Silene conoidea

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Caryophyllaceae

Herbs annual or perennial , rarely subshrubs or shrubs . Stems and branches usually swollen at nodes. Leaves opposite, decussate, rarely alternate or verticillate , simple , entire, usually connate at base ; stipules scarious , bristly , or often absent. Inflorescence of cymes or cymose panicles, rarely flowers solitary or few in racemes , capitula, pseudoverticillasters, or umbels. Flowers actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual , occasionally cleistogamous . Sepals (4 or) 5, free , imbricate, or connate into a tube , leaflike or scarious, persistent , sometimes bracteate below calyx. Petals (4 or) 5, rarely absent, free, often comprising claw and limb; limb entire or split, usually with coronal scales at juncture of claw and limb. Stamens (2--) 5--10, in 1 or 2 series. Pistil 1; carpels 2--5, united into a compound ovary. Ovary superior, 1-loculed or basally imperfectly 2--5-loculed. Gynophore present or absent. Placentation free, central, rarely basal; ovules (1 or) few or numerous , campylotropous. Styles (1 or) 2--5, sometimes united at base. Fruit usually a capsule, with pericarp crustaceous , scarious, or papery , dehiscing by teeth or valves 1 or 2 × as many as styles, rarely berrylike with irregular dehiscence or an achene. Seeds 1 to numerous, reniform , ovoid , or rarely dorsiventrally compressed , abaxially grooved , blunt , or sharply pointed , rarely fimbriate-pectinate; testa granular , striate or tuberculate , rarely smooth or spongy ; embryo strongly curved and surrounding perisperm or straight but eccentric ; perisperm mealy.

Between 75 and 80 genera and ca. 2000 species: widespread but mainly of temperate or warm-temperate occurrence in the N hemisphere, with principal centers of distribution in the Mediterranean region and W Asia to W China and the Himalayas, fewer species in Africa S of the Sahara, America, and Oceania; 30 genera (two endemic) and 390 species (193 endemic) in China.

Arenaria, Silene, and Stellaria contain over half the species in the family in China. They are mostly concentrated in the Qinghai-Xizang plateau , and are especially rich from the Hengduan Mountains to the Himalayas. The main uses of this family are medicinal and ornamental . Dianthus superbus, Pseudostellaria heterophylla, Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata, and Vaccaria hispanica are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine . Some species of Arenaria, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Psammosilene, and Silene are used as medicinal herbs among the people or are habitually used in local Chinese medicine. Many species of Dianthus, Gypsophila, Lychnis, Saponaria, and Silene are grown as ornamentals. Atocion armeria (Linnaeus) Rafinesque ( Silene armeria Linnaeus), native to Russia and Europe, is also cultivated in China. It differs from Silene in having a corymbose inflorescence and obscure calyx veins. Wu Cheng-yih, Ke Ping, Zhou Li-hua, Tang Chang-lin & Lu De-quan. 1996. Caryophyllaceae. In: Tang Chang-lin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 26: 47–449.[1]

Genus Silene

Herbs, annual , biennial, or perennial , often decumbent at base or sometimes cespitose. Taproots slender or often stout, deep, branched caudex often present, some species stoloniferous or rhizomatous . Stems simple or branched, terete or sometimes angular. Leaves opposite or occasionally whorled , connate proximally, petiolate (basal leaves ) or sessile (most cauline leaves) ; blade 1-5-veined, linear to obovate or spatulate , herbaceous, apex acute to obtuse . Inflorescences terminal or sometimes axillary , simple or branched, sometimes condensed cymes, frequently flowers few or solitary, frequently glandular-pubescent and viscid ; bracts paired , herbaceous or scarious , or absent; involucel bracteoles absent. Pedicels erect , rarely flowers sessile or subsessile . Flowers bisexual , sometimes unisexual (rarely so on separate plants ) ; sepals connate proximally into tube , (4-) 10-28(-40) mm; tube green, whitish, and/or purplish, 10-30-veined, cylindric to campanulate , urceolate , or clavate , terete, frequently inflated , membranous or more rarely herbaceous, commissures between sepals 1-veined, herbaceous; lobes green or purplish, 1-5-veined, broadly triangular to lance-oblong or linear, usually shorter than tube, margins whitish, scarious, apex acute to obtuse; petals 5, white, pink, scarlet, dusky purple, or off-white tinged with purple, clawed, claw usually conspicuous , sometimes small, rarely absent, auricles 2, coronal appendages 2, variously shaped or dissected ; limb usually exserted and conspicuous, oblanceolate to obovate, apex 2-lobed, sometimes dissected into 1-4 linear lobes or irregular teeth, or fimbriate, rarely entire; nectaries at filament bases; stamens 10, rarely fewer or absent, frequently dimorphic with longer opposite petals, arising with petals from carpophore; filaments distinct nearly to base; staminodes absent (rarely to 10 in pistillate flowers, arising with petals from carpophore, filiform ) ; ovary 1- or 3-5-locular; styles 3 or 5, occasionally 4 (absent in staminate flowers ), filiform, 1.5-20 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas 3 or 5, occasionally 4, linear along adaxial surface of styles, papillate (30×) . Capsules ovoid to globose , opening along sutures into 3-5 valves , frequently splitting into 6-10 equal teeth; carpophore usually present. Seeds ca. (5-) 15-100(-500+), reddish to gray or black, reniform to globose, usually tuberculate or papillate, papillae around margins sometimes larger and inflated, marginal wing sometimes present, appendage absent; embryo peripheral, curved . x = (10) 12.

Species ca. 700: mainly Northern Hemisphere.

Silene includes several important weeds and some very beautiful horticultural plants. In addition to the species described in this account, several others have occurred in the flora area as chance introductions or garden escapes , but they have not become established and most have not been seen recently. They include S. coeli-rosa (Linnaeus) Godron, S. cretica Linnaeus, S. (Lychnis) fulgens (Fischer) E. H. L. Krause, S. italica Persoon, and S. nutans Linnaeus.

In this account, Lychnis, Melandrium, and Viscaria have been included in Silene, their previous recognition as distinct genera having resulted in a great deal of confusion in both nomenclature and taxonomy. I have not presented an infrageneric classification of Silene because existing systems either do not include those other genera (e.g. , P. K . Chowdhuri 1957) or do not deal with most of our native North American taxa [e.g., W. Greuter (1995) and the molecular studies by Oxelman and coworkers (e.g., B . Oxelman et al. 1997, 2000]. The recent molecular study by J. G. Burleigh and T. P. Holtsford (2003) provides little support for existing morphologically based sectional classifications within Silene insofar as they relate to endemic North American taxa. However, it does indicate the distinctness of our arctic alpine species (S. involucrata€”as S. furcata, and S. acaulis) that are circumpolar in their distribution.[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Rock gardens. Wildflower gardens. Shade gardens. • Care: Tolerates coastal conditions.

Habitat

Dry waste places, roadsides, arable land; 0-1000 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,779 meters (0 to 12,398 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 15-18" apart.

Soil: Moderately fertile , well-drained soil.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to partial shade. Likes sun.

Moisture: Water Requirements: Drought tolerant .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Conosilene conica conoidea (L.) A. Löve & Kjellq. • Pleconax conoidea (L.) Sourkova

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

An accepted name in the RHS Horticultural Database.

Similar Species

Members of the genus Silene

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 192 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

S. acaulis (Cushion-Pink) · S. acaulis var. acaulis (Moss Campion) · S. acaulis var. exscapa (Moss Campion) · S. acaulis var. subacaulescens (Moss Catchfly) · S. acaulis 'Select' (Moss Campion 'select') · S. alexandri (Kamalo Gulch Catchfly) · S. alpestris (Silene) · S. antirrhina (Catchfly) · S. aperta (Naked Catchfly) · S. argaea (Turkish Catchfly) · S. armeria (None-So-Pretty) · S. bernardina (Palmer's Campion) · S. bernardina var. rigidula (Palmer's Catchfly) · S. bernardina var. sierrae (Palmer's Catchfly) · S. bernardina subsp. maguirei (Palmer's Catchfly) · S. bridgesii (Bridges' Catchfly) · S. californica (Indian Pink) · S. campanulata greenei (Red Mountain Catchfly) · S. campanulata subsp. glandulosa (Red Mountain Catchfly) · S. campanulata subsp. greenei (Greene's Catchfly) · S. caroliniana pensylvanica (Carolina Campion) · S. caroliniana wherryi (Wherry's Catchfly) · S. caroliniana subsp. pensylvanica (Pennsylvania Catchfly) · S. caroliniana subsp. wherryi (Wherry's Catchfly) · S. chalcedonica (Jerusalem Campion) · S. chlorantha (Yellowgreen Catchfly) · S. clokeyi (Clokey's Campion) · S. coeli-rosa (Rose Silene) · S. coeli-rosa 'Blue Pearl' (Rose of Heaven) · S. coeli-rosa 'Cherry Blossom' (Cherry Blossom Rose of Heaven) · S. compacta (Oriental Silene) · S. conica (Sand Catchfly) · S. conoidea (Cone Catchfly) · S. cryptopetala (Haleakala Catchfly) · S. csereii (Balkan Catchfly) · S. degeneri (Koolau Gap Catchfly) · S. dichotoma (Dichotoma Silene) · S. dioica (Catchfly) · S. dioica 'Clifford Moor' (Catchfly) · S. dioica 'Valley High' (Catchfly) · S. douglasii (Douglas' Campion) · S. douglasii var. douglasii (Douglas' Campion) · S. douglasii var. oraria (Seabluff Catchfly) · S. douglasii var. rupinae (Seabluff Catchfly) · S. drummondii (Drummond Cockle) · S. drummondii var. drummondii (Drummond's Catchfly) · S. drummondii var. kruckebergii (Kruckeberg's Campion) · S. drummondii var. striata (Drummond's Campion) · S. fuscata (Dark Catchfly) · S. gallica (Common Catchfly) · S. gallica var. anglica (English Catchfly) · S. glandulosa (Red Mountain Catchfly) · S. grayi (Maui Catchfly) · S. hawaiiensis (Hawai'i Catchfly) · S. hookeri (Hooker's Silene) · S. hookeri bolanderi (Bolander's Silene) · S. hookeri subsp. bolanderi (Bolander's Silene) · S. hookeri subsp. pulverulenta (Hooker's Silene) · S. invisa (Red Fir Catchfly) · S. involucrata (Arctic Catchfly) · S. involucrata subsp. elatior (Arctic Catchfly) · S. italica (Italian Catchfly) · S. kingii (King's Campion) · S. laciniata (Cardinal Catchfly) · S. laciniata greggii (Cardinal Catchfly) · S. laciniata laciniata (Cardinal Catchfly) · S. laciniata major (Cardinal Catchfly) · S. laciniata subsp. greggii (Cardinal Catchfly) · S. laciniata 'Jack Flash' (Mexican Catchfly) · S. laciniata subsp. major (Cardinal Catchfly) · S. lanceolata (Kauai Catchfly) · S. latifolia (Bladder Campion) · S. latifolia alba (Bladder Campion) · S. latifolia latifolia (Bladder Campion) · S. latifolia subsp. alba (Evening Lychnis) · S. lemmonii (Lemmon's Catchfly) · S. linicola (Flax Fields Catchfly) · S. macrosperma (Largefruit Catchfly) · S. maritima (Sea Campion) · S. marmorensis (Marble Mountain Catchfly) · S. menziesii menziesii (Menzies' Campion) · S. menziesii var. menziesii (Menzies' Campion) · S. menziesii williamsii (Menzies' Campion) · S. menziesii subsp. dorrii (Menzies' Campion) · S. menziesii subsp. williamsii (Menzies' Campion) · S. mexicana 'Hot Stuff' (Catchfly) · S. multinervia (Manynerve Catchfly) · S. nachlingerae (Nachlinger's Campion) · S. nemoralis (Italian Catchfly) · S. nivea (Evening Campion) · S. noctiflora (Night-Flowering Catchfly) · S. nocturna (Mediterranean Catchfly) · S. nuda insectivora (Barestem Campion) · S. nuda subsp. insectivora (Insecteating Campion) · S. nutans (Eurasian Catchfly) · S. nutans nutans (Eurasian Catchfly) · S. occidentalis (Western Catchfly) · S. occidentalis longistipitata (Western Catchfly) · S. occidentalis subsp. longistipitata (Western Catchfly) · S. oregana (Oregon Campion)

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Further Reading

• A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- url p. 502.
• A flora of western middle California, Berkeley, Cal., Encina Publishing Company, 1901. url .
• A general system of gardening and botany. Founded upon Miller's Gardener's dictionary, and arranged according to the natural system. By George Don. London, Printed for C. J. G. and F. Rivington, 1831-38. url p. 401.
• A glossary of botanic terms, with their derivation and accent. London, Duckworth;1900. url p. 62.
• A natural arrangement of British plants: according to their relations to each other as pointed out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown, &c.. .. / with an introduction to botany. .. By Samuel Frederick Gray. .. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1821. url p. 647.
• Alien flora of Britain. London, West, Newman, 1905. url p. 38.
• American plants. .. [Descriptions, bibliographical notes, synonymy, and other information, comp. from many sources] Charles Russell Orcutt, editor. San Diego, Calif., [1907]-1910. url p. 934.
• An encyclopaedia of gardening; comprising the theory and practice of horticulture, floriculture, arboriculture, and landscape-gardening, including all the latest improvements; a general history of gardening in all countries; and a By J.C. Loudon. London, Printed for Longman, Ross, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1828. url p. 878.
• An encyclopædia of gardening; comprising the theory and practice of horticulture, floriculture, arboriculture, and landscape-gardening, including all the latest improvements; a general history of gardening in all countries; and a By J.C. Loudon. .. illustrated with many hundred engravings on wood by Branston. London: Printed for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1827. url p. 878.
• An introduction to botany, by John Lindley. London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman, 1832. url p. 372.
• An introduction to botany. By John Lindley. London, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1848. url p. 347.
• Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Madrid: La Sociedad, url p. 151, p. 17, p. 178, p. 196, p. 205, p. 214, p. 214, p. 505.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 28 1943 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 613, p. 692, p. XIII.
• Don, G. A general history of the dichlamydeous plants: comprising complete descriptions of the different orders...the whole arranged according to the natural system /by George Don. 1 1831 London: J.G. and F. Rivington, 1831-1838. url p. 397, p. 401.
• Flora of Syria, Palestine, and Sinai: from the Taurus to Ras Muhammas and from the Mediterranean sea to the Syrian desert / by Rev. George E. Post. Beirut, Syria: Syrian Protestant college[1896] url p. 133, p. 135.
• Flora of the U.S.S.R. [Springfield, Va.: Israel Program for Scientific Translations; 1968- url p. 459, p. 527.
• Florigraphia Britannica; or, Engravings and descriptions of the flowering plants and ferns of Britain. London, Groombridge, 1857. url p. 626.
• Flowering plants of the Riviera: a sescriptive account of 1800 of the more interesting species / by H. Stuart Thompson; with an introduction on Riviera vegetation by A. G. Tansley London; New York: Longmans, Green, 1914. url p. 51.
• Hand-list of herbaceous plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens. London, Printed for H. M. Stationery Off. by Darling, 1902. url p. 1073.
• Handbook of plants. New York: P. Henderson, 1881. url p. 324.
• Journal and proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 4 1908 Calcutta, Asiatic Society of Bengal. url p. 205.
• Journal of Indian botany. Madras: Methodist Pub. House, 1919-1923. url p. 85.
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. url p. 128, p. 184, p. 269, p. 277.
• Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society. London: The Society, 1857-1864. url p. 123.
• Leaflets of western botany. San Fransisco:[J. T. Howell], 1932-1966. url .
• Manual of vascular plants of the lower Yangtze Valley, China. Corvallis, Oregon State College[1958] url p. 111.
• Paxton's Botanical dictionary; comprising the names, history, and culture of all plants known in Britain; with a full explanation of technical terms. New ed. including all the new plants up to the present year. London, Bradbury, Evans, & co., 1868. url .
• Plants of the Punjab: a descriptive key to the flora of the Punjab, North-west Frontier Province, and Kashmir / by C.J. Bamber. Lahore: Supt. Govt. Printing, Punjab, 1916. url p. 143.
• Plants of the Punjab; a descriptive key to the flora of the Punjab, North-west Frontier Province and Kashmir. LahorePrinted by The Superintendent Government Printing1916 url p. 143.
• Preliminary catalog of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta, reported as growing spontaneously within one hundred miles of New York City. New York, 1888. url p. 76.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, The Academy. url p. 358.
• Species and varieties, their origin by mutation; lectures delivered at the University of California by Hugo De Vries. .. ed. by Daniel Trembly Mac Dougal. .. Chicago, The Open court publishing company;1905. url p. 421.
• Species and varieties: their origin by mutation / lectures delivered at the University of California by Hugo DeVries; edited by Daniel Trembly MacDougal. Chicago: The Open Court; 1906, c1904. url p. 419.
• The Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1892-1911. url p. 237, p. 98.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 273.
• The English flora. London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, [1828-30] url p. 294.
• The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay: The Society, url p. 470.
• The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. 32 1896 London: the Society: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green: ||Williams and Norgate, 1865-1968. url p. 189, p. 26, p. 301, p. 37, p. 53, p. 548, p. 65, p. 667.
• The Ohio journal of science. Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science url p. 478, p. 479.
• The Phytologist: a botanical journal. London, William Pamplin, 1855-1863. url p. 330.
• The anthropology of Iraq. The Upper Euphrates / by Henry Field, Curator of Physical Anthropology. Chicago:Field Museum, 1940 url p. 186, p. 194, p. 196.
• The differentiation and specificity of starches in relation to genera, species, etc.; stereochemistry applied to protoplasmic processes and products, and as a strictly scientific basis for the classification of plants and animals Washington, D.C.Carnegie institution of Washington1913 url p. 292.
• The flora of Berkshire; being a topographical and historical account of the flowering plants and ferns found in the county, with short biographical notices of the botanists who have contributed to Berkshire botany during the Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1897. url p. 85.
• Transactions of the Edinburgh Field Naturalists' and Microscopical Society. [Edinburgh]: The Club, 1891- url p. 135.
• Transactions. Columbus, Ohio [etc.] url p. 109, p. 126, p. 137, p. 157.
• Bocquet, G. 1969. Revisio Physolychnidum (Silene Sect. Physolychnis)....
• Hitchcock, C. L. and B. Maguire. 1947. A Revision of the North American Species of Silene. Seattle. [Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol. 13.]
• Kruckeberg, A. R. 1962. Intergeneric hybrids in the Lychnideae (Caryophyllaceae). Brittonia 14: 311-321.
• Lehre. Burleigh, J. G. and T. P. Holtsford. 2003. Molecular systematics of the eastern North American Silene (Caryophyllaceae): Evidence from nuclear ITS and chloroplast trnL intron sequences. Rhodora 105: 76-90.
• McNeill, J. 1978. Silene alba and S. dioica in North America and the generic delimitation of Lychnis, Melandrium and Silene (Caryophyllaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 56: 297-308.
• Oxelman, B. and M. Lidén. 1995. Generic boundaries in the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae) as inferred from nuclear rDNA sequences. Taxon 44: 525-542.
• Oxelman, B., M. Lidén, R. K. Rabeler, and M. Popp. 2000. A revised generic classification of the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 20: 743-748.
• Oxelman, B., M. Lidén, and D. Berglund. 1997. Chloroplast rps16 intron phylogeny of the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 206: 411-420.
• Williams, F. N. 1896b. A revision of the genus Silene Linn. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 1-196.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 29, 2007:

• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• GBIF-Spain, Institut Botanic de Barcelona, BC
• GBIF-Spain, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Almería, HUAL
• Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University Herbaria
• Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Israel Nature and Parks Authority
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2646414
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-20061
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13299056
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:157134-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 316828
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 20061
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: PLCO12
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 31704

Footnotes

1. Dequan Lu, Zhengyi Wu, Lihua Zhou, Shilong Chen, Michael G. Gilbert, Magnus Lidén, John McNeill, John K. Morton, Bengt Oxelman, Richard K. Rabeler, Mats Thulin, Nicholas J. Turland & Warren L. Wagner "Caryophyllaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. John K. Morton "Silene". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Silene conoidea". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 549.480 meters (1,802.756 feet), Standard Deviation = 553.710 based on 134 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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