Salix arctica

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Salicaceae

Trees or shrubs , deciduous or rarely evergreen , dioecious, rarely polygamous. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite, usually petiolate , simple ; stipules persistent or caducous . Catkins erect or pendulous; each flower usually with a cupular disc or 1 or 2(or 3) nectariferous glands . Male flowers with 2-many stamens; filaments filiform , free or united ; to connate ; anthers 2(or 4) -loculed, dehiscing longitudinally. Female flowers with 1 pistil, sessile or stipitate ; ovary superior, 1- or 2-loculed; ovules several to many, anatropous , with a 1 integument; style 1, 2 in Chosenia; stigmas 2-4. Capsule dehiscing by 2-4(or 5) valves ; placenta and inside wall of ovary with long hairs . Seeds 4-numerous, glabrous ; hairs and seeds simultaneously deciduous when capsule matures.

Three genera and about 620 species: mainly N hemisphere, a few in S hemisphere; three genera and 347 species (236 endemic) in China, including at least nine hybrids and at least one introduced species .[1]

Genus Salix

Trees or shrubs deciduous, rarely evergreen (if shrubs, then erect , ascending procumbent , creeping , or cushion-shaped) ; pith terete . Branches terete. Terminal bud usually absent; buds with single scale. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite or opposite; stipules small, free , deciduous or persistent , developed mainly on vigorous branchlets ; petiole short; leaf blade variously shaped, often long and narrow. Flowering precocious , coetaneous , or serotinous; catkins upright or spreading , rarely pendulous; bracts entire, persistent or caducous . Flowers entomophilous or anemophilous , each with 1 or 2 glands : 1 abaxial (dorsal) or absent and 1 adaxial (ventral), i.e. , abaxial gland between bract and stipe, adaxial gland between stipe and rachis. Male flower: stamens 2-many; filaments free or partly to completely connate , usually exceeding bracts; anthers 2-loculed (rarely 4-loculed if filaments connate), opening lengthwise. Female flower: ovary 2-loculed, sessile or stipitate ; style 1, short, slender, or absent, entire or 2-cleft; stigmas 1 or 2, lobed or entire. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds mostly green or gray-green, small, surrounded by fine hairs .

About 520 species: cold and temperate regions of N hemisphere, a few in S hemisphere; 275 species (189 endemic, at least one introduced ) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Alpine tundra ; 2000-2800 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,632 meters (0 to 11,916 feet).[4]

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 36-48" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Salix anglorum auct. non Cham. • Salix anglorum var. antiplasta Schneid. • Salix anglorum var. araioclada Schneid. • Salix anglorum var. kophophylla Schneid. • Salix arctica crassijulis (Trautv.) Skvort. • Salix arctica tortulosa (Trautv.) Hultén • Salix arctica var. antiplasta (Schneid.) Fern. • Salix arctica var. brownei Anderss. • Salix arctica var. kophophylla (Schneid.) Polunin • Salix arctica var. pallasii (Anderss.) Kurtz • Salix arctica var. tortulosa (Trautv.) Raup • Salix brownei (Anderss.) Bebb • Salix crassijulis Trautv. • Salix hudsonensis Schneid. • Salix pallasii Anderss. • Salix pallasii var. crassijulis (Trautv.) Anderss. • Salix tortulosa Trautv.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Salix

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 277 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

S. acutifolia 'Pendulifolia' (Willow) · S. alaxensis (Feltleaf Willow) · S. alaxensis var. alaxensis (Feltleaf Willow) · S. alaxensis var. longistylis (Felt-Leaf Willow) · S. alba (White Willow) · S. albaforma tristis (Golden Weeping Willow) · S. alba 'Vitellina' (Golden Weeping Willow) · S. alba 'Chermesina' (White Willow) · S. alba 'Drakonburg' (White Willow 'drakonburg') · S. alba 'Flame' (Flame White Willow) · S. amoena (Willow) · S. amygdaloides (Peach-Leaf Willow) · S. angustifolia (Willow) · S. arbusculoides (A Willow) · S. arctica (Arctic Willow) · S. arctica arctica (Arctic Willow) · S. arctophila (Arctic Willow) · S. arenaria (Creeping Willow) · S. argentea (Willow) · S. argusii (Argus' Willow) · S. argyrocarpa (Labrador Willow) · S. arizonica (Arizona Willow) · S. athabascensis (Athabasca Willow) · S. aurita (Eared Willow) · S. babylonica (Weeping Willow) · S. babylonica var. glandulipilosa (Babylon Weeping Willow) · S. babylonica 'Crispa' (Weeping Willow) · S. ballii (Ball's Willow) · S. barclayi (Barclay's Willow) · S. barrattiana (Barratt Willow) · S. bebbiana (Beaked Willow) · S. bebbii (Bebb's Willow) · S. beschelii (Beschel's Willow) · S. bicolor (Willow) · S. bonplandiana (Bonpland Willow) · S. boothii (Blueberry Willow) · S. brachycarpa (Barrenground Willow) · S. brachycarpa psammophila (Sand-Dune Short-Capsuled Willow) · S. brachycarpa 'Blue Fox' (Barrenground Willow) · S. brachypurpurea (Willow) · S. breweri (Brewer's Willow) · S. caerulea (White Willow) · S. calcicola (Woolly Willow) · S. candida (Hoary Willow) · S. caprea (French Pussywillow) · S. caprea caprea (Goat Willow) · S. caprea var. Rosea (French Pussy Willow) · S. caprea 'Kilmarnock' (Kilmarnock Willow) · S. caprea 'Pendula' (Kilmarnock Willow) · S. caprea 'Weeping Sally' (French Pussywillow) · S. caroliniana (Carolina Willow) · S. cascadensis (Cascade Willow) · S. chaenomeloides (Giant Pussywillow) · S. chamissonis (Chamisso's Willow) · S. chlorolepis (Green-Scaled Willow) · S. cinerea (Grey Sallow) · S. cinerea cinerea (Large Gray Willow) · S. cinerea oleifolia (Large Gray Willow) · S. cinerea var. atrocinerea (Pussy Willow) · S. cinerea subsp. oleifolia (Large Gray Willow) · S. cinerea 'Variegata' (Grey Sallow) · S. coaetanea (Willow) · S. commutata (Undergreen Willow) · S. conifera (Conifer Willow) · S. cordata (Heartleaf Willow) · S. cottetii (Cottet Willow) · S. cryptodonta (Smalltoothed Willow) · S. daphnoides (Violet Willow) · S. daphnoides 'Henry' (Violet Willow 'henry') · S. delnortensis (Del Norte Willow) · S. dieckiana (Dieck's Willow) · S. discolor (American Pussy-Willow) · S. discolor 'Rosea' (American Pussy-Willow) · S. drummondiana (Drummond's Willow) · S. drummondiana var. subcoerulea (Drummond´s Willow) · S. dutillyi (Dutilly's Willow) · S. eastwoodiae (Eastwood's Willow) · S. ehrhartiana (Ehrhart's Willow) · S. elaeagnos (Elaeagnus Willow) · S. eriocephala (Diamond Willow) · S. eriocephala 'American Mckay' (Diamond Willow) · S. exigua (Coyote Willow) · S. fargesii (Chinese Willow) · S. farriae (Farr Willow) · S. floridana (Florida Willow) · S. fluviatilis (Columbia River Willow) · S. fragilis (Crack Willow) · S. fragilis L. 'Bullata' (Crack Willow) · S. fragilis var. decipiens (White Welsh Willow) · S. fuscescens (Alaska Bog Willow) · S. gaspeensis (Gaspeen Willow) · S. geyerana (Geyer Willow) · S. geyeriana (Geyer Willow) · S. glatfelteri (Glatfelter's Willow) · S. glauca (Grayleaf Willow) · S. glauca callicarpaea (Grayleaf Willow) · S. glauca var. acutifolia (Arctic Gray Willow) · S. glauca var. callicarpaea (Arctic Gray Willow) · S. glauca var. villosa (Grayleaf Willow) · S. glauca subsp. callicarpaea (Grayleaf Willow)

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Further Reading

• 2002 list of ecological comm[u]nities for Montana / prepared by Montana Natural Heritage Program, Montana State Library. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, 2002 url .
• A Manual of botany: being an introduction to the study of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants / Edinburgh: A. and C. Black, 1875. url .
• A botanical exploration of the north shore of the gulf of St. Lawrence including an annotated list of the species of vascular plants, Ottawa, F. A. Acland, printer, 1922. url p. 8.
• A class-book of botany, designed for colleges, academies, and other seminaries. Illustrated by a flora of northern, middle, and western states; particularly of the United States north of the Capitol, lat. 38 3/4. Claremont, N. H., Manufacturing Co., S. Ide, agent, 1850. url p. 501.
• A class-book of botany; designed for colleges, academies, and other seminaries. .. illustrated by a flora of the northern, middle, and western states; particularly of the United States north of the capitol, lat. 38 3/4 o. Boston, Crocker & Brewster, 1849. url p. 501.
• A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- url p. 345, p. 345.
• A history of the birds of Europe: including all the species inhabiting the western palaearctic region / London: Published by the Author, 1871-1881. url p. 108.
• A list of the plants of the Pribilof Islands with notes on their distribution / by James M. Macoun. Washington: G.P.O., 1899. url .
• A manual of botany: being an introduction to the study of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants. By John Hutton Balfour. London: J. J. Griffin [etc.] 1851. url p. 505.
• A manual of scientific terms, pronouncing, etymological, and explanatory, chiefly comprising terms in botany, natural history, anatomy, medicine, and veterinary science, with an appendix of specific names. Designed for the use of by Rev. James Stormonth Edinburgh, Maclachlan and Stewart, 1885 url p. 367.
• A provisional host-index of the fungi of the United States, by W. G. Farlow and A. B. Seymour. Cambridge, 1888-91. url p. 131.
• A vegetation index of biotic integrity for small-order streams in southwest Montana and a floristic quality assessment for western Montana wetlands / [Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2005]. url .
• A whaling cruise to Baffin's Bay and the Gulf of Boothia. And an account of the rescue of the the crew of the "Polaris." by Albert Hastings Markham... With an introduction by Rear-Admiral Sherard Osborn. .. London, S. Low, Marston, Low, and Searle, 1875. url p. 281.
• Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. 25 1904 Helsinki: Societas, 1875-1980. url p. 114, p. 129, p. 137, p. 148, p. 156, p. 159, p. 90.
• American game-bird shooting, by George Bird Grinnell. .. with colored plates of ruffed grouse and bobwhite, forty-eight full-page portraits of game birds and shooting scenes, and many cuts in text. New York, Forest and stream publishing company[c1910] url p. 181.
• American medicinal plants;: an illustrated and descriptive guide to the American plants used as homopathic remedies: their history, preparation, chemistry, and physiological effects. / By Charles F. Millspaugh, . ..; Illustrated by the author. New York; Boericke & Tafel., c1887. url .
• An Arctic ecosystem: the coastal tundra at Barrow, Alaska / edited by Jerry Brown. .. [et al.]. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross: c1980. url p. 390.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102nd meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. Addison Brown. New York: Scribner, 1913. url p. 604.
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• Annual report. United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. 1st-12th, 1867-1878. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1867-83. url p. 494, p. 782.
• Appendix [to] Captain Parry's journal [of a] second voyage [for] the discovery of a North West passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific [performed in] His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, [in] the years 1821-22-23. London: J. Murray, 1825. url .
• Appendix to Captain Parry's journal of a second voyage for the discovery of a north-west passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla in the years 1821-22-23. London: J. Murray, 1825. url .
• Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States, by Donovan S. Correll and Helen B. Correll. [Washington]Environmental Protection Agency; [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.]1972. url p. 763.
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• Botany. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1871. url .
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• Class-book of botany being outlines of the structures, physiology, and classification of plants: with a flora of the United States and Canada / by Alphonso Wood. Cincinnati: American Book Co., c1881. url .
• Class-book of botany: being outlines of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants: with a flora of the United States and Canada / by Alphonso Wood. New York: A.S. Barnes & Co.; 1874, c1869. url p. 651.
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• Cryptogamic plants of the USSR. (Flora sporovykh rastenii SSSR) Translated from Russian. Jerusalem[Published for the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 19 - url p. 232, p. 430, p. 431.
• Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants sold in the United by L. H. Bailey. .. assisted by William Miller. .. and many expert cultivators and botanists. London: The Macmillan company, 1909. url p. 1599.
• Ecological investigations of the tundra biome in the Prudhoe Bay region, Alaska / edited by Jerry Brown. [Fairbanks: University of Alaska], 1975. url p. 166, p. 173, p. 174, p. 175, p. 187, p. 190, p. 194, p. 205, p. 76, p. 78, p. 84.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 29, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 19 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• "Salix arctica". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 242. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 29, 2007:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2676586
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-565479
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13733515
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:294298-2
• GRIN Nomen Number: 102715
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 565479
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 308615-2
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: SATO3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 61147

Footnotes

1. Cheng-fu Fang, Shi-dong Zhao & Alexei K. Skvortsov "Salicaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 139. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Salix". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 162. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Salix arctica". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 242. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 460.790 meters (1,511.778 feet), Standard Deviation = 369.510 based on 5,555 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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