · S. graminea var. weatherbiana (Weatherby's Arrowhead) · S. graminea weatherbiana (Grass-Leaf Arrowhead) · S. graminea 'Crushed Ice' (Crushed Ice Narrow Leafed Arrowhead) · S. guayanensis (Guyanese Arrowhead) · S. intermedia (Intermediate Arrowhead) · S. isoetiformis (Quillwort Arrowhead) · S. kurziana (Springtape) · S. lancifolia (Arrowhead) · S. lancifolia f. ruminoides (Red Stemmed Saggitaria) · S. lancifolia subsp. media (Bulltongue Arrowhead) · S. latifolia (Arrowhead) · S. longiloba (Gregg's Arrowhead) · S. montevidensis (Aztec Arrowhead) · S. papillosa (Nipplebract Arrowhead) · S. platyphylla (Delta Arrowhead) · S. pygmaea (Pygmy Arrowhead) · S. rigida (Sessile-Fruited Arrowhead) · S. sagittifolia (Arrowhead) · S. sanfordii (Sanfords Arrowhead) · S. secundifolia (Kral's Water Plantain) · S. subulata (Awl-Leaf Arrowhead) · S. teres (Quill-Leaved Sagittaria) · S. trifolia (Threeleaf Arrowhead)

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Further Reading

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• A history of the game birds, wild-fowl and shore birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states: including those used for food which have disappeared since the settlement of the country, and those which are now hunted for food or sport, with observations on their former abundance and recent decre Boston: Wright & Potter printing company, state printers, 1912. url p. 580, p. 580.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 29, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• Rhytismatales database 2006.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• "Sagittaria latifolia". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
• World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Release date: November 27, 2009

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 19, 2007:

• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2659682
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-287247
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:58518-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 101379
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 38908
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 225280-2
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: SAVI12
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 57246

Footnotes

1. Robert R. Haynes ,C. Barre Hellquist "Alismataceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Sagittaria". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 265.100 meters (869.751 feet), Standard Deviation = 340.170 based on 1,177 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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